ALBERT

Anmerkung: Contents Observed Climatic Variability: Time Dependence / J. M. WALLACE Observed Climatic Variability: Spatial Structure / J. M. WALLACE Predictability of the Atmosphere and Oceans: From Days to Decades / T. N. PALMER Mechanisms for Decadal-to-Centennial Climate Variability / E. S. SARACHIK, M. WINTON and F. L. YIN Long-Term Coordinated Changesin the Convective Activity of the North Atlantic / R. DICKSON, J. LAZIER, J. MEINCKE and P. RHINES Mechanism for Decadal Climate Variability / M. LATIF, A. GROTZNER, M. MUNNICH, E. MAIER-REIMER, S. VENZKE and T. P. BARNETTA The Climate Response to the Changing Greenhouse Gas Concentration in the Atmosphere / L. BENGTSSON Analysis of Thermohaline Feedbacks / J. MAROTZKE An Overview of Century Time-Scale Variability in the Climate System: Observations and Models / T. F. STOCKER Steady States and Variability in Oceanic Zonal Flows / D. OLBERS and C. VOLKER Spectral Methods: What They Can and Cannot Do for Climatic Time Series / M. GHIL and P. Yiou Subject Index List of Participants

Anmerkung: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Features of the Arctic Seas of Russia and Their Ecosystems 2.1 Brief History of the Studies 2.2 Physical Geography 2.3 Features of Geological Structure and Sedimentation 2.4 Hydrology 2.5 Hydrochemistry 2.5.1 Oxygen 2.5.2 pH 2.5.3 Alkalinity 2.5.4 Nutrients (P, N, and Si) 3 Biological Production of the Arctic Seas of Russia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Barents Sea 3.3 White Sea 3.4. Kara Sea 3.5. Seas of the East Arctic 4 Particulate Matter and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Water–Bottom System 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Barents Sea 4.3 White Sea 4.4 Kara Sea 4.5 Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas 4.6 Carbon Fluxes from the Photic Zone to the Seafloor 4.7 Conclusion 5 Horizontal Carbon Fluxes in the Land–Sea System 5.1 Riverine Runoff and Carbon Fluxes 5.1.1 Water Runoff and Particulate Matter Supply 5.1.2 Carbon runoff 5.2 Coastal Abrasion and Carbon Fluxes 5.3 Aerosols and Eolian Carbon Fluxes 5.4 Underground and Glacial Runoff 5.4.1 Underground Runoff 5.4.2 Ice and Glacial Discharge 5.4.3 Interstitial Waters 6 Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Brief History of the Studies of Carbon and Organic Matter Composition 6.3 Selected Features of the Polar Lithogenesis 6.4 Organo-Chemical Composition of the Sediments 6.5 Distribution and Accumulation Rate of Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.1 Contents of TOC and Ccarb in Different Types of the Sediments 6.5.2 Distribution of TOC and its Accumulation Rate in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.3 Distribution of Ccarb and its Accumulation Rates in the Bottom Sediments 7 Elements of Carbon Balance and Cycling in the Arctic Seas of Russia 7.1 Fluxes and Balance of Masses 7.2 Ecological Features of the Arctic Seas and their Influence on Carbon Cycling References Index

Anmerkung: Contents: Contributing Authors. - SECTION 1. HISTORY OF RESEARCH OF POLAR SOIL. - The History of Research of Polar Soil: Introduction / S. V. Goryachkin. - Chapter 1. Soil Research in Arctic Alaska, Greenland, and Antarctica / J.C.F. Tedrow. - Chapter 2. The History of Research of Eurasian Cryosols / S.V. Goryachkin, N.A. Karavaeva, and O.V. Makeev. - Chapter 3. Northern Soil Research in Canada / C. Tarnocai. - SECTION 2. THE GEOGRAPHY OF CRYOSOLS. - The Geography of Cryosols: Introduction / C.A. Scott Smith and S.V. Goryachkin. - Chapter 1. Similarities and Differences in Arctic and Antarctic Soil Zones / S. V. Goryachkin, H.P. Blume, L. Beyer, I. Campbell, G. Claridge, J. G. Bockheim, N.A. Karavaeva, V. Targulian, and C. Tarnocai. - Chapter 2. Cryosols in Alaska / C.-L. Ping, M. H. Clark, and D. K. Swanson. - Chapter 3. Cryosols of Arctic Canada / C. Tarnocai. - Chapter 4. Cryosols of the Boreal, Subarctic, and Western Cordillera Regions of Canada / C. A. S. Smith and H. Veldhuis. - Chapter 5. Cryosols in the Russian Arctic Archipelagos / S. V. Goryachkin and N. A. Karavaeva. - Chapter 6. Soils and Soil Cover of Northeastern Eurasia / Ye. M. Naumov. - Chapter 7. Cryosols of the Russian European North / S. V. Goryachkin and I. V. Ignatenko. - Chapter 8. Cryosols of Western Siberia / N. Karavaeva. - Chapter 9. Cryosols of the Mountains of Southern Siberia and Far Eastern Russia / R. G. Gracheva. - Chapter 10. Geography and Ecology of Cryogenic Soils of Mongolia / S. V. Maximovich. - Chapter 11. The Periglacial Environment and Distribution of Cryosols in China / C.-L. Ping, G. Qiu, and L.Zhao. - Chapter 12. Cryosols of the Arid Antarctic / I. B. Campbell and G. G. C. Claridge. - Chapter 13. The Soil Cover of Central Siberia / I. A. Sokolov, T. V. Ananko, and D. Ye. Konyushkov. - SECTION 3. PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES OF CRYOSOLS. - Properties and Processes of Cryosols: Introduction / B. Van Vliet-Lanoë. - Chapter 1. Physico-Chemical Processes in Cryogenic Soils / V. Ostroumov. - Chapter 2. Micromorphology of Cryosols / B. Van Vliet-Lanoë, C. A. Fox, and S. V. Gubin. - Chapter 3. The Thermal Regime of Cryosols / C. R. Burn. - Chapter 4. Cryosols in the Extremely Arid Transantarctic Mountains Region of Antarctica / I. B. Campbell and G. G. C. Claridge. - Chapter 5. Mineralogy and Weathering of Antarctic Cryosols / H.-P. Blume, J. Chen, E. Kalk, and D. Kuhn. - Chapter 6. Weathering Processes in Arid Cryosols / G. G. C. Claridge and I. B. Campbell. - SECTION 4. ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF CRYOSOLS. - Ecological Processes of Cryosols: Introduction / L. Beyer. - Chapter 1. Organic Matter and Bioactivity in Cryosols of Arctic Alaska / G. J. Michaelson, X.Y. Dai, and C.-L Ping. - Chapter 2. The Biological Cycle in Terrestrial Polar Ecosystems and its Influence on Soil Formation / D. G. Zamolodchikov and D. G. Fedorov-Davydov. - Chapter 3. Soil Organic Matter Storage in Cold Soils of CoastalEastern Antarctica (Casey Station, Wilkes Land) / L. Beyer, K. Pingpank, M. Bölter, and R. D. Seppelt. - Chapter 4. Composition and Transformation of Soil Organic Matter in Cryosols and Gelic Histosols in Coastal Eastern Antarctica (Casey Station, Wilkes Land) / L. Beyer, D. M. White, K. Pingpank, and M. Bolter. - Chapter 5. Microorganisms and Microbial Processes in Antarctic Soils / M. Bolter and E. Kandeler. - Chapter 6. The Biology of Arid Cryosols / G. G. C. Claridge and I. B. Campbell. - Chapter 7. Biodiversity, primary productivity, and the seasonal dynamic of soil processes in Taimyr soil-permafrost complexes / V. D. Vassiljevskaja, B. Pospelova, and V. Telesnina. - SECTION 5. CLASSIFICATION OF CRYOSOLS. - Classification of Cryosols: Introduction / G. Broil and D. Ye. Konyushkov. - Chapter 1. Classification of Cryosols in Canada / C. Tarnocai. - Chapter 2. Classification of Cryosols in Russia / G. Mazhitova. - Chapter 3. The Gelisol Order in Soil Taxonomy / R. J. Ahrens, J. G. Bockheim, and C-L. Ping. - Chapter 4. Classification of Permafrost-Affected Soils in the WRB / C. Tarnocai, G. Broil, and H.-P. Blume. - SECTION 6. MANAGEMENT AND USE OF CRYOSOLS. - Management and Use of Cryosols: Introduction / I. B.Campbell. - Chapter 1. Agricultural Use of Tundra Soils in the Vorkuta Area, Northeast European Russia / I. A. Archegova, N. Kotelina, and G. Mazhitova. - Chapter 2. Disposal of Mine Tailings in Continuous Permafrost Areas:Environmental Aspects and Future Control Strategies / B. Elberling. - Chapter 3. Environmental Impacts and Recovery from Human Activities on Cryosols of the Transantarctic Mountains / I. B. Campbell and G. G. C. Claridge. - Chapter 4. Soil Properties and Relationships in Cryosols of theRegion of the Transantarctic Mountains in Antarctica / I. B. Campbell and G. G. C. Claridge

