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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (182,057)
  • American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 1
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    Critical Drift in a Neuro-Inspired Adaptive Network (2023)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    In:  EPIC3Physical Review Letters, American Physical Society (APS), 130(18), pp. 188401-188401, ISSN: 0031-9007
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: It has been postulated that the brain operates in a self-organized critical state that brings multiple benefits, such as optimal sensitivity to input. Thus far, self-organized criticality has typically been depicted as a one-dimensional process, where one parameter is tuned to a critical value. However, the number of adjustable parameters in the brain is vast, and hence critical states can be expected to occupy a high-dimensional manifold inside a high-dimensional parameter space. Here, we show that adaptation rules inspired by homeostatic plasticity drive a neuro-inspired network to drift on a critical manifold, where the system is poised between inactivity and persistent activity. During the drift, global network parameters continue to change while the system remains at criticality.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/
    Description: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html
    Description: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html
    Description: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024
    Description: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054
    Description: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba
    Description: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non‐diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind‐induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 profiles (R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.53; 〈italic toggle="no"〉p〈/italic〉‐value 〈2e‐16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head‐space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; advective flux ; chamber flux measurements ; static air pressure fields ; wind‐induced pressure pumping
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉
    Description: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Optimised use of data fusion and memory‐based learning with an Austrian soil library for predictions with infrared data (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Infrared spectroscopy in the visible to near‐infrared (vis–NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions is a well‐established approach for the prediction of soil properties. Different data fusion and training approaches exist, and the optimal procedures are yet undefined and may depend on the heterogeneity present in the set and on the considered scale. The objectives were to test the usefulness of partial least squares regressions (PLSRs) for soil organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉), total nitrogen (N〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and pH using vis–NIR and MIR spectroscopy for an independent validation after standard calibration (use of a general PLSR model) or using memory‐based learning (MBL) with and without spiking for a national spectral database. Data fusion approaches were simple concatenation of spectra, outer product analysis (OPA) and model averaging. In total, 481 soils from an Austrian forest soil archive were measured in the vis–NIR and MIR regions, and regressions were calculated. Fivefold calibration‐validation approaches were carried out with a region‐related split of spectra to implement independent validations with n ranging from 47 to 99 soils in different folds. MIR predictions were generally superior over vis–NIR predictions. For all properties, optimal predictions were obtained with data fusion, with OPA and spectra concatenation outperforming model averaging. The greatest robustness of performance was found for OPA and MBL with spiking with 〈italic toggle="no"〉R〈/italic〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 ≥ 0.77 (N), 0.85 (SOC), 0.86 (pH) and 0.88 (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) in the validations of all folds. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of OPA for vis–NIR and MIR spectra with MBL and spiking has a high potential to accurately estimate properties when using large‐scale soil spectral libraries as reference data. However, the reduction of cost‐effectiveness using two spectrometers needs to be weighed against the potential increase in accuracy compared to a single MIR spectroscopy approach.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; data fusion ; independent validation ; infrared spectroscopy ; MBL ; nitrogen ; outer product analysis ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; spiking ; total carbon
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Temperature and soil moisture change microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Temperature and soil moisture are known to control pesticide mineralization. Half‐life times (DT〈sub〉50〈/sub〉) derived from pesticide mineralization curves generally indicate longer residence times at low soil temperature and moisture but do not consider potential changes in the microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (C). We aimed to determine carbon use efficiency (CUE, formation of new biomass relative to total C uptake) to better understand microbial utilization of pesticide‐derived C under different environmental conditions and to support the conventional description of degradation dynamics based on mineralization. We performed a microcosm experiment at two MCPA (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) concentrations (1 and 20 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and defined 20°C/pF 1.8 as optimal and 10°C/pF 3.5 as limiting environmental conditions. After 4 weeks, 70% of the initially applied MCPA was mineralized under optimal conditions but MCPA mineralization reached less than 25% under limiting conditions. However, under limiting conditions, an increase in CUE was observed, indicating a shift towards anabolic utilization of MCPA‐derived C. In this case, increased C assimilation implied C storage or the formation of precursor compounds to support resistance mechanisms, rather than actual growth since we did not find an increase in the 〈italic toggle="no"〉tfdA〈/italic〉 gene relevant to MCPA degradation. We were able to confirm the assumption that under limiting conditions, C assimilation increases relative to mineralization and that C redistribution, may serve as an explanation for the difference between mineralization and MCPA dissipation‐derived degradation dynamics. In addition, by introducing CUE to the temperature‐ and moisture‐dependent degradation of pesticides, we can capture the underlying microbial constraints and adaptive mechanisms to changing environmental conditions.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Changing environmental conditions alter the MCPA degradation dynamics and the allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon to anabolic or catabolic metabolism.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ejss13417-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:13510754:media:ejss13417:ejss13417-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (DFG)
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: DFG Priority Program 2322 “Soil System”
    Description: Ellrichshausen Foundation
    Description: Research Training Group “Integrated Hydrosystem modeling”
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081655
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; anabolism ; carbon use efficiency ; catabolism ; effect of soil moisture and temperature ; gene‐centric process model ; MCPA biodegradation
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Inspecting the Reliability of Geochemical Facies Identified for the Waterworks' Capture Zone in Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
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    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: Little research attention has been given to validating clusters obtained from the groundwater geochemistry of the waterworks' capture zone with a prevailing lake‐groundwater exchange. To address this knowledge gap, we proposed a new scheme whereby Gaussian finite mixture modeling (GFMM) and Spike‐and‐Slab Bayesian (SSB) algorithms were utilized to cluster the groundwater geochemistry while quantifying the probability of the resulting cluster membership against each other. We applied GFMM and SSB to 13 geochemical parameters collected during different sampling periods at 13 observation points across the Barnim Highlands plateau located in the northeast of Berlin, Germany; this included 10 observation wells, two lakes, and a gallery of drinking production wells. The cluster analysis of GFMM yielded nine clusters, either with a probability ≥0.8, while the SSB produced three hierarchical clusters with a probability of cluster membership varying from 〈0.2 to 〉0.8. The findings demonstrated that the clustering results of GFMM were in good agreement with the classification as per the principal component analysis and Piper diagram. By superimposing the parameter clustering onto the observation clustering, we could identify discrepancies that exist among the parameters of a certain cluster. This enables the identification of different factors that may control the geochemistry of a certain cluster, although parameters of that cluster share a strong similarity. The GFMM results have shown that from 2002, there has been active groundwater inflow from the lakes towards the capture zone. This means that it is necessary to adopt appropriate measures to reverse the inflow towards the lakes.
    Description: Article impact statement: The probability of cluster membership quantified using an algorithm should be validated against another probabilistic‐based classifier.
    Description: Federal Ministry of Education and Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Application of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models to explain copper variation in soil profiles of southern Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-01
    Description: Copper (Cu) is an essential element for plants and microorganisms and at larger concentrations a toxic pollutant. A number of factors controlling Cu dynamics have been reported, but information on quantitative relationships is scarce. We aimed to (i) quantitatively describe and predict soil Cu concentrations (CuAR) in aqua regia considering site‐specific effects and effects of pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and (ii) study the suitability of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models for the analysis of long‐term soil monitoring data. Thirteen uncontaminated long‐term monitoring soil profiles in southern Germany were analysed. Since there was no measurable trend of increasing CuAR concentrations with time in the respective depth ranges of the sites, data from different sampling dates were combined and horizon‐specific regression analyses including model simplifications were carried out for 10 horizons. Fixed‐ and mixed‐effects models with the site as a random effect were useful for the different horizons and significant contributions (either of main effects or interactions) of SOC, CEC and pH were present for 9, 8 and 7 horizons, respectively. Horizon‐specific rule‐based cubist models described the CuAR data similarly well. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for the CuAR concentrations in A horizons were successful for the given population after random splitting into calibration and validation samples, but not after independent validations with random splitting according to sites. Overall, site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of CuAR concentrations using the different regression approaches. Highlights: Information on quantitative relationships for factors controlling Cu dynamics is scarce. Site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of Cu concentrations. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for A horizons were successful for a closed population of sites.
