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  • Data  (88)
  • EPOS
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-03-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Intercropping is the simultaneous growth of two or more crops in the same space for a significant part of their life cycle (Willey, 1979). In this context, samples from one farm experiments in the growing season 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, embedded in the cropping systems of one arable farm in the surrounding of Pisa, central-western part of Italy, were collected for analysis. The treatments were: PCW, a temporary intercropping system of wheat and persian clover, sown in paired rows; CONTROLSTRIP, unfertilized wheat as a sole crop, sown in paired rows.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The samples were collected from a farm located in Valtriano, around 20 km from Pisa (43°36’N 10°29’E). The temporary intercropping system comprises common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Bolero) and persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L., cv. Laser). Sampling of above-ground plant biomass was done by hands in March 2016 and 2017. For each treatment, above-ground plant biomass was collected several plots which includes three subplots with dimension of 0.25m2 in 2016 and 0.075 m2 in 2017. The samples collected, only for the green part of the plant, were dried at 60°C for 48 h. Then, coarse grinding of the plant fibres (about 1 mm in diameter) was carried out, followed by further cryogenic grinding.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 VEGETATION 〉 NITROGEN
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-02-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: A low blank, high-precision, and highly reproducible technique for Boron (B) isotope analysis performed by Multi-Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS), Thermo Scientific Neptune PlusTM was developed and is presented here. We show data on a set of international certified standard materials (NIST SRM 951) and various kind of matrices (B1-IAEA, B2-IAEA, B3-IAEA, B4-IAEA, B5-IAEA, and JB-2) measured with MC-ICP-MS Neptune Plus, focusing on the accuracy and reproducibility of the analyses performed in the Neptune-TIMS Laboratory
    Keywords: Boron Isotopes ; MC-ICP-MS ; Neptune ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 MC-ICP-MS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-02-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Results of a high throughput, robust and sensitive method for the precise analysis of 87Sr/86Sr by Multi-Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS), Thermo Scientific Neptune PlusTM are reported. The data were obtained after accurate procedures of chemical separation and purification of Sr from geological matrices such as silicates, sulfides, carbonates and waters, using Eichrom Sr-spec resins as well as the routine for Sr isotope measurement. Mass discrimination and instrument drift were corrected by using natural constant 86Sr/88Sr ratios as an internal standard. Data on set of international certified standard materials (SRM NIST 987 and AGV-1) as well as intra-lab reference samples (water sample KGV-9) measured with MC-ICP-MS Neptune Plus, focusing on the accuracy and reproducibility of the analyses performed in the Neptune-TIMS Laboratory are here reported.
    Keywords: Strontium Isotope ; MC-ICP-MS ; Neptune ; Isotope Ratios ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 MC-ICP-MS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-02-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We describe here in detail the results and the setup of the high precision Nd isotope ratio analysis performed by Multi Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (MC ICP MS), Thermo Scientific Neptune Plus TM. Isobaric interferences and mass discrimination were corrected by using natural invariable 147Sm/144Sm and 146Nd/144Nd isotope ratios. We reported data on set of international certified standard materials (JNdi-1 and AGV-1) measured with MC-ICP-MS Neptune Plus, focusing on the accuracy and reproducibility of the analyses performed in the Neptune-TIMS Laboratory
    Keywords: Neodymium Isotope ; MC-ICP-MS ; Neptune ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 MC-ICP-MS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-02-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We describe here in detail the results and the setup of the high precision Pb isotope ratio analysis performed by Multi Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (MC ICP MS), Thermo Scientific Neptune Plus TM. We performed this method adding thallium (Tl) as an internal isotopic standard to correct mass dependent isotopic fractionation. We also report the procedures for the chemical separat ion and purification of Pb from geological matri ces such as silicates , sulfides and historical artefacts . We report the data obtained on the international certified standard material SRM NIST 981 measured with MC ICP MS Neptune Plus, focusing on the accuracy and reproducibility of the analyses performed in the Neptune TIMS Laboratory (IGG-CNR in Pisa, Italy), and highlighting the advantages brought by the installation of this new mass spectrometer.
    Keywords: Lead Isotopes ; MC-ICP-MS ; Neptune-TIMS Laboratory ; Isotope Ratios ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 MC-ICP-MS
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set provides a series of experiments from ring-shear tests (RST) on various materials that are used at several laboratories worldwide. The data contains the results of slide-hold-slide tests and the processed outputs of standardized ring shear tester data from related publications. Additionally, microscopy images of the materials under plain and polarized light are provided. The time dependent restrengthening of the materials is quantified using slide-hold-slide tests. This restrengthening has implications on the reactivation potential of granular shear zones in analogue models. With the provided software we first analyze the experimental data and then compare the angles and stresses needed to reactivate normal faults in the materials. We find that while healing rates are low, the majority of samples can not reactivate normal faults that are generated through extension of an analogue model.