Anmerkung: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors I Introduction 1 The Development of Climate Research / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 1.1 The Nature of Climate Studies 1.1.1 The Big Storm Controversy 1.1.2 The Great Planetary Oscillations 1.2 The Components of Climate Research 1.2.1 Dynamical Theory 1.2.2 Numerical Experimentation 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 2 Misuses of Statistical Analysis in Climate Research / by HANS VON STORCH 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Mandatory Testing and the Mexican Hat 2.3 Neglecting Serial Correlation 2.4 Misleading Names: The Case of the Decorrelation Time 2.5 Use of Advanced Techniques 2.6 Epilogue II Analyzing The Observed Climate 3 Climate Spectra and Stochastic Climate Models / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Variables 3.3 Stochastic Climate Model 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 3.5 Variability of Other Surface Variables 3.6 Variability in the Ocean Interior 3.7 Long Term Climate Changes 4 The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the "CO2 Signal" / by PHIL JONES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Homogeneity 4.2.1 Changes in Instrumentation, Exposure and Measuring Techniques 4.2.2 Changes in Station Locations 4.2.3 Changes in Observation Time and the Methods Used to Calculate Monthly Averages 4.2.4 Changes in the Station Environment 4.2.5 Precipitation and Pressure Homogeneity 4.2.6 Data Homogenization Techniques 4.3 Surface Climate Analysis 4.3.1 Temperature 4.3.2 Precipitation 4.3.3 Pressure 4.4 The Greenhouse Detection Problem 4.4.1 Definition of Detection Vector and Data Used 4.4.2 Spatial Correlation Methods 4.5 Conclusions 5 Interpreting High-Resolution Proxy Climate Data - The Example of Dendr о climatology / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Site Selection and Dating 5.4 Chronology Confidence 5.4.1 Chronology Signal 5.4.2 Expressed Population Signal 5.4.3 Subsample Signal Strength 5.4.4 Wider Relevance of Chronology Signal 5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal 5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal 5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements 5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization" Problem 5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals in Chronologies 5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal 5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between World wide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability / by M. NEIL WARD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere 6.2.1 Tropics 6.2.2 Extratropics 6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature: EOFs and Rotated EOFs 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 SST Data 6.3.3 EOF method 6.3.4 EOFs p^→1 - p^→3 6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs 6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with the SST Patterns p^→2, p ^→3 and p^→2R in JAS 6.4.1 Data and Methods 6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→2 6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→3 6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with Rotated EOF p^→2R 6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Atmosphere 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa 6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.6 Conclusions III Simulating and Predicting Climate 7 The Simulation of Weather Types in GCMs : A Regional Approach to Control-Run Validation / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Lamb Catalogue 7.3 An "Objective" Lamb Classification 7.4 Details of the Selected GCM Experiments 7.5 Comparing Observed and GCM Climates 7.5.1 Lamb Types 7.5.2 Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.3 Relationships Between Circulation Frequencies and Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.4 Weather-Type Spell Lengths and Storm Frequencies 7.6 Conclusions 7.6.1 Specific Conclusions 7.6.2 General Conclusions 8 Statistical Analysis of GCM Output / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Univariate Analysis 8.2.1 The i-Test on the Mean of a Normal Variable 8.2.2 Tests for Autocorrelated Variables 8.2.3 Field Significance 8.2.4 Example: GCM Response to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly 8.3 Multivariate Analysis 8.3.1 Test on Means of Multidimensional Normal Variables 8.3.2 Application to Response Studies 8.3.3 Application to Model Testing and Intercomparison 9 Field Intercomparison / by ROBERT E . LIVEZEY 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation for Permutation and Monte Carlo Testing 9.2.1 Local vs. Field Significance 9.2.2 Test Example 9.3 Permutation Procedures 9.3.1 Test Environment 9.3.2 Permutation (PP) and Bootstrap (BP) Procedures 9.3.3 Properties 9.3.4 Interdependence Among Field Variables 9.4 Serial Correlation 9.4.1 Local Probability Matching 9.4.2 Times Series and Monte Carlo Methods 9.4.3 Independent Samples 9.4.4 Conservatism 9.5 Concluding Remarks 10 The Evaluation of Forecasts / by ROBERT E. LIVEZEY 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Considerations for Objective Verification 10.2.1 Quantification 10.2.2 Authentication 10.2.3 Description of Probability Distributions 10.2.4 Comparison of Forecasts 10.3 Measures and Relationships: Categorical Forecasts 10.3.1 Contingency and Definitions 10.3.2 Some Scores Based on the Contingency Table 10.4 Measures and Relationships: Continuous Forecasts 10.4.1 Mean Squared Error and Correlation 10.4.2 Pattern Verification (the Murphy-Epstein Decomposition) 10.5 Hindcasts and Cross-Validation 10.5.1 Cross-Validation Procedure 10.5.2 Key Constraints in Cross-Validation 11 Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling / by DENNIS LETTENMAIER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Probabilistic Characteristics of Precipitation 11.3 Stochastic Models of Precipitation 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Applications to Global Change 11.4 Stochastic Precipitation Models with External Forcing 11.4.1 Weather Classification Schemes 11.4.2 Conditional Stochastic Precipitation Models 11.5 Applications to Alternative Climate Simulation 11.6 Conclusions IV Pattern Analysis 12 Teleconnections Patterns / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 12.1 Objective Teleconnections 12.2 Singular Value Decomposition 12.3 Teleconnections in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 12.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Spatial Patterns: EOFs and CCA / by HANS VON STORCH 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Expansion into a Few Guess Patterns 13.2.1 Guess Patterns, Expansion Coefficients and Explained Variance 13.2.2 Example: Temperature Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea 13.2.3 Specification of Guess Patterns 13.2.4 Rotation of Guess Patterns 13.3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 13.3.1 Definition of EOFs 13.3.2 What EOFs Are Not Designed for 13.3.3 Estimating EOFs 13.3.4 Example: Central European Temperature 13.