    Description: Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010219
    Description: Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Mecklenburg‐Western Pomerania
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Millimetre scale aeration of the rhizosphere and drilosphere (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: Soil aeration is a critical factor for oxygen‐limited subsoil processes, as transport by diffusion and advection is restricted by the long distance to the free atmosphere. Oxygen transport into the soil matrix is highly dependent on its connectivity to larger pore channels like earthworm and root colonised biopores. Here we hypothesize that the soil matrix around biopores represents different connectivity depending on biopore genesis and actual coloniser. We analysed the soil pore system of undisturbed soil core samples around biopores generated or colonised by roots and earthworms and compared them with the pore system of soil, not in the immediacy of a biopore. Oxygen partial pressure profiles and gas relative diffusion was measured in the rhizosphere and drilosphere from the biopore wall into the bulk soil with microelectrodes. The measurements were linked with structural features such as porosity and connectivity obtained from X‐ray tomography and image analysis. Aeration was enhanced in the soil matrix surrounding biopores in comparison to the bulk soil, shown by higher oxygen concentrations and higher relative diffusion coefficients. Biopores colonised by roots presented more connected lateral pores than earthworm colonised ones, which resulted in enhanced aeration of the rhizosphere compared to the drilosphere. This has influenced biotic processes (microbial turnover/mineralization or root respiration) at biopore interfaces and highlights the importance of microstructural features for soil processes and their dependency on the biopore's coloniser.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Response of subsoil organic matter contents and physical properties to long‐term, high‐rate farmyard manure application (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-26
    Description: Application of farmyard manure (FYM) is common practice to improve physical and chemical properties of arable soil and crop yields. However, studies on effects of FYM application mainly focussed on topsoils, whereas subsoils have rarely been addressed so far. We, therefore, investigated the effects of 36‐year FYM application with different rates of annual organic carbon (OC) addition (0, 469, 938 and 1875 g C m−2 a−1) on OC contents of a Chernozem in 0–30 cm (topsoil) and 35–45 cm (subsoil) depth. We also investigated its effects on soil structure and hydraulic properties in subsoil. X‐ray computed tomography was used to analyse the response of the subsoil macropore system (≥19 μm) and the distribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to different FYM applications, which were related to contents in total OC (TOC) and water‐extractable OC (WEOC). We show that FYM‐C application of 469 g C m−2 a−1 caused increases in TOC and WEOC contents only in the topsoil, whereas rates of ≥938 g C m−2 a−1 were necessary for TOC enrichment also in the subsoil. At this depth, the subdivision of TOC into different OC sources shows that most of the increase was due to fresh POM, likely by the stimulation of root growth and bioturbation. The increase in subsoil TOC went along with increases in macroporosity and macropore connectivity. We neither observed increases in plant‐available water capacity nor in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. In conclusion, only very high application of FYM over long periods can increase OC content of subsoil at our study site, but this increase is largely based on fresh, easily degradable POM and likely accompanied by high C losses when considering the discrepancy between OC addition rate by FYM and TOC response in soil. Highlights A new image processing procedure to distinguish fresh and decomposed POM. The increase of subsoil C stock based to a large extend on fresh, labile POM. Potential of arable subsoils for long‐term C storage by large FYM application rates is limited. The increase in TOC has no effect on hydraulic properties of the subsoil.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H
    Language: English
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    Master stability functions for metacommunities with two types of habitats (2022)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    In:  EPIC3Physical Review E, American Physical Society (APS), 105(4), pp. 044310-044310, ISSN: 2470-0045
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: Current questions in ecology revolve around instabilities in the dynamics on spatial networks and particularly the effect of node heterogeneity. We extend the master stability function formalism to inhomogeneous biregular networks having two types of spatial nodes. Notably, this class of systems also allows the investigation of certain types of dynamics on higher-order networks. Combined with the generalized modeling approach to study the linear stability of steady states, this is a powerful tool to numerically asses the stability of large ensembles of systems. We analyze the stability of ecological metacommunities with two distinct types of habitats analytically and numerically in order to identify several sets of conditions under which the dynamics can become stabilized by dispersal. Our analytical approach allows general insights into stabilizing and destabilizing effects in metapopulations. Specifically, we identify self-regulation and negative feedback loops between source and sink populations as stabilizing mechanisms and we show that maladaptive dispersal may be stable under certain conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)
    Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-26
    Description: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion
    Language: English
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    Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)
    Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar
    Language: English
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    Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling
    Language: English
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    Reducing tillage intensity benefits the soil micro‐ and mesofauna in a global meta‐analysis (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Soil fauna drives crucial processes of energy and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems, and influences the quality of crops and pest incidence. Soil tillage is the most influential agricultural manipulation of soil structure, and has a profound influence on soil biology and its provision of ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to quantify through meta‐analyses the effects of reducing tillage intensity on density and diversity of soil micro‐ and mesofaunal communities, and how these effects vary among different pedoclimatic conditions and interact with concurrent management practices. We present the results of a global meta‐analysis of available literature data on the effects of different tillage intensities on taxonomic and functional groups of soil micro‐ and mesofauna. We collected paired observations (conventional vs. reduced forms of tillage/no‐tillage) from 133 studies across 33 countries. Our results show that reduced tillage intensity or no‐tillage increases the total density of springtails (+35%), mites (+23%), and enchytraeids (+37%) compared to more intense tillage methods. The meta‐analyses for different nematode feeding groups, life‐forms of springtails, and taxonomic mite groups showed higher densities under reduced forms of tillage compared to conventional tillage on omnivorous nematodes (+53%), epedaphic (+81%) and hemiedaphic (+84%) springtails, oribatid (+43%) and mesostigmatid (+57%) mites. Furthermore, the effects of reduced forms of tillage on soil micro‐ and mesofauna varied with depth, climate and soil texture, as well as with tillage method, tillage frequency, concurrent fertilisation, and herbicide application. Our findings suggest that reducing tillage intensity can have positive effects on the density of micro‐ and mesofaunal communities in areas subjected to long‐term intensive cultivation practices. Our results will be useful to support decision making on the management of soil faunal communities and will facilitate modelling efforts of soil biology in global agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS Global meta‐analysis to estimate the effect of reducing tillage intensity on micro‐ and mesofauna Reduced tillage or no‐tillage has positive effects on springtail, mite and enchytraeid density Effects vary among nematode feeding groups, springtail life forms and mite suborders Effects vary with texture, climate and depth and depend on the tillage method and frequency
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-eh0f-hj28
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agricultural land use ; conservation agriculture ; conventional agriculture ; soil biodiversity ; soil cultivation
    Language: English
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    Evaluating learning spaces in flood risk management in Germany: Lessons for governance research (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Efforts to collaboratively manage the risk of flooding are ultimately based on individuals learning about risks, the decision process, and the effectiveness of decisions made in prior situations. This article argues that much can be learned about a governance setting by explicitly evaluating the relationships through which influential individuals and their immediate contacts receive and send information to one another. We define these individuals as “brokers,” and the networks that emerge from their interactions as “learning spaces.” The aim of this article is to develop strategies to identify and evaluate the properties of a broker's learning space that are indicative of a collaborative flood risk management arrangement. The first part of this article introduces a set of indicators, and presents strategies to employ this list so as to systematically identify brokers, and compare their learning spaces. The second part outlines the lessons from an evaluation that explored cases in two distinct flood risk management settings in Germany. The results show differences in the observed brokers' learning spaces. The contacts and interactions of the broker in Baden‐Württemberg imply a collaborative setting. In contrast, learning space of the broker in North Rhine‐Westphalia lacks the same level of diversity and polycentricity.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: MWK Baden‐Württemberg
    Keywords: 333.91 ; brokerage ; collaborative water governance ; comanagement ; comparative analysis ; social networks
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    Synthetic resampling strategies and machine learning for digital soil mapping in Iran (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Most common machine learning (ML) algorithms usually work well on balanced training sets, that is, datasets in which all classes are approximately represented equally. Otherwise, the accuracy estimates may be unreliable and classes with only a few values are often misclassified or neglected. This is known as a class imbalance problem in machine learning and datasets that do not meet this criterion are referred to as imbalanced data. Most datasets of soil classes are, therefore, imbalanced data. One of our main objectives is to compare eight resampling strategies that have been developed to counteract the imbalanced data problem. We compared the performance of five of the most common ML algorithms with the resampling approaches. The highest increase in prediction accuracy was achieved with SMOTE (the synthetic minority oversampling technique). In comparison to the baseline prediction on the original dataset, we achieved an increase of about 10, 20 and 10% in the overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score, respectively. Regarding the ML approaches, random forest (RF) showed the best performance with an overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score of 66, 60 and 57%, respectively. Moreover, the combination of RF and SMOTE improved the accuracy of the individual soil classes, compared to RF trained on the original dataset and allowed better prediction of soil classes with a low number of samples in the corresponding soil profile database, in our case for Chernozems. Our results show that balancing existing soil legacy data using synthetic sampling strategies can significantly improve the prediction accuracy in digital soil mapping (DSM). Highlights Spatial distribution of soil classes in Iran can be predicted using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The synthetic minority oversampling technique overcomes the drawback of imbalanced and highly biased soil legacy data. When combining a random forest model with synthetic sampling strategies the prediction accuracy of the soil model improves significantly. The resulting new soil map of Iran has a much higher spatial resolution compared to existing maps and displays new soil classes that have not yet been mapped in Iran.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
    Keywords: 631.4 ; covariates ; imbalanced data ; machine learning ; random forest ; soil legacy data
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    Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The application of biochar to agricultural soils to increase nutrient availability, crop production and carbon sequestration has gained increasing interest but data from field experiments on temperate, marginal soils are still under‐represented. In the current study, biochar, produced from organic residues (digestates) from a biogas plant, was applied with and without digestates at low (3.4 t ha−1) and intermediate (17.1 t ha−1) rates to two acidic and sandy soils in northern Germany that are used for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Soil nutrient availability, crop yields, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heterotrophic respiration were measured over two consecutive years. The effects of biochar application depended on the intrinsic properties of the two tested soils and the biochar application rates. Although the soils at the fallow site, with initially low nutrient concentrations, showed a significant increase in pH, soil nutrients and crop yield after low biochar application rates, a similar response was found at the cornfield site only after application of substantially larger amounts of biochar. The effect of a single dose of biochar at the beginning of the experiment diminished over time but was still detectable after 2 years. Whereas plant available nutrient concentrations increased after biochar application, the availability of potentially phytotoxic trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr) decreased significantly, and although slight increases in microbial biomass carbon and heterotrophic CO2 fluxes were observed after biochar application, they were mostly not significant. The results indicate that the application of relatively small amounts of biochar could have positive effects on plant available nutrients and crop yields of marginal arable soils and may decrease the need for mineral fertilizers while simultaneously increasing the sequestration of soil organic carbon. Highlights A low rate of biochar increased plant available nutrients and crop yield on marginal soils. Biochar application reduced the availability of potentially harmful trace elements. Heterotrophic respiration showed no clear response to biochar application. Biochar application may reduce fertilizer need and increase carbon sequestration on marginal soils.