    Keywords: Analogue Model ; Rate-and-State Friction ; Slide-Hold-Slide Test ; Basin Inversion ; Fault Reactivation ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; deformation 〉 shearing ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL MECHANICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Python ; Rate-state parameters ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The software is provided as an executable python module. The software automatically analyzes the files present in the data publication. The results are saved in the form of the images presented in the main publication. Each figure is implemented as a dedicated function that first loads the necessary data, then does some processing steps, such as curve fitting, and then plots the outputs in the desired layout. A 'main' function calls all figure functions sequentially. However, the packages is modular so that each individual plot has a standalone function which could be used with other, similarly structured data. Several submodules provide additional data for plotting, e.g. the 'groups' submodule that contains naming schemes and the densities for all samples.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: To install the package run: "python -m pip install git+https://git.gfz-potsdam.de/analab-code/granular-healing.git" To run the script run: "python -m granularhealing"
    Description: Other
    Description: License: GNU General Public License, Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright © 2023 Michael Rudolf Granular-Healing is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. Granular-Healing is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see 〈http://www.gnu.org/licenses/〉.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; software tools ; ring shear tester ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Gauges 〉 RING SHEAR TESTERS ; science 〉 informatics 〉 data processing system
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-04-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides the surface velocity fields derived with MatPIV (open-source Matlab toolbox for Particle Image Velocimetry; Sveen 2004) of three seismotectonic analog models (e.g., Rosenau et al., 2017) performed to investigate the role of geometry and friction of a single subducting seamount on the seismogenic behavior of the megathrust. Model 1 has a seamount covered by sandpaper (i.e., high friction) that is placed at 1/2 of the trench-parallel length of the seismogenic zone. Model 3 has the same geometry of model 1, but the seamount is in direct contact with the gelatin (i.e., not covered by sandpaper, hence low friction). Model 5 has a low friction patch (i.e., no geometry) that is placed again at 1/2 of the trench-parallel length of the seismogenic zone. Together with the surface velocity fields, we also provide Matlab scripts for visualization. A more detailed description of the experimental setup, configuration of the models and materials can be found in Menichelli et al. (submitted), to which this dataset is supplementary. Our seismotectonic models represent a downscaled subduction zone (1 cm in the model corresponds to 6.4 km in nature; Rosenau et al., 2017). The experimental setup consists of a 60 x 34 cm2 Plexiglass box with a 10°-dipping aluminum basal plate that moves downward with a constant velocity of 0.01 cm/s, analog of the subducting plate. The overriding plate is represented by an elastic wedge of 2.5 wt% pigskin gelatin at T = 10 °C (Di Giuseppe et al., 2009). The seismogenic zone of the megathrust is simulated using a rectangular sandpaper patch (Corbi et al., 2013), with a downdip width of 16 cm and located 31 and 47 cm from the backstop. This corresponds to a 100-km-wide seismogenic zone extending over a depth interval between 15 and 34 km. The updip and down dip aseismic regions of the megathrust are simulated by plastic sheets that are fixed on the setup frame and not subject to subduction (Corbi et al., 2013). A 3D-printed PLA seamount is placed on the seismogenic zone (e.g., Van Rijsingen et al., 2019). The seamount has a height of 6.28 mm and a diagonal length of 94 mm, corresponding to 4 km and 60 km in nature, respectively. These dimensions scale well-known seamounts, such as the Joban Seamount chain in the Japan Trench or the Louisville seamount chain in the Tonga-Kermadec Trench. Experiments were monitored with a CCD camera that acquired a sequence of high-resolution top-view images (1600 x 1200 pixels2, 8 bit, 256 gray levels) at 7.5 fps for the entire duration of the experiment (i.e., ca. 24 minutes). Images are processed with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV; Adam et al., 2005) using the open-source Matlab toolbox MatPIV (Sveen, 2004). MatPIV provides the velocity field between two consecutive frames, measured at the surface of the model. The velocity field was then used as input to identify analog seismic events using the open-source Matlab function findpeak. The threshold used was 0.1 cm/s. Once earthquakes were identified, we derived their source parameters such as seismic slip, magnitude, and recurrence time following Corbi et al. (2017) and van Rijsingen et al. (2019).