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis 13.4.1 Definition of Canonical Correlation Patterns 13.4.2 CCA in EOF Coordinates 13.4.3 Estimation: CCA of Finite Samples 13.4.4 Example: Central European Temperature 14 Patterns in Time : SSA and MSSA / by ROBERT VAUTARD 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reconstruction and Approximation of Attractors 14.2.1 The Embedding Problem 14.2.2 Dimension and Noise 14.2.3 The Macroscopic Approximation 14.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis 14.3.1 Time EOFs 14.3.2 Space-Time EOFs 14.3.3 Oscillatory Pairs 14.3.4 Spectral Properties 14.3.5 Choice of the Embedding Dimension 14.3.6 Estimating Time and Space-Time Patterns 14.4 Climatic Applications of SSA 14.4.1 The Analysis of Intraseasonal Oscillations 14.4.2 Empirical Long-Range Forecasts Using MSSA Predictors 14.5 Conclusions 15 Multivariate Statistical Modeling : POP-Model as a First Order Approximation / by JIN-SONG VON STORCH 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Cross-Covariance Matrix and the Cross-Spectrum Matrix 15.3 Multivariate AR(1) Process and its Cross-Covariance and Cross-Spectrum Matrices 15.3.1 The System Matrix A and its POPs 15.3.2 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Matrix Formulation 15.3.3 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Diagonal Components 15.3.4

Anmerkung: Inhalt Geleitwort Danksagung Bildnachweis 1 Einleitung 2 Vom Wetter zum Klima 3 Das Klima der Vergangenheit Die Kleine Eiszeit Die quartären Vereisungen Die Geschichte des Klimas seit der Entstehung der Erde 4 Die Luft und das Wasser - die treibenden Elemente des Planeten Die atmosphärische Zirkulation Die ozeanische Zirkulation 5 Die Funktionsweise der Klimamaschine Luft und Wasser treten in Aktion Eis und Klima Das Leben und das Klima 6 Der Mensch und das Klima Die Treibhausgase Folgen der Verstärkung des Treibhauseffektes Das Ozon 7 Vorbereitung auf die Zukunft Literaturverzeichnis

Anmerkung: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors I Introduction 1 The Development of Climate Research / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 1.1 The Nature of Climate Studies 1.1.1 The Big Storm Controversy 1.1.2 The Great Planetary Oscillations 1.2 The Components of Climate Research 1.2.1 Dynamical Theory 1.2.2 Numerical Experimentation 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 2 Misuses of Statistical Analysis in Climate Research / by HANS VON STORCH 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Mandatory Testing and the Mexican Hat 2.3 Neglecting Serial Correlation 2.4 Misleading Names: The Case of the Decorrelation Time 2.5 Use of Advanced Techniques 2.6 Epilogue II Analyzing The Observed Climate 3 Climate Spectra and Stochastic Climate Models / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Variables 3.3 Stochastic Climate Model 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 3.5 Variability of Other Surface Variables 3.6 Variability in the Ocean Interior 3.7 Long Term Climate Changes 4 The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the "CO2 Signal" / by PHIL JONES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Homogeneity 4.2.1 Changes in Instrumentation, Exposure and Measuring Techniques 4.2.2 Changes in Station Locations 4.2.3 Changes in Observation Time and the Methods Used to Calculate Monthly Averages 4.2.4 Changes in the Station Environment 4.2.5 Precipitation and Pressure Homogeneity 4.2.6 Data Homogenization Techniques 4.3 Surface Climate Analysis 4.3.1 Temperature 4.3.2 Precipitation 4.3.3 Pressure 4.4 The Greenhouse Detection Problem 4.4.1 Definition of Detection Vector and Data Used 4.4.2 Spatial Correlation Methods 4.5 Conclusions 5 Interpreting High-Resolution Proxy Climate Data - The Example of Dendr о climatology / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Site Selection and Dating 5.4 Chronology Confidence 5.4.1 Chronology Signal 5.4.2 Expressed Population Signal 5.4.3 Subsample Signal Strength 5.4.4 Wider Relevance of Chronology Signal 5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal 5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal 5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements 5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization" Problem 5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals in Chronologies 5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal 5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between World wide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability / by M. NEIL WARD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere 6.2.1 Tropics 6.2.2 Extratropics 6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature: EOFs and Rotated EOFs 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 SST Data 6.3.3 EOF method 6.3.4 EOFs p^→1 - p^→3 6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs 6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with the SST Patterns p^→2, p ^→3 and p^→2R in JAS 6.4.1 Data and Methods 6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→2 6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→3 6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with Rotated EOF p^→2R 6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Atmosphere 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa 6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.6 Conclusions III Simulating and Predicting Climate 7 The Simulation of Weather Types in GCMs : A Regional Approach to Control-Run Validation / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Lamb Catalogue 7.3 An "Objective" Lamb Classification 7.4 Details of the Selected GCM Experiments 7.5 Comparing Observed and GCM Climates 7.5.1 Lamb Types 7.5.2 Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.3 Relationships Between Circulation Frequencies and Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.4 Weather-Type Spell Lengths and Storm Frequencies 7.6 Conclusions 7.6.1 Specific Conclusions 7.6.2 General Conclusions 8 Statistical Analysis of GCM Output / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Univariate Analysis 8.2.1 The i-Test on the Mean of a Normal Variable 8.2.2 Tests for Autocorrelated Variables 8.2.3 Field Significance 8.2.4 Example: GCM Response to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly 8.3 Multivariate Analysis 8.3.1 Test on Means of Multidimensional Normal Variables 8.3.2 Application to Response Studies 8.3.3 Application to Model Testing and Intercomparison 9 Field Intercomparison / by ROBERT E . LIVEZEY 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation for Permutation and Monte Carlo Testing 9.2.1 Local vs. Field Significance 9.2.2 Test Example 9.3 Permutation Procedures 9.3.1 Test Environment 9.3.2 Permutation (PP) and Bootstrap (BP) Procedures 9.3.3 Properties 9.3.4 Interdependence Among Field Variables 9.4 Serial Correlation 9.4.1 Local Probability Matching 9.4.2 Times Series and Monte Carlo Methods 9.4.3 Independent Samples 9.4.4 Conservatism 9.5 Concluding Remarks 10 