    Description: German Academic Exchange Service http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Institute Strategic Programme grants, “Soils to Nutrition”
    Keywords: 631.4 ; black carbon ; carbon sequestration ; corn ; digestate ; heterotrophic respiration ; marginal soils ; microbial biomass
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    Self‐stated recovery from flooding: Empirical results from a survey in Central Vietnam (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these differences by investigating self‐stated flood recovery across genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results from Germany. This study employs a regression‐based analysis of 1,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban community in Thua Thien‐Hue province. The results highlight an important set of recovery process‐related variables. The set of relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital, internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, and the perception of stress‐resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore, conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that psychological variables influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the results' potentially robust nature due to the different socio‐environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.
    Keywords: 333.7 ; flood recovery ; resilience ; societal equity ; vulnerability
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    The potential of ryegrass as cover crop to reduce soil N2O emissions and increase the population size of denitrifying bacteria (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Nitrogen (N) fertilization is the major contributor to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soil, especially in post‐harvest seasons. This study was carried out to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size. A microcosm experiment was conducted with soil planted with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and bare soil, each with four levels of N fertilizer (0, 5, 10 and 20 g N m−2; applied as calcium ammonium nitrate). The closed‐chamber approach was used to measure soil N2O fluxes. Real‐time PCR was used to estimate the biomass of bacteria and fungi and the abundance of genes involved in denitrification in soil. The results showed that the presence of ryegrass decreased the nitrate content in soil. Cumulative N2O emissions of soil with grass were lower than in bare soil at 5 and 10 g N m−2. Fertilization levels did not affect the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Soil with grass showed greater abundances of bacteria and fungi, as well as microorganisms carrying narG, napA, nirK, nirS and nosZ clade I genes. It is concluded that ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions in soils with moderate or high NO3− concentrations. This highlights the importance of cover crops for the reduction of N2O emissions from soil, particularly following N fertilization. Future research should explore the full potential of ryegrass to reduce soil N2O emissions under field conditions as well as in different soils. Highlights This study was to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size; Plant reduced soil N substrates on one side, but their root exudates stimulated denitrification on the other side; N2O emissions were lower in soil with grass than bare soil at medium fertilizer levels, and growing grass stimulated the proliferation of almost all the denitrifying bacteria except nosZ clade II; Ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions.
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: The National Science Project for University of Anhui Province
    Keywords: 551.9 ; 631.4 ; denitrification ; perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ; soil bacteria ; soil CO2 emissions ; soil N2O emissions
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    ogs5py: A Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 Scientific Modeling Package (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: High‐performance numerical codes are an indispensable tool for hydrogeologists when modeling subsurface flow and transport systems. But as they are written in compiled languages, like C/C++ or Fortran, established software packages are rarely user‐friendly, limiting a wider adoption of such tools. OpenGeoSys (OGS), an open‐source, finite‐element solver for thermo‐hydro‐mechanical–chemical processes in porous and fractured media, is no exception. Graphical user interfaces may increase usability, but do so at a dramatic reduction of flexibility and are difficult or impossible to integrate into a larger workflow. Python offers an optimal trade‐off between these goals by providing a highly flexible, yet comparatively user‐friendly environment for software applications. Hence, we introduce ogs5py, a Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 scientific modeling package. It provides a fully Python‐based representation of an OGS project, a large array of convenience functions for users to interact with OGS and connects OGS to the scientific and computational environment of Python.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.49 ; hydrogeology ; subsurface flow ; modeling ; software
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    High‐Resolution Integrated Transport Model for Studying Surface Water–Groundwater Interaction (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Transport processes that lead to exchange of mass between surface water and groundwater play a significant role for the ecological functioning of aquatic systems, for hydrological processes and for biogeochemical transformations. In this study, we present a novel integral modeling approach for flow and transport at the sediment–water interface. The model allows us to simultaneously simulate turbulent surface and subsurface flow and transport with the same conceptual approach. For this purpose, a conservative transport equation was implemented to an existing approach that uses an extended version of the Navier–Stokes equations. Based on previous flume studies which investigated the spreading of a dye tracer under neutral, losing and gaining flow conditions the new solver is validated. Tracer distributions of the experiments are in close agreement with the simulations. The simulated flow paths are significantly affected by in‐ and outflowing groundwater flow. The highest velocities within the sediment are found for losing condition, which leads to shorter residence times compared to neutral and gaining conditions. The largest extent of the hyporheic exchange flow is observed under neutral condition. The new solver can be used for further examinations of cases that are not suitable for the conventional coupled models, for example, if Reynolds numbers are larger than 10. Moreover, results gained with the integral solver provide high‐resolution information on pressure and velocity distributions at the rippled streambed, which can be used to improve flow predictions. This includes the extent of hyporheic exchange under varying ambient groundwater flow conditions.