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; PIV
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-05-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set is a description of a novel analogue modelling method used to run lithospheric-scale tectonic models, and to uniquely monitor these models through X-Ray CT-scanning techniques at the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (Switzerland). It includes information on the model set-up and model materials, and includes a step-by-step description of the general modelling procedure. A first application of this novel procedure, for the simulation of lithospheric scale rifting processes can be found in Zwaan & Schreurs (2023a) in Tectonics, with supplementary data publicly available via GFZ Data Services (Zwaan & Schreurs 2023b). The results of this work prove the feasibility of the method, and opens the door to a broad variety of new tectonic modelling studies.
    Keywords: analogue modelling ; CT-scanning ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 RIFTING
    Type: Other , Other
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-06-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set is digital image correlation data, including surface displacement and strain data from laboratory subduction megathrust earthquake cycles. The data consists of grids of surface strain (elastic and permanent), trench-normal surface displacement, vorticity and divergence maps over analog seismic cycles, and time series of surface displacement. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2023), to which this data set is supplementary. We use three configurations to mimic the along-strike heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of frictional locking (Rosenau et al., 2019; Kosari et al., 2022b). A central patch separates two stick-slip zones as an aseismic barrier in all configurations. The frictional properties of the central patch vary as a velocity-strengthening (VS configuration), a velocity-neutral (VN), and a velocity-weakening (VW configuration). The VW zone generates smaller slip events with a higher frequency (i.e., recurrence interval) than the stick-slip zones. Four frictionally different materials have been emplaced on the interface: The sticky-rice as velocity-weakening material (a-b〈0) resulting in stick-slip cycles simulating earthquake cycles, fine-grained sugar and rubber-sand mixture as velocity-strengthening (a-b〉0) and velocity-neutral (a-b=0) material, and fine-grained salt as velocity-weakening material (a-b〈0) (Kosari et al., 2023).
    Keywords: Seismotectonic modeling ; Analog Modeling ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) ; Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC UPLIFT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2023-08-15
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes overviews and videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photographs, topography data and digital image correlation [DIC] analysis) of 6 analogue models simulating rotational rift tectonics. In these experiments we examined the links between rotational rifting and different distributions of lithospheric weaknesses, and the evolution of the East African Rift System. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2023).
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; time-lapse camera ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 RIFTING
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes paleomagnetic data from 70 sampling sites, collected in northeastern Iran during two campaigns carried out in August 2016 and September 2017 (Table 1). The data are supplement to Mattei et al. (2019). Data allow to reconstruct the rotation history of the outer margin of the Eurasia-Arabia collision area represented by the Ala-Dagh, Binalud and Kopeh-Dagh mountain belts. The sampled formations are red beds units from the Lower Cretaceous Shurijeh Fm. and from the Middle-Upper Miocene Upper Red Fm (URF). Paleomagnetic results from all the sampled areas show a homogeneous amount of clockwise (CW) rotations measured in the above-mentioned Formations. These paleomagnetic results suggest that the oroclinal bending process that caused the curvature of Alborz mountain belt in north Iran after the Middle-Late Miocene, also extended to the Ala-Dagh, Binalud and Kopeh-Dagh mountain belts, at the north-eastern border of the Arabia-Eurasia deforming zone. This pattern of vertical axis rotations is inconsistent with the present-day kinematics of the northern Iranian blocks as described by seismicity and GPS data, suggesting that the tectonic processes responsible for the bending of northern Iran mountain chains are no longer active and that the westward motion of the South Caspian basin, and therefore the initiation of opposite strike-slip motion along the Ashk-Abad and Shahrud faults, occurred very recently (∼2My ago).
    Keywords: northeast Iran ; Kope-Dagh ; Upper Red Formation ; Shurijeh Formation ; natural remanent magnetisation ; paleomagnetic analyses ; tectonic process ; geologic process ; paleomagnetism ; rock magnetism ; paleomagnetic and magnetic data ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 PALEOMAGNETISM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION RATE
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes paleomagnetic data from 19 sampling sites, collected in central Iran during two sampling campaigns carried out in April 2011 (Yazd) and November 2011 (Ferdows). The data are supplement to Mattei et al. (2020). The sites were collected along two tectonic structures representative of the main tectonic features of central Iran: the Yazd fold system located in an area dominated by the occurrence of NNW-SSE oriented right-lateral strike slip faults, and the Ferdows fold system that developed at the western termination of the E–W left-lateral strike-slip Dasht-e-Bayaz fault. Paleomagnetic results show opposite vertical-axis rotations related to the different orientation and sense of movement of strike-slip fault systems, suggesting that in Central Iran the N–S oriented right-lateral and E–W oriented left-lateral strike-slip faults play significant roles in accommodating the Arabia-Eurasia convergence, by rotating counterclockwise and clockwise in the horizontal plane, respectively.
