ALBERT

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassungen in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Isotopes in Antarctic Research / K. Fröhlich, H. Schütze. - Deuterium variations in maritime atmospheric moisture / P. Kowski, G. Strauch, H. Schütze. - On the influence of degradation processes on the isotopic composition of Antarctic precipitations / R. Der. - Extractive method for obtaining gas inclusions from ice / G. Strauch, P. Kowski. - Global monitoring of atmospheric CO2: activities planned by the GDR in Antarctica / P. Harting, U. Wand. - Deuterium and 18O variations in lakes of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter, G. Strauch. - Environmental studies in Antarctica on the basis of tritium and radiocarbon measurements / D. Herbert, K. Fröhlich. - Isotope variations of hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen in florae from the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / G. Strauch, D. Haendel, I. Maaß, K. Mühle, A. Runge. - The ecology and chemistry of some Antarctic lichens / W. Richter, S. Huneck. - Another seal find in the Schirmacher Oasis (Queen Maud Land, Antarctica) / A. Hiller, W. Richter, R. Trettin. - Survey on hitherto published numbers of ZfI-Mitteilungen.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Zusammenfassungen 1. Problemstellung 2. Terrestrische Refraktion in der Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre 2.1. Lichtausbreitung und Refraktionskoeffizient 2.2. Vertikales Temperaturprofil in der Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre 2.3. Meteorologische Prozesse in der Grenzschicht Antarktikas 2.4. Terrestrische Refraktion Und vertikales Temperaturprofil über polaren Schnee- und Eisflächen (Literaturübersicht) 3. Terrestrische Refraktion bei der trigonometrischen Höhenbestimmung 3.1. Formeln 3.2. Technische Realisierung 3.3. Meßprogramm 3.3.1. Lagemessungen 3.3.2. Streckenbestinunungen für die Refraktionsuntersuchungen 3.3.3. Höhenbestimmungen 3.3.3.1. Nivellements 3.3.3.2. Vertikale Eisbewegung 3.3.3.3. Höhenübertragung auf den Mast 3.3.3.4. Genauigkeit der Höhenbestimmung 3.3.4. Relief der Schneeoberfläche 3.3.5. Messung der Zenitwinkel 3.3.5.1. Beobachtungsprogramm 3.3.5.2. Anzahl der Beobachtungen 3.3.5.3. Dauer und Synchronität der Beobachtungen 3.3.6. Elektrooptische Streckenmessung 3.3.6.1. Meßprogramm 3.3.6.2. Gerätetechnische Parameter 3.4. Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.1. Mittlerer Fehler der Streckenmessung 3.4.2. Mittlere Beobachtungsfehler der Zenitwinkel 3.4.3. Mittlere Fehler des berechneten Höhenwinkels A0, B0 für RK = 0 auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.4. Mittlere Fehler der berechneten Refraktionswinkel und der Refraktionskoeffizienten auf den Endpunkten der Linien auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.5. Mittlere Fehler des Refraktionskoeffizienten RKM auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.5. Mittlere Refraktionskoeffizienten RKM 3.6. Refraktionskoeffizienten RKA und RKB der einzelnen Visuren 3.7. Differenz der Refraktionswinkel (Refraktionskoeffizienten) bei gegenseitigen gleichzeitigen Beobachtungen 3.8. Geschlossene Dreiecke 4. Thermische Struktur der eisnahen Luftschicht und terrestrische Refraktion 4.1. Meßprogramm und Datenverarbeitung 4.1.1. Geräte 4.1.2. Meßprogramm 4.1.3. Datenverarbeitung 4.2. Meteorologische Verhältnisse im Maßgebiet 4.2.1. Station Molodeznaja 4.2.2. Meßfeld (Punkte 1 - 3)· 4.3. Vertikales Temperaturprofil in der Schicht 0 - 6 m über dem Inlandeis 4.3.1. Form der Temperaturprofile 4.3.2. Ausgewählte Tagesgänge der vertikalen Temperaturgradienten 4.3.3. Statistische Analyse der Temperaturgradienten 4.3.3.1. Empirische Verteilungsfunktionen 4.3.3.2. Mittlerer Jahres- und Tagesgang 4.3.3.3. Räumliche Unterschiede bei gleichzeitigen Messungen 4.3.4. Korrelation mit meteorologischen Parametern 4.3.5. Berechnung von integralen Temperaturgradienten aus wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4. Berechnung von lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten aus dem vertikalen Temperaturprofil 4.4.1. Ausgewählte Tagesgänge der lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4.2. Statistische Analyse der lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4.2.1. Empirische Verteilungsfunktionen 4.4.2.2. Mittlerer Jahres- und Tagesgang 4.4.3. Korrelation mit meteorologischen Parametern 4.5. Vergleich zwischen geodätischen und lokalen