    Description: Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.4 ; aquatic systems ; sediment-water interface ; transport model
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    Iron isotope fractionation in soil and graminaceous crops after 100 years of liming in the long‐term agricultural experimental site at Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Sustainable arable cropping relies on repeated liming. Yet, the associated increase in soil pH can reduce the availability of iron (Fe) to plants. We hypothesized that repeated liming, but not pedogenic processes such as lessivage (i.e., translocation of clay particles), alters the Fe cycle in Luvisol soil, thereby affecting Fe isotope composition in soils and crops. Hence, we analysed Fe concentrations and isotope compositions in soil profiles and winter rye from the long‐term agricultural experimental site in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany, where a controlled liming trial with three field replicates per treatment has been conducted on Albic Luvisols since 1923. Heterogeneity in subsoil was observed at this site for Fe concentration but not for Fe isotope composition. Lessivage had not affected Fe isotope composition in the soil profiles. The results also showed that almost 100 years of liming lowered the concentration of the HCl‐extractable Fe that was potentially available for plant uptake in the surface soil (0–15 cm) from 1.03 (standard error (SE) 0.03) to 0.94 (SE 0.01) g kg−1. This HCl‐extractable Fe pool contained isotopically lighter Fe (δ56Fe = −0.05 to −0.29‰) than the bulk soil (δ56Fe = −0.08 to 0.08‰). However, its Fe isotope composition was not altered by the long‐term lime application. Liming resulted in relatively lower Fe concentrations in the roots of winter rye. In addition, liming led to a heavier Fe isotope composition of the whole plants compared with those grown in the non‐limed plots (δ56FeWholePlant_ + Lime = −0.12‰, SE 0.03 vs. δ56FeWholePlant_‐Lime = −0.21‰, SE 0.01). This suggests that the elevated soil pH (increased by one unit due to liming) promoted the Fe uptake strategy through complexation of Fe(III) from the rhizosphere, which favoured heavier Fe isotopes. Overall, the present study showed that liming and a related increase in pH did not affect the Fe isotope compositions of the soil, but may influence the Fe isotope composition of plants grown in the soil if they alter their Fe uptake strategy upon the change of Fe availability. Highlights Fe concentrations and stocks, but not Fe isotope compositions, were more heterogeneous in subsoil than in topsoil. Translocation of clay minerals did not result in Fe isotope fractionation in the soil profile of a Luvisol. Liming decreased Fe availability in topsoil, but did not affect its δ56Fe values. Uptake of heavier Fe isotopes by graminaceous crops was more pronounced at elevated pH.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: 551.9 ; liming ; plant‐available Fe pool in soil ; winter rye ; δ56Fe
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    How to Find Aquifer Statistics Utilizing Pumping Tests? Two Field Studies Using welltestpy (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: We present a workflow to estimate geostatistical aquifer parameters from pumping test data using the Python package welltestpy. The procedure of pumping test analysis is exemplified for two data sets from the Horkheimer Insel site and from the Lauswiesen site, Germany. The analysis is based on a semi‐analytical drawdown solution from the upscaling approach Radial Coarse Graining, which enables to infer log‐transmissivity variance and horizontal correlation length, beside mean transmissivity, and storativity, from pumping test data. We estimate these parameters of aquifer heterogeneity from type‐curve analysis and determine their sensitivity. This procedure, implemented in welltestpy, is a template for analyzing any pumping test. It goes beyond the possibilities of standard methods, for example, based on Theis' equation, which are limited to mean transmissivity and storativity. A sensitivity study showed the impact of observation well positions on the parameter estimation quality. The insights of this study help to optimize future test setups for geostatistical aquifer analysis and provides guidance for investigating pumping tests with regard to aquifer statistics using the open‐source software package welltestpy.
    Description: Article impact statement: We present a workflow to infer parameters of subsurface heterogeneity from pumping test data exemplified at two sites using welltestpy.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Keywords: ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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    Importance of sources of variability, scales and experimental design: A case study about the effects of biochar and slurry application on soil properties in agricultural silty loam soils (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: In designed experiments, different sources of variability and an adequate scale of measurement need to be considered, but not all approaches in common usage are equally valid. In order to elucidate the importance of sources of variability and choice of scale, we conducted an experiment where the effects of biochar and slurry applications on soil properties related to soil fertility were studied for different designs: (a) for a field‐scale sampling design with either a model soil (without natural variability) as an internal control or with composited soils, (b) for a design with a focus on amendment variabilities, and (c) for three individual field‐scale designs with true field replication and a combined analysis representative of the population of loess‐derived soils. Three silty loam sites in Germany were sampled and the soil macroaggregates were crushed. For each design, six treatments (0, 0.15 and 0.30 g slurry‐N kg−1 with and without 30 g biochar kg−1) were applied before incubating the units under constant soil moisture conditions for 78 days. CO2 fluxes were monitored and soils were analysed for macroaggregate yields and associated organic carbon (C). Mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. For all soil properties, results for the loess sites differed with respect to significant contributions of fixed effects for at least one site, suggesting the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils to be made and showed that site:slurry:biochar and site:slurry interactions were not negligible for macroaggregate yields. The use of a model soil as an internal control enabled observation of variabilities other than those related to soils or amendments. Experiments incorporating natural variability in soils or amendments resulted in partially different outcomes, indicating the need to include all important sources of variability. Highlights Effects of biochar and slurry applications were studied for different designs and mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. Including an internal control allowed observation of, e.g., methodological and analytical variabilities. The results suggested the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils. The results indicated the need to include all important sources of variability.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Do tree species affect decadal changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in Danish common garden experiments? (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Temperate forest soils are often considered as an important sink for atmospheric carbon (C), thereby buffering anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, the effect of tree species composition on the magnitude of this sink is unclear. We resampled a tree species common garden experiment (six sites) a decade after initial sampling to evaluate whether forest floor (FF) and topsoil organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (Nt) stocks changed in dependence of tree species (Norway spruce—Picea abies L., European beech—Fagus sylvatica L., pedunculate oak—Quercus robur L., sycamore maple—Acer pseudoplatanus L., European ash—Fraxinus excelsior L. and small‐leaved lime—Tilia cordata L.). Two groups of species were identified in terms of Corg and Nt distribution: (1) Spruce with high Corg and Nt stocks in the FF developed as a mor humus layer which tended to have smaller Corg and Nt stocks and a wider Corg:Nt ratio in the mineral topsoil, and (2) the broadleaved species, of which ash and maple distinguished most clearly from spruce by very low Corg and Nt stocks in the FF developed as mull humus layer, had greater Corg and Nt stocks, and narrow Corg:Nt ratios in the mineral topsoil. Over 11 years, FF Corg and Nt stocks increased most under spruce, while small decreases in bulk mineral soil (esp. in 0–15 cm and 0–30 cm depth) Corg and Nt stocks dominated irrespective of species. Observed decadal changes were associated with site‐related and tree species‐mediated soil properties in a way that hinted towards short‐term accumulation and mineralisation dynamics of easily available organic substances. We found no indication for Corg stabilisation. However, results indicated increasing Nt stabilisation with increasing biomass of burrowing earthworms, which were highest under ash, lime and maple and lowest under spruce. Highlights We studied if tree species differences in topsoil Corg and Nt stocks substantiate after a decade. The study is unique in its repeated soil sampling in a multisite common garden experiment. Forest floors increased under spruce, but topsoil stocks decreased irrespective of species. Changes were of short‐term nature. Nitrogen was most stable under arbuscular mycorrhizal species.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaff (DFG)
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:631.41
    Language: English
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    The ‘Flood Resilience Rose’: A management tool to promote transformation towards flood resilience (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-29
    Description: Coping with the growing impacts of flooding in EU countries, a paradigm shift in flood management can be observed, moving from safety‐based towards risk‐based approaches and holistic perspectives. Flood resilience is a common denominator of most of the approaches. In this article, we present the ‘Flood Resilience Rose’ (FRR), a management tool to promote harmonised action towards flood resilience in European regions and beyond. The FRR is a result of a two‐step process. First, based on scientific concepts as well as analysis of relevant policy documents, we identified three ‘levels of operation’. The first level refers to the EU Floods Directive and an extended multi‐layer safety approach, comprising the four different layers of protection, prevention, preparedness and recovery, and related measures to be taken. This level is not independent but depends both on the institutional (second level) and the wider (third level) context. Second, we used surveys, semi‐structured interviews and group discussions during workshops with experts from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to validate the definitions and the FRR's practical relevance. The presented FRR is thus the result of rigorous theoretical and practical consideration and provides a tool capable to strengthen flood risk management practice.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: 551.48 ; flood defence measures ; governance and institutions ; integrated flood risk management ; resilience
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    Urban pluvial flood adaptation: Results of a household survey across four German municipalities (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2022-09-30
    Description: In recent years, German cities were heavily impacted by pluvial flooding and related damage is projected to increase due to climate change and urbanisation. It is important to ask how to improve urban pluvial flood risk management. To understand the current state of property level adaptation, a survey was conducted in four municipalities that had recently been impacted by pluvial flooding. A hybrid framework based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Protection Action Decision Model (PADM) was used to investigate drivers of adaptive behaviour through both descriptive and regression analyses. Descriptive statistics revealed that participants tended to instal more low‐ and medium‐cost measures than high‐cost measures. Regression analyses showed that coping appraisal increased protection motivation, but that the adaptive behaviour also depends on framing factors, particularly homeownership. We further found that, while threat appraisal solely affects protection motivation and responsibility appraisal affects solely maladaptive thinking, coping appraisal affects both. Our results indicate that PMT is a solid starting point to study adaptive behaviours in the context of pluvial flooding, but we need to go beyond that by, for instance, considering factors of the PADM, such as responsibility, ownership, or respondent age, to fully understand this complex decision‐making process.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.489 ; ddc:363.34
    Language: English
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  • 33
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    $b$ decays: A factory for hidden charm multiquark states (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): F. Buccella We assume that the two hidden charm pentaquark states discovered at L H C b are built from three light quarks and a c c ¯ pair. Further assumed is that the three light quarks and the c c ¯ pair are both in colour octet states. Thus, for the final J P = 5 2 + state, the three light quarks and the c c ¯ pair are in... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 114011] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Strong Interactions
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