The Evaluation of Forecasts / by ROBERT E. LIVEZEY 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Considerations for Objective Verification 10.2.1 Quantification 10.2.2 Authentication 10.2.3 Description of Probability Distributions 10.2.4 Comparison of Forecasts 10.3 Measures and Relationships: Categorical Forecasts 10.3.1 Contingency and Definitions 10.3.2 Some Scores Based on the Contingency Table 10.4 Measures and Relationships: Continuous Forecasts 10.4.1 Mean Squared Error and Correlation 10.4.2 Pattern Verification (the Murphy-Epstein Decomposition) 10.5 Hindcasts and Cross-Validation 10.5.1 Cross-Validation Procedure 10.5.2 Key Constraints in Cross-Validation 11 Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling / by DENNIS LETTENMAIER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Probabilistic Characteristics of Precipitation 11.3 Stochastic Models of Precipitation 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Applications to Global Change 11.4 Stochastic Precipitation Models with External Forcing 11.4.1 Weather Classification Schemes 11.4.2 Conditional Stochastic Precipitation Models 11.5 Applications to Alternative Climate Simulation 11.6 Conclusions IV Pattern Analysis 12 Teleconnections Patterns / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 12.1 Objective Teleconnections 12.2 Singular Value Decomposition 12.3 Teleconnections in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 12.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Spatial Patterns: EOFs and CCA / by HANS VON STORCH 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Expansion into a Few Guess Patterns 13.2.1 Guess Patterns, Expansion Coefficients and Explained Variance 13.2.2 Example: Temperature Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea 13.2.3 Specification of Guess Patterns 13.2.4 Rotation of Guess Patterns 13.3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 13.3.1 Definition of EOFs 13.3.2 What EOFs Are Not Designed for 13.3.3 Estimating EOFs 13.3.4 Example: Central European Temperature 13.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis 13.4.1 Definition of Canonical Correlation Patterns 13.4.2 CCA in EOF Coordinates 13.4.3 Estimation: CCA of Finite Samples 13.4.4 Example: Central European Temperature 14 Patterns in Time : SSA and MSSA / by ROBERT VAUTARD 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reconstruction and Approximation of Attractors 14.2.1 The Embedding Problem 14.2.2 Dimension and Noise 14.2.3 The Macroscopic Approximation 14.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis 14.3.1 Time EOFs 14.3.2 Space-Time EOFs 14.3.3 Oscillatory Pairs 14.3.4 Spectral Properties 14.3.5 Choice of the Embedding Dimension 14.3.6 Estimating Time and Space-Time Patterns 14.4 Climatic Applications of SSA 14.4.1 The Analysis of Intraseasonal Oscillations 14.4.2 Empirical Long-Range Forecasts Using MSSA Predictors 14.5 Conclusions 15 Multivariate Statistical Modeling : POP-Model as a First Order Approximation / by JIN-SONG VON STORCH 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Cross-Covariance Matrix and the Cross-Spectrum Matrix 15.3 Multivariate AR(1) Process and its Cross-Covariance and Cross-Spectrum Matrices 15.3.1 The System Matrix A and its POPs 15.3.2 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Matrix Formulation 15.3.3 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Diagonal Components

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Auf Spurensuche vor unserer Haustür. - 2 Rund um den Gletscher. - Wie Gletscher entstehen. - Gletscher, Glacier, Ghiaccia, Jökull. - Gletschertypen. - Aufbau und Eigenschaften eines Gletschers. - Gletschereis fließt. - Gletscher wachsen an und schmelzen ab. - Gletscherschwankungen und ihre Ursachen. - 3 Verbreitung des Eises und der kalten Regionen. - 4 Vereisungen während der geologischen Vergangenheit. - Präquartäre Kaltzeiten. - Quartäre Kaltzeiten. - Die Schlüssel zur Vergangenheit. - Pleistozän (Kaltzeitalter). - Europa im Pleistozän. - 5 Gletscher formen Landschaften. - Kräfte und Prozesse im Überblick. - Der glaziale Formenschatz. - Glaziale Abtragungsformen. - Glaziale Ablagerungsformen. - Moränen in Nordmitteleuropa. - Moränen im Gebirge und Gebirgsrandbereich. - Weitere Glazialformen. - 6 Der Einfluß des Gletscherschmelzwassers. - Kräfte und Prozesse im Überblick. - Fluvioglaziale Abtragungsformen. - Fluvioglaziale Ablagerungsformen. - Formengesellschaften glazialer und fluvioglazialer Entstehung. - Formenvielfalt auf engstem Raum - ein Beispiel. - Formengesellschaft im Modell - die glaziale Serie. - 7 Formengestaltung abseits von vergletscherten Gebieten. - Kräfte und Prozesse im Überblick. - Die regionale Verbreitung der Periglazialgebiete. - Der periglaziale Formenschatz. - Wind: Äolische Prozesse und Formen. - Schwerkraft: Gravitative Prozesse und Formen. - Frost: Kryogene Prozesse und Formen. - 8 Gletscher und Meeresspiegel. - Das geophysikalische Prinzip isostatischer Bewegungen. - Eustatische Meeresspiegelschwankungen. - Isostasie und Eustasie wirken zusammen. - Der Einfluß auf die Küstenlandschaften. - 9 Die nächste Kaltzeit kommt bestimmt. - Globale Entwicklungen. - Atmosphäre und Klima. - Anthropogene Eingriffe. - Natürliche Klimaschwankungen. - Astronomische Einflüsse. - Irdische Einflüsse. - Das Greenland Icecore Project - eine Eisbohrung bringt überraschende Erkenntnisse. - Meeresströme steuern das Klima. - Kann es eine überzeugende Klimaprognose geben. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Glossar. - Abbildungsnachweis. - Sachverzeichnis.

Anmerkung: Contents: I INTRODUCTION. - 1 Ecosystem Response, Resistance, Resilience, and Recovery in Arctic Landscapes: Introduction / J. F. Reynolds and J. D. Tenhunen. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 NRC Committee Report. - 1.3 The R4D Program. - 1.3.1 Objectives and Conceptual Framework. - 1.3.2 Program Implementation. - 1.3.3 Landscape Function. - 1.4 Summary. - References. - 2 Integrated Ecosystem Research in Northern Alaska, 1947-1994 / G. R. Shaver. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early Days at NARL. - 2.3 The U.S. Tundra Biome Program. - 2.4 The Meade River RATE Program. - 2.5 Eagle Creek and Eagle Summit. - 2.6 The Arctic LTER Program at Toolik Lake. - 2.7 Other Studies In Alaska and Elsewhere. - 2.8 Summary and Prospects. - References. - 3 Disturbance and Recovery of Arctic Alaskan Vegetation / D. A. Walker. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Disturbance and Recovery. - 3.3Typical Disturbance and Recovery Patterns. - 3.3.1 Small Disturbed Patches. - 3.3.2 Contaminants. - 3.3.2.1 Hydrocarbon Spills. - 3.3.2.2 Seawater and Reserve-Pit Spills. - 3.3.3 Fire. - 3.3.4 Transportation Corridors. - 3.3.4.1 Bulldozed Tundra and Related Disturbances. - 3.3.4.2 Off-Road Vehicle Trails. - 3.3.4.2.1 Summer Travel. - 3.3.4.2.2 Winter Travel. - 3.3.4.3 Permanent Roads and Pads. - 3.3.4.4 Gravel Mines. - 3.3.4.5 Native Species in Revegetation of Gravel Pads and Mines. - 3.3.4.6 Road Dust. - 3.3.4.7 Roadside Impoundments. - 3.3.5 Cumulative Impacts. - 3.4 Conclusions. - References. - 4 Terrain and Vegetation of the Imnavait Creek Watershed / D. A. Walker and M. D. Walker. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Terrain. - 4.2.1 Glacial Deposits. - 4.2.2 Retransported Hillslope Deposits. - 4.2.3 Colluvial Basin Deposits. - 4.2.4 Floodplain Deposits. - 4.3 Vegetation. - 4.3.1 Flora. - 4.3.2 Vegetation Types. - 4.3.2.1 Lichen-Covered Rocks. - 4.3.2.2 Dry Heath. - 4.3.2.2.1 Exposed Sites. - 4.3.2.2.2 Snowbeds. - 4.3.2.3 Tussock Tundra. - 4.3.2.4 Riparian Areas. - 4.3.2.5 Mires. - 4.3.2.6 Beaded Ponds. - 4.4 West-Facing Toposequence. - 4.5 Terrain Sensitivity to Disturbance. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Appendix A. List of Plants for Imnavait Creek, Alaska. - References. - 5 Vegetation Structure and Aboveground Carbon and Nutrient Pools in the Imnavait Creek Watershed / S. C. Hahn, S. F. Oberbauer, R. Gebauer, N. E. Grulke, O. L. Lange, and J. D. Tenhunen. - 5.1 ntroduction. - 5.2 Description of Vegetation. - 5.3 Sampling Methods. - 5.3.1 Cover. - 5.3.2 Biomass and Nutrient Pools. - 5.4 Cover. - 5.5 Aboveground Biomass. - 5.5.1 Live Biomass. - 5.5.2 Photosynthetic Biomass. - 5.5.3 Lichen Biomass. - 5.5.4 Organic Litter. - 5.5.5 Watershed Patterns. - 5.6 Nutrient Pools. - 5.6.1 N and P in Heath Cryptogams. - 5.6.2 N and P in Communities. - 5.7 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - II PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, HYDROLOGY, and TRANSPORT. - 6 Energy Balance and Hydrological Processes in an Arctic Watershed / L. Hinzmann, D. L. Kane, C. S. Benson, and K. R. Everett. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Radiation and Thermal Regimes. - 6.2.1 Surface Energy Balance. - 6.2.2 Snow Cover and Soil Thermal Regime. - 6.3 Hydrological Processes. - 6.3.1 Snowmelt. - 6.3.2 Plot and Basin Water Balance. - 6.3.3 Runoff and Basin Discharge. - 6.3.4 Precipitation, Evaporation, and Evapotranspiration. - 6.4 Energy Balance and Hydrology Models. - 6.4.1 Simulation of the Thermal Regime. - 6.4.2 Simulation of Snowmelt. - 6.4.3 Simulation of Catchment Runoff. - 6.5 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Shortwave Reflectance Properties of Arctic Tundra Landscapes / A. S. Hope and D. A. Stow. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Shortwave Reflectance Studies in Arctic Environments. - 7.2.1 Environmental Considerations. - 7.2.2 Radiometric Data. - 7.2.3 Image Data. - 7.3 Spectral Reflectance. - 7.3.1 Aboveground Biomass. - 7.3.2 Vegetation Composition. - 7.3.3 Landscape Patterns. - 7.3.4 Effects of Dust Deposition. - 7.4 Albedo. - 7.4.1 Undisturbed Tussock Tundra. - 7.4.2 Effects of Dust Deposition. - 7.5 Conclusions. - References. - 8 Isotopic Tracers for Investigating Hydrological Processes / L. W. Cooper, I. L. Larsen, C. Solis, J. M. Grebmeier, C. R. Olsen, D. K. Solomon, and R. B. Cook. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.1.1 Units. - 8.1.2 Conservative vs Nonconservative Isotopes. - 8.2 Nonconservative Tracers. - 8.3 Sulfur-35. - 8.4 Oxygen-18. - 8.4.1 Oxygen-18 Content of Snowpack. - 8.4.2 Oxygen-18 Content of Imnavait Creek. - 8.4.3 Oxygen-18 Content of Soil Moisture. - 8.4.4 Covariance of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium in Watershed Compartments. - 8.4.5 Covariance of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium in Plant Water. - 8.5 Long-Lived Radioisotopes: Lead-210 and Cesium-137. - 8.5.1 Distribution of 137Cs on Tundra and in Lake Sediments. - 8.5.2 Cycling of 137Cs in Annual Berries. - 8.5.3 Distribution of 210Pb in Tundra. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - III NUTRIENT AND CARBON FLUXES. - 9 Surface Water Chemistry and Hydrology of a Small Arctic Drainage Basin / K. R. Everett, D. L. Kane, and L. D. Hinzman. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Watershed Instrumentation. - 9.3 Snowmelt Period. - 9.3.1 Snowmelt Hydrology. - 9.3.2 Snowmelt Chemistry . - 9.3.2.1 Overland Flow. - 9.3.2.2 Water Track Flow. - 9.3.2.3 Imnavait Creek Flow. - 9.4 Post Snowmelt Period. - 9.4.1 Atmospheric Inputs. - 9.4.1.1 Rainfall. - 9.4.1.2 Dry Deposition. - 9.4.1.3 Rime. - 9.4.2 Water Chemistry. - 9.4.2.1 Overland Flow. - 9.4.2.2 Active Layer Flow. - 9.4.2.3 Imnavait Creek Flow. - 9.5 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Nutrient Availability and Uptake by Tundra Plants / J. P. Schimel, K. Kielland, and F. S. Chapin III. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Controls on Mineralization and Nutrient Supply. - 10.2.1 Patterns of Nutrient Supply in the Soil. - 10.2.2 Patterns of Mineralization. - 10.2.3 Controls on N and P Mineralization. - 10.2.4 Controls on Decomposition and Mineralization. - 10.2.4.1 Temperature. - 10.2.4.1.1 Enzyme Activities. - 10.2.4.1.2 Microbial Activity at Low Temperatures. - 10.2.4.1.3 Freeze-Thaw Events. - 10.2.4.2 Effects of Low Oxygen on Microbial Activity and Mineralization. - 10.2.4.3 Substrate Quality. - 10.3 Fate of Available Nutrients. - 10.3.1 Microbial Nutrient Uptake and Competition with Plants. - 10.3.2 Plant Uptake. - 10.3.2.1 Soil Factors Controlling Nutrient Absorption. - 10.3.2.2 Rooting Strategies. - 10.3.2.3 Uptake Characteristics of Tundra Plants. - 10.3.2.4 Retranslocation vs Current Uptake. - 10.4 Disturbances. - 10.4.1 Vehicle Tracks. - 10.4.2 Road Dust. - 10.4.3 Gray Water. - 10.4.4 Climate Change. - References. - 11 Landscape Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Exchange in Tundra Ecosytems / S. F. Oberbauer, W. Cheng, C. T. Gillespie, B. Ostendorf, A. Sala, R. Gebauer, R. A. Virginia, and J. D. Tenhunen. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Methods. - 11.2.1 Community Types. - 11.2.2 Leaf Photosynthesis. - 11.2.3 Ecosystem Efflux. - 11.2.4 Ecosystem Net CO2 Exchange. - 11.3 CO2 Uptake. - 11.3.1 Factors Affecting CO2 Uptake. - 11.3.1.1 Light. - 11.3.1.2 Temperature. - 11.3.1.3 Phenology. - 11.3.1.4 Water Availability. - 11.3.1.5 Nutrition. - 11.3.2 Landscape Patterns in Leaf Photosynthesis. - 11.4 CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.1 Factors Affecting CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.1.1 Live Plant Biomass. - 11.4.1.2 Soil Quality. - 11.4.1.3 Thaw Depth and Depth to Water Table. - 11.4.1.4 Soil Moisture. - 11.4.1.5 Soil Temperature. - 11.4.2 Landscape Patterns of CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.3 Daily and Seasonal Patterns of CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.4 Dust Deposition Effects on CO2 Efflux. - 11.5 Landscape Patterns in Net CO2 Exchange. - 11.6 Conclusions. - References. - 12 Control of Tundra Methane Emission by Microbial Oxidation / S. C. Whalen, W. S. Reeburgh, and C. E. Reimers. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Sampling Procedure. - 12.3 Results and Discussion. - 12.3.1 Methane Flux and Environmental Variables in Tundra and Taiga. - 12.3.2 Physiology, Controls, and Potential for Microbial CH4 Oxidation. - 12.3.3 Methane Oxidation by Tundra Soils in a Warmer Climate. - 12.4 Conclusions. - References. - 13 Dynamics of Dissolved and Particulate Car