meteorologischen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.6. Multiple Regression zwischen dem wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizient und meteorologischen Parametern 4.6.1. Schätzung des wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.6.2. Schätzung der Differenz des wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten von Stand- und Zielpunkt 4.7. Näherungsweise Lösung des FEARNLEY-Integrals und Korrelation mit geodätischen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.7.1. Beschreibung des Rechenverfahrens 4.7.2. Vergleich zwischen RK und RP, RM, RF und RJ 4.7.3. Übersicht über die relativen Abweichungen 4.8. Abhängigkeit der Differenz der Refraktionswinkel bei gleichzeitigen gegenseitigen Beobachtungen von meteorologischen Elementen 5. Schlußbemerkungen 6. Literaturverzeichnis

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 How the Ocean-Atmosphere System Is Driven. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 The Amount of Energy Received by the Earth. - 1.3 Radiative Equilibrium Models. - 1.4 The Greenhouse Effect. - 1.5 Effects of Convection. - 1.6 Effects of Horizontal Gradients. - 1.7 Variability in Radiative Driving of the Earth. - 2 Transfer of Properties between Atmosphere and Ocean. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Contrasts in Properties of Ocean and Atmosphere. - 2.3 Momentum Transfer between Air and Sea, and the Atmosphere's Angular Momentum Balance. - 2.4 Dependence of Exchange Rates on Air-Sea Velocity, Temperature, and Humidity Differences. - 2.5 The Hydrological Cycle. - 2.6 The Heat Balance of the Ocean. - 2.7 Surface Density Changes and the Thermohaline Circulation of the Ocean. - 3 Properties of a Fluid at Rest. - 3.1 The Equation of State. - 3.2 Thermodynamic Variables. - 3.3 Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ocean and Atmosphere. - 3.4 Phase Changes. - 3.5 Balance of Forces in a Fluid at Rest. - 3.6 Static Stability. - 3.7 Quantities Associated with Stability. - 3.8 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere. - 3.9 Graphical Representation of Vertical Soundings. - 4 Equations Satisfied by a Moving Fluid. - 4.1 Properties of a Material Element. - 4.2 Mass Conservation Equation. - 4.3 Balance for a Scalar Quantity like Salinity. - 4.4 The Internal Energy (or Heat) Equation. - 4.5 The Equation of Motion. - 4.6 Mechanical Energy Equation. - 4.7 Total Energy Equation. - 4.8 Bernoulli's Equation. - 4.9 Systematic Effects of Diffusion. - 4.10 Summary List of the Governing Equations. - 4.11 Boundary Conditions. - 4.12 A Coordinate System for Planetary Scale Motions. - 5 Adjustment under Gravity in a Nonrotating System. - 5.1 Introduction: Adjustment to Equilibrium. - 5.2 Perturbations from the Rest State for a Homogenous Inviscid Fluid. - 5.3 Surface Gravity Waves. - 5.4 Dispersion. - 5.5 Short-Wave and Long-Wave Approximations. - 5.6 Shallow-Water Equations Derived Using the Hydrostatic Approximation. - 5.7 Energetics of Shallow-Water Motion. - 5.8 Seiches and Tides in Channels and Gulfs. - 6 Adjustment under Gravity of a Density-Stratified Fluid. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The Case of Two Superposed Fluids of Different Density. - 6.3 The Baroclinic Mode and the Rigid Lid Approximation. - 6.4 Adjustments within a Continuously Stratified Incompressible Fluid. - 6.5 Internal Gravity Waves. - 6.6 Dispersion Effects. - 6.7 Energetics of internal waves. - 6.8 Internal Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. - 6.9 Effects on Boundary-Generated Waves of Variations of Buoyancy Frequency with Height. - 6.10 Free Waves in the Presence of Boundaries. - 6.11 Waves of Large Horizontal Scale: Normal Modes. - 6.12 An Example of Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.13 Resolution into Normal Modes for the Ocean. - 6.14 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Compressible Fluid. - 6.15 Examples of Adjustment in a Compressible Atmosphere. - 6.16 Weak Dispersion of a Pulse. - 6.17 Isobaric Coordinates. - 6.18 The Vertically Integrated Perturbation Energy Equation in Isobaric Coordinates. - 7 Effects of Rotation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 The Rossby Adjustment Problem. - 7.3 The Transients. - 7.4 Applicability, to the Rotating Earth. - 7.5 The Rossby Radius of Deformation. - 7.6 The Geostrophic Balance. - 7.7 Relative Geostrophic Currents: The Thermal Wind. - 7.8 Available Potential Energy. - 7.9 Circulation and Vorticity. - 7.10 Conservation of Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. - 7.11 Circulation in a Stratified Fluid and Ertel's Potential Vorticity. - 7.12 Perturbation Forms of the Vorticity Equations in a Uniformly Rotating Fluid. - 7.13 Initialization of Fields for Numerical Prediction Schemes. - 8 Gravity Waves in a Rotating Fluid. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Effect of Rotation on Surface Gravity Waves: Poincare Waves. - 8.3 Dispersion Properties and Energetics of Poincare Waves. - 8.4 Vertically Propagating Internal Waves in a Rotating Fluid. - 8.5 Polarization Relations. - 8.6 Energetics. - 8.7 Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. - 8.8 Mountain Waves. - 8.9 Effects of Variation of Properties with Height. - 8.10 Finite-Amplitude Topographic Effects. - 8.11 Dissipative Effects in the Upper Atmosphere. - 8.12 The Liouville-Green or WKBJ Approximation. - 8.13 Wave Interactions. - 8.14 The Internal Wave Spectrum in the Ocean. - 8.15 Wave Transport and Effects on the Mean Flow. - 8.16 Quasi-geostrophic Flow (f Plane): The Isallobaric Wind. - 9 Forced Motion. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Forcing Due to Surface Stress: Ekman Transport. - 9.3 Wind-Generated Inertial Oscillations in the Ocean Mixed Layer. - 9.4 Ekman Pumping. - 9.5 Bottom Friction: Velocity Structure of the Boundary Layer. - 9.6 The Laminar Ekman Layer. - 9.7 The Nocturnal Jet. - 9.8 Tide-Producing Forces. - 9.9 Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Variations and Wind on Barotropic Motion in the Sea: The Forced Shallow-Water Equation. - 9.10 Baroclinic Response of the Ocean to Wind Forcing: Use of Normal Modes. - 9.11 Response of the Ocean to a Moving Storm or Hurricane. - 9.12 Spin-Down by Bottom Friction. - 9.13 Buoyancy Forcing. - 9.14 Response to Stationary Forcing: A Barotropic Example. - 9.15 A Forced Baroclinic Vortex. - 9.16 Equilibration through Dissipative Effects. - 10 Effects of Side Boundaries. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Effects of Rotation on Seiches and Tides in Narrow Channels and Gulfs. - 10.3 Poincare Waves in a Uniform Channel of Arbitrary Width. - 10.4 Kelvin Waves. - 10.5 The Full Set of Modes for an Infinite Channel of Uniform Width. - 10.6 End Effects: Seiches and Tides in a Gulf That Is Not Narrow. - 10.7 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Channel. - 10.8 Tides. - 10.9 Storm Surges on an Open Coastline: The Local Solution. - 10.10 Surges Moving along the Coast: Forced Kelvin Waves. - 10.11 Coastal Upwelling. - 10.12 Continental Shelf Waves. - 10.13 Coastally Trapped Waves. - 10.14 Eastern Boundary Currents. - 11. The Tropics. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Effects of Earth's Curvature: Shallow-Water Equations on the Sphere. - 11.3 Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. - 11.4 The Equatorial Beta Plane. - 11.5 The Equatorial Kelvin Wave. - 11.6 Other Equatorially Trapped Waves. - 11.7 The Equatorial Waveguide: Gravity Waves. - 11.8 Planetary Waves and Quasi-geostrophic Motion. - 11.9 Baroclinic Motion near the Equator. - 11.10 Vertically Propagating Equatorial Waves. - 11.11 Adjustment under Gravity near the Equator. - 11.12 Transient Forced Motion. - 11.13 Potential Vorticity for Baroclinic Motion: The Steady Limit. - 11.14 Steady Forced Motion. - 11.15 The Tropical Circulation of the Atmosphere. - 11.16 Tropical Ocean Currents. - 12 Mid-latitudes. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 The Mid-latitude Beta Plane. - 12.3 Planetary Waves. - 12.4 Spin-Up of the Ocean by an Applied Wind Stress. - 12.5 Steady Ocean Circulation. - 12.6 Western Boundary Currents. - 12.7 Vertical Propagation of Planetary Waves in a Medium at Rest. - 12.8 Nonlinear Quasi-geostrophic Flow in Three Dimensions. - 12.9 Small Disturbances on a Zonal Flow Varying with Latitude and Height. - 12.10 Deductions about Vertical Motion from the Quasi-geostrophic Equations. - 13 Instabilities, Fronts, and the General Circulation. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 Free Waves in the Presence of a Horizontal Temperature Gradient. - 13.3 Baroclinic Instability: The Eady Problem. - 13.4 Baroclinic Instability: The Charney Problem. - 13.5 Necessary Conditions for Instability. - 13.6 Barotropic Instability. - 13.7 Eddies in the Ocean. - 13.8 Fronts. - 13.9 The Life Cycle of a Baroclinic Disturbance. - 13.10 General Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Appendix One Units and Their SI Equivalents. - Appendix Two Useful