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    Radiative transitions of doubly charmed baryons in lattice QCD (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): H. Bahtiyar, K. U. Can, G. Erkol, M. Oka, and T. T. Takahashi We evaluate the spin- 3 / 2 → spin − 1 / 2 electromagnetic transitions of the doubly charmed baryons on 2 + 1 flavor, 3 2 3 × 64 PACS-CS lattices with a pion mass of 156 ( 9 )     MeV / c 2 . A relativistic heavy quark action is employed to minimize the associated systematic errors on charm-quark observables. We extract the... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 114505] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Lattice field theories, lattice QCD
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
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  • 35
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    Detecting dark blobs (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Dorota M. Grabowska, Tom Melia, and Surjeet Rajendran Current dark matter detection strategies are based on the assumption that the dark matter is a gas of noninteracting particles with a reasonably large number density. This picture is dramatically altered if there are significant self-interactions within the dark sector, potentially resulting in the ... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 115020] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Beyond the standard model
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 36
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    Constraints on a sub-eV scale sterile neutrino from nonoscillation measurements (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): C. S. Kim, G. López Castro, and Dibyakrupa Sahoo Anomalies in several short-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments suggest the possible existence of sterile neutrinos at about the eV scale that have appreciable mixing with the three known neutrinos. We find that if such a light sterile neutrino exists, through a combined study of the leptonic d... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 115021] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Beyond the standard model
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 37
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    Coulomb-induced instabilities of nodal surfaces (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Pavel A. Volkov and Sergej Moroz We consider the stability of nodal surfaces in fermionic band systems with respect to the Coulomb repulsion. It is shown that nodal surfaces at the Fermi level are gapped out at low temperatures due to emergent particle-hole orders. Energy dispersion of the nodal surface suppresses the instability t... [Phys. Rev. B 98, 241107(R)] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
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  • 38
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    Majorana corner states in a two-dimensional magnetic topological insulator on a high-temperature superconductor (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Tao Liu, James Jun He, and Franco Nori (野理) Conventional n -dimensional topological superconductors (TSCs) have protected gapless ( n − 1 ) -dimensional boundary states. In contrast to this, second-order TSCs are characterized by topologically protected gapless ( n − 2 ) -dimensional states with the usual gapped ( n − 1 ) boundaries. Here, we study a second... [Phys. Rev. B 98, 245413] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
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  • 39
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    Parity-mixing superconducting phase in the Rashba-Hubbard model and its topological properties from dynamical mean-field theory (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Xiancong Lu and D. Sénéchal We investigate parity-mixing superconductivity in the two-dimensional Hubbard model with Rashba spin-orbit coupling, using cellular dynamical mean-field theory (CDMFT). A superconducting state with mixed singlet d -wave and triplet p -wave character is found in a wide range of doping. The singlet comp... [Phys. Rev. B 98, 245118] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
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  • 40
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    Anomalous Metamagnetism in the Low Carrier Density Kondo Lattice ${\mathrm{YbRh}}_{3}{\mathrm{Si}}_{7}$ (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Binod K. Rai et al. New experiments reveal anomalous metamagnetic transitions in single crystals of YbRh 3 Si 7 , likely arising from competition between the crystal’s highly anisotropic electric field and magnetic exchange interactions. [Phys. Rev. X 8, 041047] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-3308
    Topics: Physics
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  • 41
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    Droplets Capped with an Elastic Film Can Be Round, Elliptical, or Nearly Square (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Rafael D. Schulman and Kari Dalnoki-Veress Researchers can change the shape of a liquid drop by placing it between two stretched elastic films, allowing the drop to be used as a tiny adjustable lens. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 248004] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Polymer, Soft Matter, Biological, Climate, and Interdisciplinary Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
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  • 42
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    Frustrated Kondo chains and glassy magnetic phases on the pyrochlore lattice (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Jing Luo and Gia-Wei Chern We present an extensive numerical study of a type of frustrated itinerant magnetism on the pyrochlore lattice. In this theory, the pyrochlore magnet can be viewed as a cross-linking network of Kondo or double-exchange chains. Contrary to models based on Mott insulators, this itinerant magnetism appr... [Phys. Rev. B 98, 214423] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Magnetism
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  • 43
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    Isotope effect and gerade versus ungerade symmetry in HD predissociation revealed by the $\mathrm{H}(2s)$, $\mathrm{H}(2p)$, $\mathrm{D}(2s)$, and $\mathrm{D}(2p)$ fragments (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Jie Wang and Yuxiang Mo The isotope effect and the g − u symmetry in the HD predissociation have been studied by detecting the H ( 2 s ) , H ( 2 p ) , D ( 2 s ) , and D ( 2 p ) fragments. For transitions to the 3 p π D 1 Π u + ( υ = 4 ) , 4 p π D ′ 1 Π u + ( υ = 1 ) , and 4 p σ B ′ ′ 1 Σ u + ( υ = 2 ) states of HD, the branching ratios of the four dissociation channels, H ( 2 s ) + D ( 1 s ) , ... [Phys. Rev. A 98, 062509] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Atomic and molecular structure and dynamics ; high-precision measurements
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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    Assembly of eight spherical magnets into a dotriacontapole configuration (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Stefan Hartung, Felix Sommer, Simeon Völkel, Johannes Schönke, and Ingo Rehberg The magnetic field of a cuboidal cluster of eight magnetic spheres is measured. It decays with the inverse seventh power of the distance. This corresponds formally to a multipole named a dotriacontapole. This strong decay is explained on the basis of dipole-dipole interaction and the symmetry of the... [Phys. Rev. B 98, 214424] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Magnetism
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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  • 45
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    Low-spin excitations in $^{97}\mathrm{Zr}$ (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): T. Rząca-Urban, W. Urban, M. Czerwiński, J. Wiśniewski, A. Blanc, H. Faust, M. Jentschel, P. Mutti, U. Köster, T. Soldner, G. de France, G. S. Simpson, and C. A. Ur The main goal of this work is the determination of spins and parities of excited states in Zr 97 , among others the 2264.3-keV level, which had previously been tentatively reported as the 11 / 2 − excitation corresponding to the h 11 / 2 neutron orbital. Low-spin excited states in Zr 97 were populated via th... [Phys. Rev. C 98, 064315] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Nuclear Structure
    Print ISSN: 0556-2813
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-490X
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  • 46
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    Searching for the QCD critical point via the rapidity dependence of cumulants (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Jasmine Brewer, Swagato Mukherjee, Krishna Rajagopal, and Yi Yin Near a critical point in a phase diagram, certain observables show characteristic fluctuations. The authors qualitatively predict how such fluctuations depend on the rapidity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, and thereby present a distinctive observable to search for the critical endpoint in the QCD phase diagram. This is particularly relevant to the coming low-beam-energy scan at RHIC. [Phys. Rev. C 98, 061901(R)] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
    Print ISSN: 0556-2813
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  • 47
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    Lifetimes of doubly charmed baryons (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Hai-Yang Cheng and Yan-Liang Shi The lifetimes of doubly charmed hadrons are analyzed within the framework of the heavy quark expansion (HQE). Lifetime differences arise from spectator effects such as W -exchange and Pauli interference. The Ξ c c + + baryon is longest-lived in the doubly charmed baryon system owing to the destructive Pa... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 113005] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Electroweak interactions
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  • 48
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    $b$-hadron production in the general-mass variable-flavor-number scheme and the LHC data (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): G. Kramer and H. Spiesberger We study inclusive b -hadron production in p p collisions at the LHC at different center-of-mass energies and compare with experimental data from the LHCb and CMS collaborations. Our predictions for cross sections differential in the transverse momentum and (pseudo)rapidity agree with data within unce... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 114010] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Strong Interactions
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  • 49
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    Effect of non-Gaussian lensing deflections on CMB lensing measurements (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Vanessa Böhm, Blake D. Sherwin, Jia Liu, J. Colin Hill, Marcel Schmittfull, and Toshiya Namikawa We investigate the impact of non-Gaussian lensing deflections on measurements of the CMB lensing power spectrum. We find that the false assumption of their Gaussianity significantly biases these measurements in current and future experiments at the percent level. The bias is detected by comparing CM... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 123510] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Cosmology
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    Path integral approach to random neural networks (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): A. Crisanti and H. Sompolinksy In this work we study of the dynamics of large-size random neural networks. Different methods have been developed to analyze their behavior, and most of them rely on heuristic methods based on Gaussian assumptions regarding the fluctuations in the limit of infinite sizes. These approaches, however, ... [Phys. Rev. E 98, 062120] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Statistical Physics
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    An amplitude equation for surface gravity wave-topography interactions (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Jim Thomas and Ray Yamada A new amplitude equation that captures the effect of arbitrary topography on surface waves is presented. It can be integrated more quickly than the fully nonlinear equations, while accurately capturing the wave dynamics. [Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 124802] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Wave Dynamics, Free Surface Flows, Stratified, and Rotating Flows
    Electronic ISSN: 2469-990X
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    $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$-symmetric quantum field theory in $D$ dimensions (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Carl M. Bender, Nima Hassanpour, S. P. Klevansky, and Sarben Sarkar P T -symmetric quantum mechanics began with a study of the Hamiltonian H = p 2 + x 2 ( i x ) ϵ . A surprising feature of this non-Hermitian Hamiltonian is that its eigenvalues are discrete, real, and positive when ϵ ≥ 0 . This paper examines the corresponding quantum-field-theoretic Hamiltonian H = 1 2 ( ∇ ϕ ) 2 + 1 2 ϕ 2 ( i ϕ ) ϵ i... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 125003] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: Formal aspects of field theory, field theory in curved space
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    Multiple Singularities of the Equilibrium Free Energy in a One-Dimensional Model of Soft Rods (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Author(s): Sushant Saryal, Juliane U. Klamser, Tridib Sadhu, and Deepak Dhar There is a misconception, widely shared among physicists, that the equilibrium free energy of a one-dimensional classical model with strictly finite-ranged interactions, and at nonzero temperatures, cannot show any singularities as a function of the coupling constants. In this Letter, we discuss an ... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 240601] Published Thu Dec 13, 2018
    Keywords: General Physics: Statistical and Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Information, etc.