Anmerkung: Introduction 1 Definitions 2 Historical Development of the Term Rockglacier 3 Rockglaciers: Description and Morphometry 3.1 General Description 3.2 Form Types 3.3 Morphometric Parameters 3.3.1 Rockglacier Sizes 3.3.2 Tongue-Shaped Rockg1aciers 3.3.3 Lobate Rockg1aciers 3.3.4 Rockglacier Thickness 3.3.5 Surface Relief 3.3.6 Rockglacier Surface and Source Area 4 Rockglacier Taxonomy 5 Rockglacier Distribution 5.1 General Information 5.2 Local Rockglacier Distribution 5.2.1 The Alps 5.2.2 The Mountains of Northern Europe 5.2.3 The Pyrenees 5.2.4 North American Mountains 5.2.5 The Andes of Central and South America 5.2.6 The Mountains of Asia 5.2.7 The Southern Alps 5.2.8 Antarctic Mountains 5.2.9 Conclusions 6 Rockglacier Material, Surficial Fabric and Internal Structure 6.1 Rock Type and Grain Size at and below the Surface 6.1.1 Rock Type 6.1.2 Grain Sizes at the Surface 6.1.3 Development of the Bouldery Mantle 6.1.4 Surface Fabric 6.1.5 Grain Sizes below the Bouldery Mantle 6.2 Internal Structure 6.2.1 Direct Information 6.2.1.1 Excavations, Outcrops, Tunnels 6.2.1.2 Smaller Boreholes 6.2.1.3 The Deep Borehole through the Rockglacier Murtel I 6.2.2 Indirect Information 6.2.2.1 Seismic Information 6.2.2.2 Geoelectric Soundings 6.2.2.3 Radio-Echo Soundings 6.2.2.4 Gravimetry 6.2.2.5 Borehole Geophysics and Related Measurements 6.2.2.6 BTS Measurements 6.2.2.7 Summary: The Inner Core of an Active Rockglacier 6.3 The Active Layer on Rockglaciers 7 Rockglacier Movement, Velocity, and Rheology 7.1 The Horizontal and Vertical Movement of Active Rockglaciers 7.1.1 Measurement Methods 7.1.2 Annual Horizontal Displacement 7.1.3 Long-Term Annual Averages 7.1.4 Long-Term Estimates 7.1.5 Longer Time Series 7.1.6 Monthly and Seasonal Measurements 7.1.7 Vertical Displacement 7.1.8 Conclusion 7.2 Geometry of Movement 7.2.1 The General Flow Patterns of Active Rockglaciers 7.2.1.1 Gruben Rockglacier 7.2.1.2 Macun Rockglacier 7.2.1.3 Arapaho Rockglacier 7.2.2 Horizontal Velocity on Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Profiles 7.2.3 Surface and Subsurface Velocity 7.3 Rheologic Considerations 7.3.1 Shear Stress and Strain Rates in Active Rockglaciers 7.3.2 The Rheological Description of Active Rockglaciers 7.4 Rockglacier Movement and Climate 7.5 Discussion of Rockglacier Movement 8 Rockglacier Genesis and the Relation to Similar-Looking Landforms 8.1 Rockglacier Genesis 8.1.1 The Formation of Active Rockglaciers 8.1.1.1 Talus Rockglaciers 8.1.1.2 Debris Rockglaciers 8.1.1.3 Special Rockglaciers 8.1.1.4 Problematic Cases 8.1.2 Inactive Rockglaciers 8.1.3 Relict (Fossil) Rockglaciers 8.2 Published Hypotheses of Rockglacier Formation 8.2.1 Mass-Movement Hypotheses 8.2.1.1 The Bergsturz Hypothesis in General 8.2.1.2 Landslide Influences 8.2.2 The Glacial Hypothesis 8.2.2.1 Debris-Covered Glaciers and Thermokarst 8.2.2.2 Transition from True Glaciers to Rockglaciers? 8.2.2.3 The Moraine Hypothesis 8.2.3 The Periglacial (Blockstream) Hypothesis 8.3 True Rockglaciers under Wrong Labels 8.3.1 The Ostrem Ice-Cored Moraine Concept 8.3.2 The Protalus Rampart Concept 9 The Age of Rockglaciers 9.1 The Age of Active Rockglaciers 9.2 The Age of Climatic Inactive Rockglaciers 9.3 The Age of Relict (Fossil) Rockglaciers 10 Rockglaciers and the High Mountain Environment 10.1 Active Rockglaciers and Mountain Permafrost 10.2 Rockglaciers in the Coarse Debris Cycle 10.2.1 Rockglaciers and Talus Production 10.2.2 Rockglacier Size and Source Area 10.2.3 Rockglaciers as a Debris Transport System 10.3 Rockglaciers and Climate 10.3.1 Rockglaciers and Present Climate 10.3.2 Relict Rockglaciers and Paleoclimate Reconstruction 10.3.3 Reactivation of Inactive or Relict Rockglaciers 10.3.4 Rockglaciers and Climatic Change 10.4 Rockglaciers in the Alpine Hydrological Cycle 10.4.1 Rockglaciers as a Water Store 10.4.2 Discharge from Rockglacier Permafrost 10.4.3 Fluctuations in Rockglacier Permafrost Storage 10.5 Rockglaciers as Hazards in Alpine Environments 10.6 The Environment of Active Rockglaciers 11 Summary and Outstanding Problems 12 References Index of Place Names Subject Index

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 The Arctic Ocean: Boundary Conditions and Background Information. - 1.1 Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean. - 1.2 The Arctic Ocean: Modern Status and Recent Climate Change. - 1.3 The Tectonic Evolution of the Arctic Ocean: Overview and Perspectives. - 1.4 Geochemical Proxies Used for Organic Carbon Source Identification in Arctic Ocean Sediments. - 2 Modern Terrigenous Organic Carbon Input to the Arctic Ocean. - 2.1General Introduction. - 2.2 River Input. - 2.3 Organic Carbon Input to the Artic Seas Through Coastal Erosion. - 2.4 The Role of Arctic Sea Ice in Transporting and Cycling Terrestrial Organic Matter. - 2.5 Aeolian Input. - 2.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - 3 Primary and Secondary Production in the Arctic Seas. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Major Algal Groups and Their Distribution. - 3.3 Limitation and Control of Primary Production 3.4 Primary Production and Growth Rate. - 3.5 Seasonality. - 3.6 Distribution of Primary Production. - 3.7 Mesozooplankton . - 3.8 Primary Production - Impact of Climate Change. - 3.9 Summary and Concluding Remarks . - 4 The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter for the Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Riverine DOM on Arctic Shelves and Beyond. - 4.3 Distribution, Chemical Composition, and Fluxes of Marine DOM in the Central Arctic Ocean. - 4.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - 5 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux to the Arctic Ocean Sea Floor. - 5.1 Introduction 5.2 What do we Know About Vertical Carbon Flux from the Arctic Ocean?. - 5.3 Case Studies. - 5.4 Regional Variability in POC Export Flux in the Arctic Ocean Determined Using 234Th as a Tracer. - 5.5 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux to the Sea floor of the Arctic Ocean: Quantity, Seasonality and Processes. - 5.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - 6 The Benthos of Arctic Seas and its Role for the Organic Carbon Cycle at the Seafloor. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Origin and Evolution of Arctic Habitats and Species. - 6.3 Food Supply of the Arctic Benthos: Sources and Pathways. - 6.4 Benthic Communities of the Arctic Seas. - 6.5 Organic Carbon Utilization by the Arctic Benthos. - 6.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - 7 Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments: Sources, Variability, Burial, and Paleoenvironmental Significance. - 7.1 Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments: A General Introduction. - 7.2 The Beaufort Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon. - 7.3 The Continental Margin of the North Bering - Chukchi Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon. - 7.4 The East Siberian Sea: Distribution, Sources, and Burial of Organic Carbon. - 7.5 The Laptev Sea: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon. - 7.6 The Kara Sea: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon. - 7.7 The Barents Sea: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon. - 7.8 Northern Fram Strait und Yermak Plateau: Distribution, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon and Paleoenvironmental Implications. - 7.9 The Central Arctic Ocean: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon. - 8 Organic Carbon Budget: Arctic Ocean vs. Global Ocean. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Global Organic Carbon Fluxes: Sources and Sinks. - 8.3 Arctic Ocean Organic Carbon Fluxes: Sources and Sinks. - 8.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - 9 References.

