Call number:
AWI A3-08-0023
;
PIK N 456-08-0279
;
PIK N 456-12-0032
Type of Medium:
Monograph available for loan
Pages:
XX, 388 Seiten
,
Illustrationen
Edition:
Second edition
ISBN:
0716784904
,
9780716784906
Language:
English
Note:
Contents
Preface
PART I Framework of Climate Science
CHAPTER 1 Overview of Climate Science
Climate and Climate Change
1-1 Geologic Time
Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales
1-2 How This Book Is Organized
Development of Climate Science
1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change
Overview of the Climate System
1-4 Components of the Climate System
1-5 Climate Forcing
1-6 Climate System Responses
1-7 Time Scales of Forcing Versus Response
1-8 Differing Response Rates and Climate-System Interactions
1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System
Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Positive and Negative Feedbacks
CHAPTER 2 Climate Archives, Data, and Models
Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution
2-1 Types of Archives
2-2 Dating Climate Records
2-3 Climatic Resolution
Climatic Data
2-4 Biotic Data
2-5 Geological and Geochemical Data
Climate Models
2-6 Physical Climate Models
2-7 Geochemical Models
PART II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change
CHAPTER 3 CO2and Long-Term Climate
Greenhouse Worlds
Faint Young Sun Paradox
Carbon Exchanges Between Rocks and the Atmosphere
3-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere
3-2 Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering
Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering
Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat?
3-3 Greenhouse Role of Water Vapor
Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Thermostat?
3-4 Gaia Hypothesis
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon Subcycle
Was There a “Thermostat Malfunction”?
A Snowball Earth?
CHAPTER
Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate
Plate Tectonics
4-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates
4-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions
Polar Position Hypothesis
4-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions Since 500 Myr Ago
Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea
4-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 440 Myr Ago
4-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea
Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: BLAG Spreading-Rate Hypothesis
4-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading
4-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis
Tectonic Control of CO2Removal: Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis
4-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering
4-9 Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming
4-10 Uplift and Chemical Weathering
4-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin
4-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback?
CHAPTER 5 Greenhouse Climate
What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago?
5-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse
5-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch?
5-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future
Sea Level Changes and Climate
5-4 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level
5-5 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level
Asteroid Impact
Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 50 Myr Ago
CHAPTER 6 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years
Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago
6-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation
6-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Measurements
6-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements
Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling?
6-4 Gateway Hypothesis
6-5 Assessment of Gateway Changes
Hypotheses Linked to Changes in CO2
6-6 Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis
6-7 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis
Climate DebateTiming of the Uplift in Western North America
Future Climate Change at Tectonic Scales
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon: Monterrey Hypothesis
PART III Orbital-Scale Climate Change
CHAPTER 7 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation
Earth’s Orbit Today
7-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons
7-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance Between Earth and Sun
Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit
7-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt Through Time
Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation
7-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit Through Time
7-5 Precession of the Solstices and Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth’s Precession as a Sine Wave
Changes in Insolation Received on Earth
7-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season
7-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons
Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climatic Records
7-8 Time Series Analysis
7-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate Records
7-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit
CHAPTER 8 Insolation Control of Monsoons
Monsoon Circulations
8-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons
Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer Monsoons
8-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediteranean
8-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic
8-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic
Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment
8-5 Cave Speleothems in China and Brazil
8-6 Phasing of Summer Monsoons
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Insolation-Driven Monsoon Responses: Chronometer for Tuning
Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History
8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago
8-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons
CHAPTER 9 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets
Milankovitch Theory: Orbital Control of Ice Sheets
Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets
9-1 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size
9-2 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer Insolation Forcing
9-3 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation
9-4 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay
9-5 Ice Slipping and Calving
Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History
9-6 Ice Sheet History: δ18O Evidence
9-7 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level
Is Milankovich’s Theory the Full Answer?
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands
CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane
Ice Cores
10-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores
10-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of Ancient Air
10-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: Carbon Isotopes
Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2
10-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go?
10-5 δ13C Evidence of Carbon Transfer
How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean?
10-6 Increased CO2 Solubility in Seawater
10-7 Biological Transfer from Surface Waters
A Closer Look at Climate Science: Using δ13C to Measure Carbon Pumping
10-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation
Orbital-Scale Changes in CH4
Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: CO2and CH4
CHAPTER 11 Orbital-Scale Interactions, Feedbacks, and Unsolved Problems
Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets
Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World
11-1 Did Insolation Really Vary Mainly at 41,000 Years?
11-2 Interhemispheric Cancellation of 23,000-Year Ice Volume Responses?
11-3 CO2 Feedback at 41,000 Years?
Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World
11-4 How Is the Northern Ice Signal Transferred South?
Why did the Northern Ice Sheets Vary at ~100,000 Years?
Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Link Between Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response
11-5 Ice Interactions with Bedrock
11-6 Ice Interactions with the Local Environment
11-7 Ice Interactions with Greenhouse Gases
PART IV Deglacial Climate Change
CHAPTER 12 Last Glacial Maximum
Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas
12-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum
12-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets?
12-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds
Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data
12-4 COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons
12-5 Pollen: Indicator of Climate on the Continents
12-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons
Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates
12-7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates
12-8 Climate Changes near the Northern Ice Sheets
12-9 Climate Changes far from the Northern Ice Sheets
How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics?
12-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling
12-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling
12-12 Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small
CHAPTER 13 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation
Fire and Ice: Shift in the Balance of Power
13-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt?
13-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level
13-3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: Deglacial Two-Step
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