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
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    Soft collinear effective theory for gravity (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Takemichi Okui and Arash Yunesi We present how to construct a soft collinear effective theory (SCET) for gravity at the leading and next-to-leading powers from the ground up. The soft graviton theorem and decoupling of collinear gravitons at the leading power are manifest from the outset in the effective symmetries of the theory. ... [Phys. Rev. D 97, 066011] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: String theory, quantum gravity, gauge/gravity duality
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    Spin-multipole effects in binary black holes and the test-body limit (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Justin Vines and Jan Steinhoff We discuss the effects of the black holes’ spin-multipole structure in the orbital dynamics of binary black holes according to general relativity, focusing on the leading-post-Newtonian-order couplings at each order in an expansion in the black holes’ spins. We first review previous widely confirmed... [Phys. Rev. D 97, 064010] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: General relativity, alternative theories of gravity
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  • 56
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    Scale-invariant instantons and the complete lifetime of the standard model (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Anders Andreassen, William Frost, and Matthew D. Schwartz The authors compute the lifetime of the universe in the Standard Model at next to leading order, obtaining 10 139 years. This involves regularization of the dilatation zero mode. [Phys. Rev. D 97, 056006] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Phenomenological aspects of field theory, general methods
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    Thermal decay of a metastable state: Influence of rescattering on the quasistationary dynamical rate (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): M. V. Chushnyakova and I. I. Gontchar We study the effect of backscattering of the Brownian particles as they escape out of a metastable state overcoming the potential barrier. For this aim, we model this process numerically using the Langevin equations. This modeling is performed for the wide range of the friction constant covering bot... [Phys. Rev. E 97, 032107] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Statistical Physics
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    Collective conflict resolution in groups on the move (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Itai Pinkoviezky, Iain D. Couzin, and Nir S. Gov Collective decision-making regarding direction of travel is observed during natural motion of animal and cellular groups. This phenomenon is exemplified, in the simplest case, by a group that contains two informed subgroups that hold conflicting preferred directions of motion. Under such circumstanc... [Phys. Rev. E 97, 032304] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Networks and Complex Systems
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    Unbound motion on a Schwarzschild background: Practical approaches to frequency domain computations (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Seth Hopper Gravitational perturbations due to a point particle moving on a static black hole background are naturally described in Regge-Wheeler gauge. The first-order field equations reduce to a single master wave equation for each radiative mode. The master function satisfying this wave equation is a linear ... [Phys. Rev. D 97, 064007] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: General relativity, alternative theories of gravity
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    Relation between boundary slip mechanisms and waterlike fluid behavior (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Patricia Ternes, Evy Salcedo, and Marcia C. Barbosa The slip of a fluid layer in contact with a solid confining surface is investigated for different temperatures and densities using molecular dynamic simulations. We show that for an anomalous waterlike fluid the slip goes as follows: for low levels of shear, defect slip appears and is related to the... [Phys. Rev. E 97, 033104] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Fluid Dynamics
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    Log-rise of the resistivity in the holographic Kondo model (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Bikash Padhi, Apoorv Tiwari, Chandan Setty, and Philip W. Phillips We study a single-channel Kondo effect using a recently developed [1–4] holographic large- N technique. In order to obtain resistivity of this model, we introduce a probe field. The gravity dual of a localized fermionic impurity in 1 + 1 -dimensional host matter is constructed by embedding a localized t... [Phys. Rev. D 97, 066012] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: String theory, quantum gravity, gauge/gravity duality
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    Effect of synthetic jet modulation schemes on the reduction of a laminar separation bubble (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): J. H. Seo, F. Cadieux, R. Mittal, E. Deem, and L. Cattafesta The response of a laminar separation bubble to synthetic jet forcing with various modulation schemes is numerically investigated. The study suggests that the effectiveness of synthetic jet-based flow control could be improved by carefully designing the spectral content of the modulation scheme. [Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 033901] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Instability, Transition, and Control
    Electronic ISSN: 2469-990X
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    Localization of Interacting Dirac Fermions (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Tianxing Ma, Lufeng Zhang, Chia-Chen Chang, Hsiang-Hsuan Hung, and Richard T. Scalettar Using exact quantum Monte Carlo calculations, we examine the interplay between localization of electronic states driven by many-body correlations and that by randomness in a two-dimensional system featuring linearly vanishing density of states at the Fermi level. A novel disorder-induced nonmagnetic... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 116601] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Condensed Matter: Electronic Properties, etc.