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Global Distribution of Lakes / M. MEYBECK. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 2.1 Data Used. - 2.2 Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution. - 3.1 Lake Density . - 3.2 Limnic Ratio. - 4 Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin. - 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin. - 5.1 Lake Densities. - 5.2 Global Deglaciated Area. - 5.3 Total Number of Glacial Lakes. - 6 Fluvial Lakes. - 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes. - 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes. - 8.1 Coastal Lagoons. - 8.2 Salinized Lakes due to Evaporation. - 9 Global Lake Distribution. - 9.1 Extrapolation Approach. - 9.2 Lake Type Approach. - 9.3 Climatic Typology Approach. - 9.4 Lake Distribution in Endorheic Areas. - 9.5 Global Dissolved Salt Distribution in Lakes. - 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past. - 10.1 Lake Ages. - 10.2 Historical Changes. - 10.3 Postglacial Changes. - 11 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes / T. C. WINTER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes. - 2.1 Interaction of Lakes with Atmospheric Water. - 2.2 Interaction of Lakes with Surface Water. - 2.3 Interaction of Lakes with Subsurface Water. - 2.4 Change in Lake Volume. - 3 Summary. - References. - 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling / S. W. HOSTETLER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological Response. - 3 The Hydrological Budget. - 4 Hydrological Models. - 5 Thermal Response. - 5.1 Energy Budget and Energy Budget Models. - 5.2 Models and Modeling. - 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change. - 7 Input Data Sets. - 8 Sample Applications. - 9 Summary. - References. - 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes / D. M. IMBODEN and A. WÜEST. - 1 Transport and Mixing. - 2 Lakes as Physical Systems. - 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion. - 3.1 Equations of Fluid Motion. - 3.2 Turbulence, Reynolds' Stress, and Eddy Diffusion. - 3.3 Vertical Momentum Equation. - 3.4 Nonlocal Diffusion and Transilient Mixing. - 4 Density and Stability of Water Column. - 4.1 Equation of State of Water. - 4.2 Potential Temperature and Local Vertical Stability. - 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing. - 5.1 Thermal Energy. - 5.2 Potential Energy. - 5.3 Kinetic Energy. - 5.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance in Stratified Water. - 5.5 Internal Turbulent Energy Fluxes: Turbulence Cascade. - 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes. - 6.1 Waves and Mixing. - 6.2 Mixing in the Surface Layer. - 6.3 Diapycnal Mixing. - 6.4 Boundary Mixing. - 6.5 Double Diffusion. - 6.6 Isopycnal Mixing. - 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance. - 7.1 Time Scales of Mixing. - 7.2 Reactive Species and Patchiness. - 7.3 Mixing and Growth: The Search for an Ecological Steering Factor. - References. - 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes / J. R. GAT. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Isotope Separatio During Evaporation. - 2 Small-Area Lakes. - 2.1 Seasonal and Annual Changes. - 2.2 Deep Freshwater Lakes. - 2.3 Transient Surface-Water Bodies. - 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems. - 3.1 Network of Surface-Water Bodies. - 3.2 Recycling of Reevaporated Moisture into the Atmosphere. - 3.3 Large Lakes. - 3.4 Large-Area Lakes with Restricted Circulation. - 4 Saline Lakes. - 4.1 Isotope Hydrology of Large Salt Lakes. - 4.2 Ephemeral Salt Lakes and Sabkhas. - 5 Isotopie Paleolimnology. - 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans. - References. - 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes / P. VLAHOS, D. MACKAY, S. J. EISENREICH, and KC. HORNBUCKLE. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria. - 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air. - 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach. - 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Paniculate Matter in Air and Water. - 6.1 Air. - 6.2 Water. - 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes. - 7.1 Dry Deposition. - 7.2 Wet Deposition. - 8 Specimen Calculation. - 8.1 Step 1: Physicochemical Properties. - 8.2 Step 2: Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 8.3 Step 3: Sorption in Air and Water. - 8.4 Step 4: Equilibrium Status. - 8.5 Step 5: Volatilization and Deposition Rates. - 9 Role of Air-Water Exchange in Lake Mass Balances. - 10 Case Studies. - 10.1 Mass Balance on Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. - 10.2 Mass Balance on Lake Superior. - 10.3 Air-Water Exchange in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. - 10.4 Air-Water Exchange in Lake Superior. - 11 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Atmospheric Depositions: Impact of Acids on Lakes / W. STUMM and J. SCHNOOR. - Abstract. - 1 Introduction: Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity. - 1.1 Genesis of Acid Precipitation. - 2 Acidity and Alkalinity: Neutralizing Capacities. - 2.1 Transfer of Acidity (or Alkalinity) from Pollution Through the Atmosphere to Ecosystems. - 3 Acidification of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 3.1 Disturbance of H+ Balance from Temporal or Spatial Decoupling of the Production and Mineralization of the Biomass. - 3.2 In Situ H+ Ion Neutralization in Lakes. - 3.3 Krug and Frink Revisited. - 4 Brønsted Acids and Lewis Acids: Pollution by Heavy Metals, as Influenced by Acidity. - 4.1 Cycling of Metals. - 4.2 Pb in Soils. - 5 Impact of Acidity on Ecology in Watersheds. - 5.1 Soils. - 5.2 Lakes. - 5.3 Nitrogen Saturation of Forests. - 6 Critical Loads. - 6.1 Critical Load Maps. - 6.2 Models for Critical Load Evaluation. - 7 Case Studies. - 7.1 Chemical Weathering of Crystalline Rocks in the Catchment Area of Acidic Ticino Lakes, Switzerland. - 7.2 Watershed Manipulation Project at Bear Brooks, Maine. - 8 Summary. - References. - 8 Redox-Driven Cycling of Trace Elements in Lakes / J. HAMILTON-TAYLOR and W. DAVISON. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Pathways. - 3 Iron and Manganese. - 3.1 Transformations and Cycling. - 3.2 Iron and Manganese Compounds as Carrier Phases. - 4 Sediment-Water Interface. - 4.1 Diffusive Flux from Sediments. - 4.2 Evidence of Little or No Diffusive Efflux from Sediments. - 4.3 Transient Remobilization. - 4.4 Diffusive Flux into Sediments. - 5 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Directly: Case Studies. - 5.1 Arsenic. - 5.2 Chromium. - 5.3 239,240Pu. - 5.4 Selenium 6 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Indirectly: Case Studies. - 6.1 137Cs. - 6.2 Stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po. - 6.3 Zinc. - 7 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 9 Comparative Geochemistry of Marine Saline Lakes / F. T. MACKENZIE, S. VINK, R. WOLLAST, and L. CHOU. - 1 Introduction. - 2 General Characteristics of Marine Saline Lakes. - 3 Comparative Sediment-Pore-Water Reactions. - 3.1 Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. - 3.2 Solar Lake, Sinai. - 4 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Organic Matter Accumulation Records in Lake Sediments / P. A. MEYERS and R. ISHIWATARI. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Significance of Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 1.2 Origins of Organic Matter to Lake Sediments. - 1.3 Alterations of Organic Matter During Deposition. - 1.4 Similarities and Differences Between Organic Matter in Sediments of Lakes and Oceans. - 1.5 Dating of Lake-Sediment Records. - 2 Indicators of Sources and Alterations of Total Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 2.1 Source Information Preserved in C/N Ratios of Sedimentary Organic Matter. - 2.2 Source Information from Carbon-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 2.3 Source Information from Nitrogen-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 3 Origin and Alterations of Humic Substances. - 4 Sources and Alterations of Lipid Biomarkers. - 4.1 Alteration of Lipids During Deposition. - 4.2 Changes in Sources vs Selective Diagenesis. - 4.3 Effects of Sediment Grain Size on Geolipid Compositions. - 4.4 Source Records of Alkanes in Lake Sediments. - 4.5 Preserv

