ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface PART I Framework of Climate Science CHAPTER 1 Overview of Climate Science Climate and Climate Change 1-1 Geologic Time Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales 1-2 How This Book Is Organized Development of Climate Science 1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change Overview of the Climate System 1-4 Components of the Climate System 1-5 Climate Forcing 1-6 Climate System Responses 1-7 Time Scales of Forcing Versus Response 1-8 Differing Response Rates and Climate-System Interactions 1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Positive and Negative Feedbacks CHAPTER 2 Climate Archives, Data, and Models Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution 2-1 Types of Archives 2-2 Dating Climate Records 2-3 Climatic Resolution Climatic Data 2-4 Biotic Data 2-5 Geological and Geochemical Data Climate Models 2-6 Physical Climate Models 2-7 Geochemical Models PART II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 3 CO2and Long-Term Climate Greenhouse Worlds Faint Young Sun Paradox Carbon Exchanges Between Rocks and the Atmosphere 3-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere 3-2 Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat? 3-3 Greenhouse Role of Water Vapor Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Thermostat? 3-4 Gaia Hypothesis Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon Subcycle Was There a “Thermostat Malfunction”? A Snowball Earth? CHAPTER Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate Plate Tectonics 4-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates 4-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions Polar Position Hypothesis 4-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions Since 500 Myr Ago Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea 4-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 440 Myr Ago 4-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: BLAG Spreading-Rate Hypothesis 4-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading 4-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis Tectonic Control of CO2Removal: Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis 4-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering 4-9 Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming 4-10 Uplift and Chemical Weathering 4-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin 4-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback? CHAPTER 5 Greenhouse Climate What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago? 5-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse 5-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch? 5-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future Sea Level Changes and Climate 5-4 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level 5-5 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level Asteroid Impact Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 50 Myr Ago CHAPTER 6 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago 6-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation 6-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Measurements 6-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling? 6-4 Gateway Hypothesis 6-5 Assessment of Gateway Changes Hypotheses Linked to Changes in CO2 6-6 Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis 6-7 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis Climate DebateTiming of the Uplift in Western North America Future Climate Change at Tectonic Scales Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon: Monterrey Hypothesis PART III Orbital-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 7 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation Earth’s Orbit Today 7-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons 7-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance Between Earth and Sun Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit 7-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt Through Time Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation 7-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit Through Time 7-5 Precession of the Solstices and Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth’s Precession as a Sine Wave Changes in Insolation Received on Earth 7-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season 7-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climatic Records 7-8 Time Series Analysis 7-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate Records 7-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit CHAPTER 8 Insolation Control of Monsoons Monsoon Circulations 8-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer Monsoons 8-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediteranean 8-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic 8-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment 8-5 Cave Speleothems in China and Brazil 8-6 Phasing of Summer Monsoons Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Insolation-Driven Monsoon Responses: Chronometer for Tuning Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History 8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago 8-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons CHAPTER 9 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets Milankovitch Theory: Orbital Control of Ice Sheets Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets 9-1 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size 9-2 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer Insolation Forcing 9-3 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation 9-4 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay 9-5 Ice Slipping and Calving Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History 9-6 Ice Sheet History: δ18O Evidence 9-7 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level Is Milankovich’s Theory the Full Answer? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Ice Cores 10-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores 10-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of Ancient Air 10-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: Carbon Isotopes Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2 10-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go? 10-5 δ13C Evidence of Carbon Transfer How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean? 10-6 Increased CO2 Solubility in Seawater 10-7 Biological Transfer from Surface Waters A Closer Look at Climate Science: Using δ13C to Measure Carbon Pumping 10-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation Orbital-Scale Changes in CH4 Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: CO2and CH4 CHAPTER 11 Orbital-Scale Interactions, Feedbacks, and Unsolved Problems Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World 11-1 Did Insolation Really Vary Mainly at 41,000 Years? 11-2 Interhemispheric Cancellation of 23,000-Year Ice Volume Responses? 11-3 CO2 Feedback at 41,000 Years? Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World 11-4 How Is the Northern Ice Signal Transferred South? Why did the Northern Ice Sheets Vary at ~100,000 Years? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Link Between Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response 11-5 Ice Interactions with Bedrock 11-6 Ice Interactions with the Local Environment 11-7 Ice Interactions with Greenhouse Gases PART IV Deglacial Climate Change CHAPTER 12 Last Glacial Maximum Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas 12-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum 12-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets? 12-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data 12-4 COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons 12-5 Pollen: Indicator of Climate on the Continents 12-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-8 Climate Changes near the Northern Ice Sheets 12-9 Climate Changes far from the Northern Ice Sheets How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? 12-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling 12-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling 12-12 Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small CHAPTER 13 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation Fire and Ice: Shift in the Balance of Power 13-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt? 13-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level 13-3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: Deglacial Two-Step To

Note: Contents: 1 The Coastal Zone - a Domain of Global Interactions. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 What is the Coastal Zone?. - 1.3 System and Human Attributes of the Coastal Zone. - 1.3.1 Coastal Ecosystems. - 1.3.2 Variability in Coastal Ecosystems. - 1.4 Changes to the Coastal Zone. - 1.4.1 Pressures on the Coastal Zone from Natural Forcing. - 1.4.2 Pressures on the Coastal Zone from Human Forcing. - 1.4.3 Economics and Coastal Zone Change. - 1.5 Measuring Change and Status of the Coastal Zone at the Global Scale - LOICZ Approaches and Tools. - 1.5.1 Biogeochemical Fluxes of C, N and P. - 1.5.2 Typology Approach to Scaling and Globalisation. - 1.5.3 Socio-economic Evaluations. - 1.5.4 River Basins - Material Fluxes and Human Pressures. - 1.5.5 Key Thematic Issues. - 1.6 Responses to Change. - References. - 2 Dynamics of the Coastal Zone. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Impacts of Local, Regional and Global Sea-level Fluctuations. - 2.2.1 Processes and Mechanisms: Coastal Dynamics. - 2.2.2 Evolving Morphology and Boundary Conditions. - 2.2.3 Coastal Storms and Coastal Protection. - 2.3 Changes in the Flux of Water and Sediment. - 2.3.1 Processes and Mechanisms. - 2.3.2 Sediment Flux to the Coast: Climate versus Humans. - 2.4 Estuarine Interactions. - 2.5 Groundwater Inputs to the Coastal Zone. - 2.5.1 A New Understanding. - 2.5.2 Advective Porewater Exchange. - 2.5.3 Magnitude of Submarine Groundwater Discharge. - 2.5.4 Biogeochemical Implications. - 2.6 Influence of Human Activities on Material Fluxes. - 2.6.1 The Role of Dams and Other Land Transformations. - 2.6.2 Ecosystem Health and Diversity. - 2.6.3 The Vitality of Coastal Wetlands, Mangroves and Reefs. - 2.6.4 Sediment Dispersion and Grain Size Effects. - 2.7 Summary. - 2.7.1 Impacts of Local, Regional and Global Sea-level Fluctuations. - 2.7.2 Sediment Flux to the Coast. - 2.7.3 Dynamics at the Estuarine Interface. - 2.7.4 Groundwater Inputs. - 2.7.5 The Human Dynamic. - References. - 3 C, N, P Fluxes in the Coastal Zone. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.1.1 The Coastal Zone and Fluxes. - 3.1.2 Elemental Cycles and Fluxes. - 3.2 Estimates of C, N and P Fluxes in the Coastal Zone. - 3.2.1 Current Information Availability. - 3.2.2 Fluxes and Variability of Fluxes. - 3.2.3 Non-conservative Fluxes: Their Distributions, Relationships to Other Variables and Biogeochemical Interpretation. - 3.3 Classification of Coastal Fluxes. - 3.3.1 Budget Sites and Coastal Areas: Sizes, Scales and Representation. - 3.3.2 Land versus Ocean Dominance of Biogeochemical Processes: Dynamic Factors in Coastal Classification. - 3.3.3 Natural and Anthropogenic Factors: Pristine to Highly Altered. - 3.3.4 Budget Sites as Representatives of the Global System. - 3.3.5 Typology for Flux Extrapolation. - 3.3.6 Prospects for Future Fluxes and Their Assessment. - 3.4 Conclusions. - 3.4.1 Biogeochemical Systems and Nutrient Loads. - 3.4.2 Scale, Resolution and Generalisation. - 3.4.3 Infrastructure and Methodology. - 3.5 Recommendations. - 3.5.1 Concepts and Methodology. - References. - 4 The Catchment to Coast Continuum. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.1.1 The LOICZ-Basins Approach. - 4.2 South America. - 4.2.1 Overview of South American River Catchment-Coastal Zone Systems - Geography and Climate. - 4.2.2 Assessment of Land-based Drivers, Pressures and Coastal Impacts. - 4.2.3 State Changes, Impacts and Future Trends. - 4.2.4 Conclusions - South America . -4.3 Africa. - 4.3.1 Overview of African River Catchment - Coastal Zone Systems - Geography and Climate. - 4.3.2 Assessment of Land-based Drivers, Pressures and Coastal Impacts. - 4.3.3 State Changes, Impacts and Future Trends. - 4.3.4 Conclusions - Africa. - 4.4 East Asia. - 4.4.1 Overview of East Asian River Catchment - Coastal Zone Systems - Geography and Climate. - 4.4.2 Assessment of Land-based Drivers, Pressures and Coastal Impacts. - 4.4.3 State Changes, Impacts and Future Trends. - 4.4.4 Conclusions - East Asia. - 4.5 Russian Arctic. - 4.5.1 Overview of Russian Arctic River Catchment - Coastal Zone Systems - Geography and Climate. - 4.5.2 Assessment of Land-based Drivers, Pressures and Coastal Impacts. - 4.5.3 State Changes, Impacts and Future Trends. - 4.5.4 Conclusions - Russian Arctic. - 4.6 Europe - Catchment-Coast Interactions. - 4.6.1 Overview of the European Coastal Zone/Catchment Systems. - 4.6.2 Assessment of Land-based Drivers, Pressures and Coastal Impacts. - 4.6.3 Conclusions - Europe. - 4.7 Towards Coupled Coastal and River Catchment Management: DPSIR Application into Scenarios for Europe. - 4.7.1 Introduction. - 4.7.2 Scenarios and Coastal Futures. - 4.7.3 Application of Scenarios: an Example for Europe. - 4.8 Summary and Conclusions. - 4.8.1 Catchments and Changes. - 4.8.2 Information Gaps. - References. - 5 Synthesis of Main Findings and Conclusions. - 5.1 Global Change and Sustainable Use of Earth's Coastal Zones. - 5.2 Progress in Meeting IGBP-LOICZ Goals. - 5.3 Key Findings. - 5.3.1 The Coastal Domain. - 5.3.2 River Basins: Assessment of Human-induced Land-based Drivers and Pressures. - 5.3.3 Material Fluxes. - 5.3.4 Biogeochemical Budgets. - 5.4 Now and into the Future. - 5.4.1 River Basin Factors. - 5.4.2 Material Fluxes. - 5.4.3 Biogeochemical Budgets. - 5.5 The LOICZ Contribution. - 5.6 Implications for Management. - 5.7 The Future of LOICZ. - 5.7.1 The Future Challenges for LOICZ. - 5.7.2 The Potential for LOICZ to Contribute to Future Coastal Management Challenges. - References. - Appendix. - A.1 LOICZ Reports and Studies and Key Publications. - A.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface / Hans-Jürgen Paech. - Palaeomagnetic and geochronological study of late Pan-African and Mesozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks from Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Christian Rolf & Friedhelm Henjes-Kunst. - Aeromagnetic survey in Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, during the 1995/1996 GeoMaud Expedition: layout, execution, and data processing / Detlef Damaske, Vera Marginkowski, & Heinz-Dieter Möller. - Magnetic susceptibility of rock samples from Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Hans-Jürgen Paech & Vera Marginkowski. - 3-D Aeromagnetic modelling in the Grubergebirge Area, Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Sunchan Choi. - Ice thickness and sub-ice topography in Central Dronning Maud Land deduced by Radio Echo Sounding / Volkmar Damm & Dieter Eisenburger. - Airborne Radio Echo Sounding Survey in Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Uwe Meyer, Daniel Steinhage, Uwe Nixdorf & Heinz Miller. - Gravity survey in Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, during the 1995/96 GeoMaud Expedition / Gernot Reitmayr. - Gravimetric profiling in Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Diedrich Fritzsche. - A compilation of geophysical data from the Lazarev Sea and the Riiser-Larsen Sea, off Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Karl Hinz, Soenke Neben, Yulia B. Gouseva & G. A. Kudryavtsev. - Sub-ice topography of selected areas in Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica (Ground-based RES survey) / Georg Delisle. - Observations of the temperature field of glaciers at the margin of the Polar Plateau, Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Georg Delisle. - A short note on the thermal regime of Lake Untersee in the Grubergebirge of Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Georg Delisle & Michael Zeibig. - Late quaternary ice level changes in Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, as inferred from 14C ages of Mumiyo Deposits in snow petrel colonies / Ulrich Wand & Wolf-Dieter Hermichen. - A mummified seal found far inland in Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Ulrich Wand & Wolf-Dieter Hermichen & Norbert W. Roland. - Precise GPS measurements to infer vertical crustal deformation in Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Mirko Scheinert, Reinhard Dietrich, Axel Rülke, James Perlt & E. C. Malaimani. - Photogrammetric survey in Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, during the 1996 GeoMaud Expedition / Heinz Bennat. - Logistics of the 1995/96 GeoMaud Expedition to Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Hans-Jürgen Paech & Jürgen Kothe. - Geographic data (Names, elevations and topographic maps) of Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Hans-Jürgen Paech. - Comparison of the geology of Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, with other areas of the Gondwana Supercontinent / Hans-Jürgen Paech, Wilfried Bauer, Sandra Piazolo, Joachim Jacobs & Gregor Markl. - Present knowledge of the Geology of Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica: Main results of the 1995/96 GeoMaud Expedition / Hans-Jürgen Paech. - 1 : 500,000 Geological map of Central Dronning Maud Land with explanatory notes / Hans-Jürgen Paech, Joachim Jacobs, Wilfried Bauer, Evgueni Mikhalsky, Franco Talarico, Fabrizio Colombo, Norbert W. Roland & Friedhelm Henjes-Kunst. - Editorial note.