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    Radiation of a charge flying in a partially loaded dielectric section of a waveguide (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Aleksandra A. Grigoreva, Andrey V. Tyukhtin, Viktor V. Vorobev, Sergey N. Galyamin, and Sergey Antipov We consider the electromagnetic field of a point charged particle moving along the axis of a cylindrical waveguide from a homogeneously filled area to a dielectric loading area having an axially symmetrical channel. We are interested in studying the Cherenkov radiation excited in the bilayer area. T... [Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 21, 031302] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: New Acceleration Techniques
    Electronic ISSN: 1098-4402
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    Single-particle dispersion in stably stratified turbulence (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): N. E. Sujovolsky, P. D. Mininni, and M. P. Rast We develop a model for particle dispersion observed in stably stratified flows, such as in the ocean and the nocturnal atmosphere, where turbulence is very efficient at mixing and diffusing transported quantities. The model opens new efficient paths for statistical prediction of particle dispersion. [Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 034603] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Turbulent Flows
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    Publisher's Note: Negative pressure in shear thickening band of a dilatant fluid [Phys. Rev. E 94 , 062614 (2016)] (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Shin-ichiro Nagahiro and Hiizu Nakanishi [Phys. Rev. E 97, 039901] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Errata
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    Three Phase-Grating Moiré Neutron Interferometer for Large Interferometer Area Applications (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): D. Sarenac, D. A. Pushin, M. G. Huber, D. S. Hussey, H. Miao, M. Arif, D. G. Cory, A. D. Cronin, B. Heacock, D. L. Jacobson, J. M. LaManna, and H. Wen A new and more flexible neutron interferometer design relies on the moiré effect, in which two periodic patterns are combined to give a longer-period pattern. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 113201] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
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    Viewpoint: Moiré Effect Could Enhance Neutron Interferometry (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    In: Physics
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Juergen Klepp A new and more flexible neutron interferometer design relies on the moiré effect, in which two periodic patterns are combined to give a longer-period pattern. [Physics 11, 26] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Electronic ISSN: 1539-0748
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    Operator mixing in the $ε$-expansion: Scheme and evanescent-operator independence (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Lorenzo Di Pietro and Emmanuel Stamou We consider theories with fermionic degrees of freedom that have a fixed point of Wilson–Fisher type in noninteger dimension d = 4 − 2 ε . Due to the presence of evanescent operators, i.e., operators that vanish in integer dimensions, these theories contain families of infinitely many operators that can m... [Phys. Rev. D 97, 065007] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Formal aspects of field theory, field theory in curved space
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    Modified Wigner equations and continuous spin gauge field (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Mojtaba Najafizadeh In this paper, we first propose the bosonic (fermionic) modified Wigner equations for continuous spin particle (CSP). Secondly, starting from the (Fang-)Fronsdal-like equation, we will reach to the modified action of bosonic (fermionic) continuous spin gauge field in flat spacetime, presented recent... [Phys. Rev. D 97, 065009] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Formal aspects of field theory, field theory in curved space
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    Massive Unruh particles cannot be directly observed (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Filip Kiałka, Alexander R. H. Smith, Mehdi Ahmadi, and Andrzej Dragan We show that massive particles created in a relativistically accelerated reference frame, as predicted by the Unruh effect, can only be found in a tiny layer above the Rindler horizon, whose thickness corresponds to a single Compton wavelength. This is beyond the reach of any detector and suggests t... [Phys. Rev. D 97, 065010] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: Formal aspects of field theory, field theory in curved space
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    Entanglement timescale (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): I-Sheng Yang We derive the time scale for two initially pure subsystems to become entangled with each other through an arbitrary Hamiltonian that couples them. The entanglement timescale is inversely proportional to the “correlated uncertainty” between the two subsystems, a quantity which we will define and anal... [Phys. Rev. D 97, 066008] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: String theory, quantum gravity, gauge/gravity duality
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    Asymptotic charges from soft scalars in even dimensions (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Author(s): Miguel Campiglia and Leonardo Coito We study asymptotic charges associated with a spin-zero analog of Weinberg’s soft photon and graviton theorems in even dimensions. Simple spacetime expressions for the charges are given, but unlike gravity or electrodynamics, the symmetry interpretation for the charges remains elusive. This work is ... [Phys. Rev. D 97, 066009] Published Mon Mar 12, 2018
    Keywords: String theory, quantum gravity, gauge/gravity duality
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    Topological SQUIPT Based on Helical Edge States in Proximity to Superconductors (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Lennart Bours, Björn Sothmann, Matteo Carrega, Elia Strambini, Ewelina M. Hankiewicz, Laurens W. Molenkamp, and Francesco Giazotto Keen interest has arisen lately in hybrid topological-insulator–superconductor nanostructures, from both the theoretical and experimental points of view. Among recent advances, the proposal for a Doppler-like shift in the energies of the edge states in toplogical-insulator Josephson junctions leads to a peculiar structure of the Andreev bound states along the helical edges. To exploit this effect, the authors propose a structure consisting of a normal-metal probe tunnel-coupled to the center of such a junction, which would function as a sensitive magnetometer. [Phys. Rev. Applied 10, 014027] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Electronic ISSN: 2331-7019
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    Measurement of cross sections and isomeric cross-section ratios for the $(n,2n)$ reactions on $^{196,198}\mathrm{Hg}$ at energies between 13 and 15 MeV (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Junhua Luo, Li Jiang, and Long He The ( n , 2 n ) cross sections and their isomeric ratios ( σ m / σ g ) in the 13–15 MeV neutron energy range have been measured for Hg 196 , 198 by an activation and offline γ-ray spectrometric technique using the Pd-300 Neutron Generator at the Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP). Natural Hg samples an... [Phys. Rev. C 98, 014619] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Nuclear Reactions
    Print ISSN: 0556-2813
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-490X
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    Erratum: Polarization transfer observables in elastic electron-proton scattering at ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}=2.5$, 5.2, 6.8, and $8.5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ [Phys. Rev. C 96 , 055203 (2017)] (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): A. J. R. Puckett et al. [Phys. Rev. C 98, 019907] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Errata
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    Jets and threshold summation in deductor (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Zoltán Nagy and Davison E. Soper We explore jet physics in hadron collisions using the parton shower event generator Deductor . Of particular interest is the one jet inclusive cross section d σ / d P T for jets of very high P T . Compared to the Born level, the cross section decreases substantially because of P T loss from the jet during sh... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 014035] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Strong Interactions
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    Calculation of a complete set of spin observables for proton elastic scattering from stable and unstable nuclei (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): W. A. Yahya, B. I. S. van der Ventel, B. C. Kimene Kaya, and R. A. Bark A microscopic study of proton elastic scattering from unstable nuclei at intermediate energies using a relativistic formalism is presented. We have employed both the original relativistic impulse approximation (IA1) and the generalized impulse approximation (IA2) formalisms to calculate the relativi... [Phys. Rev. C 98, 014620] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Nuclear Reactions
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    Hard scale uncertainty in collinear factorization: Perspective from ${k}_{t}$-factorization (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Benjamin Guiot We analyze two consequences of the relationship between collinear factorization and k t -factorization. First, we show that the k t -factorization gives a fundamental justification for the choice of the hard scale Q 2 done in the collinear factorization. Second, we show that in the collinear factorizatio... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 014036] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Strong Interactions
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    What is a parton shower? (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Zoltán Nagy and Davison E. Soper We consider idealized parton shower event generators that treat parton spin and color exactly, leaving aside the choice of practical approximations for spin and color. We investigate how the structure of such a parton shower generator is related to the structure of QCD. We argue that a parton shower... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 014034] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Strong Interactions
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    Merger rate of a subdominant population of primordial black holes (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Bradley J. Kavanagh, Daniele Gaggero, and Gianfranco Bertone The formation of astrophysical and primordial black holes influences the distribution of dark matter surrounding them. Black holes are thus expected to carry a dark matter “dress” whose properties depend on their formation mechanism and on the properties of the environment. Here we carry out a numer... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 023536] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Cosmology
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    Merger estimates for rotating Kerr black holes in modified gravity (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Shao-Wen Wei and Yu-Xiao Liu In this paper, we explore the signatures of nonrotating and rotating black hole mergers in the matter-free modified gravity. First, we solve the unstable circular null orbits and the innermost stable circular timelike orbits via the geodesic motion. The characteristic quantities of these orbits are ... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 024042] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: General relativity, alternative theories of gravity
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    Density classification performance and ergodicity of the Gacs-Kurdyumov-Levin cellular automaton model IV (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): J. Ricardo G. Mendonça and Rolf E. O. Simões Almost four decades ago, Gacs, Kurdyumov, and Levin introduced three different cellular automata to investigate whether one-dimensional nonequilibrium interacting particle systems are capable of displaying phase transitions, and, as a byproduct, they introduced the density classification problem (th... [Phys. Rev. E 98, 012135] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Statistical Physics
    Print ISSN: 1539-3755
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-2376
    Topics: Physics