Anmerkung: Contents (I) Motivation and Methods (A) The Antarctic Ice Sheet and its Role in the Global System (A.1) Main Geographic and Glaciologic Provinces of Antarctica (A.2) Climatic Change, Sea-Level Rise,and Changes in the Cryosphere (A.3) Modeling Versus Measuring B) Satellite Remote Sensing (B.1) An Overview of Ice Sheet Observations by Satellite (B.2) Satellite Radar Altimetry (B.2.1) Satellite Missions with Radar Altimeter Observations (B.2.1.1) SEASAT (B.2.1.2) GEOSAT (B.2.1.3) ERS-1 and ERS-2 (B.2.1.4) Other Missions with Altimeters, and Related Missions (B.2.2) Mission Types: Exact Repeat Missions and Geodetic Missions (B.2.3) Radar Measurement Principles (B.3) Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data over Ice Sheets and Glaciers (B.3.1) Problems and Methods of Mapping Ice Surface Elevation (B.3.2) Derivation of Ice Surface Roughness and Morphology (C) Data Analysis Methods Applied in the Antarctic Atlas (C.0) Introduction (C.1) Corrections of Radar Altimeter Data (C.1.1) Corrections Applied to Satellite Radar Altimeter Data for Ice Surface Mapping (C.1.2) The Bad-Track Problem (C.1.3) The Need for Interpolation of Geophysical Line Survey Data (C.2) Map Projection and Atlas Mapping (C.2.1) The UTM Projection (C.2.2) The Atlas Mapping Problem (C.2.3) The Solution: The Antarctic Atlas Mapping Scheme (C.2.4) Map Sheet Calculation with TRANSVIEW (C.3) Geostatistical Estimation (C.3.1) Concept of the Regionalized Variable and Principles of Variography (C.3.2) Kriging (C.3.3) Variography for Satellite Radar Altimeter Data over Antarctic Ice Surfaces (C.3.4) Application: Search Algorithm and Kriging Parameters for Antarctic Atlas DTMs. Mapping Parameters (C.3.4.1) Search Routine for Geophysical Line Survey Data and Software (C.3.4.2) Grid Spacing (C.3.4.3) Mapping Parameters: Contouring and Coloring Scheme (C.3.5) Error Analysis (C.3.6) Influence of the Radar Altimeter Sensor Compared to Influence of the Variogramin Kriging for GEOSAT and ERS-1 Data (C.4) The Role of the Geodetic Reference Surface (C.4.1) Ellipsoid and Geoid Concepts (C.4.2) Mapping of Ice Surfaces with Reference to Geoid Models (II) The Atlas (D) Atlas Maps (D.0) Map Organization and Description Principles (D.1) Latitude Row 63-68°S: Maps from GEOSAT and ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data Map m45e37-53n63-68 Casey Bay Map m57e49-65n63-68 Napier Mountains Map m69e61-77n63-68 Mawson Coast East Map m81e73-89n63-68 Leopold and Astrid Coast Map m93e85-101n63-68 Queen Mary Coast Map m105e97-113n63-68 Knox Coast Map m117e109-125n63-68 Sabrina Coast Map m129e121-137n63-68 Clarie Coast Map m141e133-149n63-68 Adélie Coast Map m153e145-161n63-68 Ninnis Glacier Tongue Map m297e289-305n63-68 Antarctic Peninsula (Graham Land) (D.2) Latitude Row 67-72.1°S: Maps from GEOSAT and ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data Map m15we23W-7Wn67-721 Ekström Ice Shelf Map m3we11w-5n67-721 Fimbul Ice Shelf Map m9e1-17n67-721 Princess Astrid Coast Map m21e13-29n67-721 Erskine Iceport Map m33e25-41n67-721 Riiser-Larsen Peninsula Map m45e37-53n67-721 Prince Olav Coast Map m57e49-65n67-721 Kemp Coast Map m69e61-77n67-721 Lambert Glacier Map m81e73-89n67-721 Ingrid Christensen Coast Map m93e85-101n67-721 Wilkes Land (e85-101n67-721) Map m105e97-113n67-721 Wilkes Land (e97-113n67-721) Map m117e109-125n67-721 Wilkes Land (e109-125n67-721) Map m129e121-137n67-721 Wilkes Land (e121-137n67-721) Map m141e133-149n67-721 Wilkes Land (e133-149n67-721) Map m153e145-161n67-721 Cook Ice Shelf Map m165e157-173n67-721 Pennell Coast Map m292e284-300n67-721 Antarctic Peninsula (Palmer Land) (D.3) Latitude Row 71-77°S: Maps from ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data Map m333e315-351n71-77 Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf Map m357e339-15n71-77 New Schwabenland Map m21e3-39n71-77 Sør Rondane Mountains Map m45e27-63n71-77 Belgica Mountains Map m69e51-87n71-77 Upper Lambert Glacier Map m93e75-111n71-77 American Highland Map m117e99-135n71-77 Dome Charlie Map m141e123-159n71-77 Southern Wilkes Land (e123-159) Map m165e147-183n71-77 Victoria Land Map m213e195-231n71-77 Ruppert Coast Map m237e219-255n71-77 Bakutis Coast Map m261e243-279n71-77 Walgreen Coast Map m285e267-303n71-77 Ellsworth Land Map m309e291-327n71-77 Black Coast (D.4) Latitude Row 75-80°S: Maps from ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data Map m333e315-351n75-80 Coats Land Map m357e339-15n75-80 Western Queen Maud Land (North) Map m21e3-39n75-80 Central Queen Maud Land (North) Map m45e27-63n75-80 Valkyrie Dome Map m69e51-87n75-80 South of Lambert Glacier Map m93e75-111n75-80 East Antarctica (Sovetskaya) Map m117e99-135n75-80 East Antarctica (Vostok) Map m141e123-159n75-80 East Antarctica (Mt. Longhurst) Map m165e147-183n75-80 Scott Coast Map m189e171-207n75-80 Roosevelt Island Map m213e195-231n75-80 Saunders Coast Map m237e219-255n75-80 Northern Marie Byrd Land Map m261e243-279n75-80 Northern Hollick-Kenyon Plateau Map m285e267-303n75-80 Zumberge Coast Map m309e291-327n75-80 Ronne Ice Shelf (D.5) Latitude Row 78-81.5°S: Maps from ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data Map m333e315-351n78-815 Filchner Ice Shelf Map m357e339-15n78-815 Western Queen Maud Land (South) Map m21e3-39n78-815 Central Queen Maud Land (South) Map m45e27-63n78-815 Eastern Queen Maud Land (South) Map m69e51-87n78-815 Dome Argus Map m93e75-111n78-815 East Antarctica (e75-111n78-815) Map m117e99-135n78-815 EastAntarctica (e99-135n78-815) Map m141e123-159n78-815 Byrd Glacier Map m165e147-183n78-815 Hillary Coast Map m189e171-207n78-815 Ross Ice Shelf Map m213e195-231n78-815 Shirase Coast Map m237e219-255n78-815 Southern Marie Byrd Land Map m261e243-279n78-815 Southern Hollick-Kenyon Plateau Map m285e267-303n78-815 Ellsworth Mountains Map m309e291-327n78-815 Berkner Island (III) Applications (E) Monitoring Changes in Antarctic Ice SurfaceTopography: The Example of the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf System (E.1) The Problem of Monitoring Changes (E.2) Time Series of Digital Terrain Models and Maps (E.3) Altimeter Data: Acquisition and Corrections (E.4) Visual Comparison - Quantitative Comparison (E.5) Calculation of Elevation Changes (E.6) Discussion of Results on Elevation Changes (E.6.1) Results of the Monitoring Study (E.6.2) Comparison with Other Maps of Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf (E.7) On the Potential Existence of Surge Glaciers in the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf System (E.7.1) Introduction to the Surge Phenomenon and Relationship to Results of the Monitoring Study (E.7.2) Discussion of the Surge Hypothesis in the Glaciologic Literature (F) Detailed Studies of Selected Antarctic Outlet Glaciers and Ice Shelves (F.0) Introduction (F.1) Detail Map 1: Slessor Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.2) Detail Map 2: Stancomb-Wills Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.3) Detail Map 3: Jutulstraumen Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.4) Detail Map 4: Shirase Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.5) Detail Map 5: Lambert Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.6) Detail Map 6: West Ice Shelf (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.7) Detail Map 7: Denman Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.8) Detail Map 8: Vanderford Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.9) Detail Map 9: Totten Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.10) Detail Maps 10: Mertz Glacier,11: Ninnis Glacier, and 12: Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers (GEOSAT Data 1985-86) (F.11) Detail Map 13: Rennick Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.12) Detail Map 14: David Glacier/Drygalski Ice Tongue (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.13) Detail Map15: Thwaites Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.14) Detail Map 16: PineIsland Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (G) Combination of SAR and Radar Altimeter Data: Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf (IV) References and Appendix (H) References (I) Appendix (I.1)Glaciological Glossary (I.2) Index of Place Names (I.3) Antarctic Expeditions (I.3.1) Early Seagoing Expeditions (I.3.2) Expeditions to the Antarctic Continent (I.3.3) Antarctic Expeditions after the International Geophysical Year