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    Oscillatory solutothermal convection-driven evaporation kinetics in colloidal nanoparticle-surfactant complex fluid pendant droplets (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): A. R. Harikrishnan, Purbarun Dhar, Sateesh Gedupudi, and Sarit K. Das Evaporation kinetics of surfactant-infused nanocolloidal droplets are studied using the pendant mode to understand the pure physics of evaporation in such complex fluids. Oscillatory solute-thermal convective currents are found to be responsible for evaporation rate enhancement in these complex fluids. [Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 073604] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Drops, Bubbles, Capsules, and Vesicles
    Electronic ISSN: 2469-990X
    Topics: Physics
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    Entanglement spectrum of mixed states (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Evert van Nieuwenburg and Oded Zilberberg Entanglement plays an important role in our ability to understand, simulate, and harness quantum many-body phenomena. In this work, we investigate the entanglement spectrum for open one-dimensional (1D) systems and propose a natural quantifier for how much a 1D quantum state is entangled while being... [Phys. Rev. A 98, 012327] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Quantum information
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Physics
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    Efficient First-Principles Calculation of Phonon-Assisted Photocurrent in Large-Scale Solar-Cell Devices (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Mattias Palsgaard, Troels Markussen, Tue Gunst, Mads Brandbyge, and Kurt Stokbro Modeling a full photovoltaic device with first-principles simulations is such a tremendous computational task that it has remained out of reach—until now. This joint work between academia and industry combines multiple state-of-the-art methods to enable the simulation of phonon-assisted photocurrent in a realistic device under operating conditions. The fully atomistic calculations include the combined effects of electron-phonon and electron-photon coupling, as well as finite bias and temperature. Excellent agreement with experiment shows that this method could be widely useful for physicists and engineers alike to benchmark tomorrow’s optoelectronic devices. [Phys. Rev. Applied 10, 014026] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Electronic ISSN: 2331-7019
    Topics: Physics
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    Mapping the Local Spatial Charge in Defective Diamond by Means of N- V Sensors—A Self-Diagnostic Concept (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): J. Forneris, S. Ditalia Tchernij, P. Traina, E. Moreva, N. Skukan, M. Jakšić, V. Grilj, F. Bosia, E. Enrico, G. Amato, I.P. Degiovanni, B. Naydenov, F. Jelezko, M. Genovese, and P. Olivero Diamond is a promising material for innovative electronic devices, radiation detectors, and integrated platforms for quantum technologies, but with a major hurdle: Deep levels in diamond’s band gap act as charge-carrier traps, causing electric-field inhomogeneities and memory effects. Conventional techniques cannot provide a direct, unambiguous picture of the local field distribution in the defective material. This study use the sensitivity of the native nitrogen-vacancy defect itself to measure the local internal electric field, for a clear view of the inner workings of diamond devices. [Phys. Rev. Applied 10, 014024] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Electronic ISSN: 2331-7019
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    Quantum collapse of a magnetic skyrmion (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Amel Derras-Chouk, Eugene M. Chudnovsky, and Dmitry A. Garanin Large thermal fluctuations can destroy skyrmions - tiny speckles of rotated magnetization in two-dimensional films. Yet at low temperatures skyrmions are believed to be topologically stable, which makes them good candidates for data storage and processing. However, as the authors demonstrate here, even at zero temperature a nanoscale skyrmion is not protected against quantum decay. The theory is based on the imaginary-time dynamics of the skyrmion. Due to the fact that even the smallest skyrmion is still formed by many atomic spins, its quantum decay provides an example of a nanoscale Schrödinger’s cat that one can study with modern measuring techniques. [Phys. Rev. B 98, 024423] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Magnetism
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
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    Properties of dirty two-band superconductors with repulsive interband interaction: Normal modes, length scales, vortices, and magnetic response (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Julien Garaud, Alberto Corticelli, Mihail Silaev, and Egor Babaev Disorder in two-band superconductors with repulsive interband interaction induces a frustrated competition between the phase-locking preferences of the various potential and kinetic terms. This frustrated interaction can result in the formation of an s + i s superconducting state that breaks the time-r... [Phys. Rev. B 98, 014520] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Superfluidity and superconductivity
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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    Attractive Fermi polarons at nonzero temperatures with a finite impurity concentration (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Hui Hu, Brendan C. Mulkerin, Jia Wang, and Xia-Ji Liu We theoretically investigate how quasiparticle properties of an attractive Fermi polaron are affected by nonzero temperature and finite impurity concentration in three dimensions and in free space. By applying both non-self-consistent and self-consistent many-body T -matrix theories, we calculate the... [Phys. Rev. A 98, 013626] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Matter waves and collective properties of cold atoms and molecules
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
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    High figure of merit magneto-optics from interfacial skyrmions on topological insulators (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Tonmoy K. Bhowmick, Amrit De, and Roger K. Lake In the Kerr rotation geometry, magneto-optic memory devices typically suffer from low figure-of-merit (FOM) and long write times. We show that skyrmions formed at the interface of a thin-film multiferroic and a topological insulator can give rise to high FOM magneto-optic Kerr effects (MOKEs). Huge ... [Phys. Rev. B 98, 024424] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Magnetism
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
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    Persistent Large Anisotropic Magnetoresistance and Insulator-to-Metal Transition in Spin-Orbit-Coupled ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}({\mathrm{Ir}}_{1−x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}){\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ for Antiferromagnetic Spintronics (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Haowen Wang, Wei Wang, Ni Hu, Tianci Duan, Songliu Yuan, Shuai Dong, Chengliang Lu, and Jun-Ming Liu Spintronics based on antiferromagnets (rather than ferromagnets) continues to garner intense interest, as antiferromagnets offer no stray fields and ultrafast spin dynamics. However, there is a significant performance gap between antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulators and metals. This study reports the remarkable electronic properties of a series of AFM doped iridates—findings that close the aforementioned performance gap, and furthermore unveil the physics of the coupling between magnetic and charge degrees of freedom in this family of transition-metal oxides. [Phys. Rev. Applied 10, 014025] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Electronic ISSN: 2331-7019
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    First measurement of the $\mathrm{Ti}(e,{e}^{′})X$ cross section at Jefferson Lab (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): H. Dai et al. (Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration) To probe CP violation in the leptonic sector using GeV energy neutrino beams in current and future experiments using argon detectors, precise models of the complex underlying neutrino and antineutrino interactions are needed. The E12-14-012 experiment at Jefferson Lab Hall A was designed to perform ... [Phys. Rev. C 98, 014617] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Nuclear Reactions
    Print ISSN: 0556-2813
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-490X
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    Multilayer-by-multilayer surface melting of Cu(200) (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Kai Wang, Haizhen Wu, Mengke Ge, Xingang Hou, Ning Liu, Jia He, Wei Xi, and Jun Luo It is well known that surface melting of metal materials is caused by vacancies, and melting proceeds layer by layer in theoretical predictions. However, the melting process has rarely been directly investigated in real time at atomic resolution. Herein, the (200) surface-melting process of Cu nanop... [Phys. Rev. B 98, 045425] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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    Closed-form expressions for effective constitutive parameters: Electrostrictive and magnetostrictive tensors for bianisotropic metamaterials and their use in optical force density calculations (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Neng Wang, Shubo Wang, Zhao-Qing Zhang, and C. T. Chan Using a multiple scattering technique, we derived closed-form expressions for effective constitutive parameters and electro/magneto-strictive tensor components for 2D bianisotropic metamaterials. Using the principle of virtual work, we obtained the electromagnetic stress tensor that can be used to c... [Phys. Rev. B 98, 045426] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
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    Baryon parity doublets and chiral spin symmetry (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): M. Catillo and L. Ya. Glozman The chirally symmetric baryon parity-doublet model can be used as an effective description of the baryon-like objects in the chirally symmetric phase of QCD. Recently it has been found that above the critical temperature, higher chiral spin symmetries emerge in QCD. It is demonstrated here that the ... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 014030] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Strong Interactions
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
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    Impact of the cosmic variance on ${H}_{0}$ on cosmological analyses (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): David Camarena and Valerio Marra The current 3.8 σ tension between local [A. G. Riess et al. , arXiv:1804.10655 .] and global [N. Aghanim et al. (Planck Collaboration), Astron. Astrophys. 596 , A107 (2016) .] measurements of H 0 cannot be fully explained by the concordance Λ CDM model. It could be produced by unknown systematics or by p... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 023537] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Cosmology
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    Shadows of rotating wormholes (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Rajibul Shaikh We study shadows cast by a certain class of rotating wormholes and point out the crucial role of a rotating wormhole throat in the formation of a shadow. Overlooking this crucial role of a wormhole throat has resulted in incomplete results in the previous studies on shadows of the same class of rota... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 024044] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: General relativity, alternative theories of gravity
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    Linear point standard ruler for galaxy survey data: Validation with mock catalogs (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Stefano Anselmi, Pier-Stefano Corasaniti, Glenn D. Starkman, Ravi K. Sheth, and Idit Zehavi Due to late-time nonlinearities, the location of the acoustic peak in the two-point galaxy correlation function is a redshift-dependent quantity, and thus it cannot be simply employed as a cosmological standard ruler. This has motivated the recent proposal of a novel ruler, also located in the baryo... [Phys. Rev. D 98, 023527] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Cosmology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
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    Geometrical percolation threshold of congruent cuboidlike particles in overlapping particle systems (2018)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-26
    Description: Author(s): Jianjun Lin, Huisu Chen, and Wenxiang Xu With the advances in artificial particle synthesis, it is possible to create particles with unique shapes. Particle shape becomes a feasible parameter for tuning the percolation behavior. How to accurately predict the percolation threshold by particle characteristics for arbitrary particles has arou... [Phys. Rev. E 98, 012134] Published Wed Jul 25, 2018
    Keywords: Statistical Physics
    Print ISSN: 1539-3755
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-2376
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