    Keywords: central Iran ; Ferdows ; Yazd ; Upper Red Formation ; natural remanent magnetisation ; paleomagnetic analyses ; tectonic process ; geologic process ; paleomagnetism ; rock magnetism ; paleomagnetic and magnetic data ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 sedimentary rock 〉 generic mudstone 〉 mudstone 〉 siltstone ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 PALEOMAGNETIC DATA ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 PALEOMAGNETISM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION RATE ; Phanerozoic 〉 Cenozoic 〉 Neogene
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2023-10-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains measurements of viscous and viscoelastic materials that are used for analogue modelling. Proper density and viscosity scaling of ductile layers in the crust and lithosphere, requires materials like Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to be mixed with fillers and low viscoity silicone oils. Changing the filler content and filler material, the density, viscosity and power-law coefficient can be tuned according to the requirements. All materials contain a large amount of PDMS and all but one a small amount of an additional silicone oil. Adding plasticine or barium sulfate lead to shear thinning rheologies with power-law exponents of p〈0.95. Adding corundum powder only has a minor effect on the power-law exponent. Some mixtures also have an apparent yield point but all are in the liquid state in the tested range. In general, the rheologies of the materials are very complex and in some cases strongly temperature dependent. However, in the narrow range of relevant strain rates, the behaviour is well defined by a power-law relation and thus found suitable for simulating ductile layers in crust and lithosphere.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; Barium sulphate ; Density ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES ; Iron Powder ; Plasticine ; Python ; Rheological model ; Rheometer ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Stress exponent ; Viscosity
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2023-11-27
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication provides data from 39 experiments performed in 2021 to 2022 in the Gas-mixing lab at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Germany). The experiments were conducted to investigate the charging and discharging potential of decompressed soda-lime glass beads in varying enveloping gas composition and two different transporting gas species (argon and nitrogen). The experimental setup is a modified version of an apparatus first developed by Alidibirov and Dingwell (1996) and further modified by Cimarelli et al. (2014), Gaudin and Cimarelli (2019), and Stern et al. (2019) to enable the detection and quantification of discharges caused by the interaction of the discharging particles. The latest modifications enable the setup to perform experiments under gas-tight conditions allowing to test different atmospheric composition and pressure and to sample the gas within the particle collector tank. The sample material was ejected from the autoclave into the particle collector tank that is insulated from the autoclave and works as a Faraday cage. Discharges going from the jet to the nozzle were recorded by a datalogger. Additionally, the ejection of the decompressed material was recorded by a high-speed camera. The gas composition in the collector tank was changed from air to CO2 and a mixture of CO2 and CO. The particle collector tank was conditioned in two different modes: purging three times the tank with the desired gas composition or three times of purging and applying a vacuum in between. Analysis of gas samples taken from the collector tank before conducting the experiments revealed that in both cases a complete removal of the air was not achieved, but significantly reduced by the evacuation-purging method. Two gases were used to pressurize the sample within the autoclave: Nitrogen and Argon. The experimental results were compared to previous experiments (Springsklee et al., 2022a; Springsklee et al., 2022b).
    Keywords: ash ; electric charge ; Faraday cage ; shock-tube ; jet ; rapid decompression ; glass beads ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 〉 LIGHTNING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA 〉 LIGHTNING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 ASH/DUST DISPERSION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 GEOLOGICAL ADVISORIES 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 WEATHER/CLIMATE ADVISORIES 〉 DUST/ASH ADVISORIES
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2023-12-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from drained ring-shear tests on a wet (water saturated) silica powder-glass beads-PVC powder mixture (40:40:20 wt.%) “CM2”, used in analogue modelling of tectonic and erosion processes as a rock analogue for the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Conrad et al., 2023, Reitano et al., 2020, 2022. 2023). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of CM2 are µP = 0.66, µD = 0.58, and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion of the material ranges between 60-230 Pa. The tested bulk material CM2 consists of a mixture of 40 wt. % silica powder, 40 wt.% glass beads and 20 wt.% PVC powder which has been saturated with water (Table 1). Specification of silica powder is “Ventilated Quartz VR16” (https://www.valligranulati.it/products-granules-quartz-marble-sands-premixed/sheet-m/ventilated-quartz) by the company Valli Granulati S.r.l. (Italy). Ventilated quartz is obtained by micronisation of quartz sands with a high content of SiO2 (around 96%), and used e.g. in paints and abrasives. It should be handled with care to omit generation of dust and a half mask (filter class FFA1P2 RD) should be worn because it can harm the human respiratory tract with the potential of causing silicosis. Glass beads used here have a size (diameter) of 700-110 µm and their individual properties are described in detail Pohlenz et al. (2020). The commercial name for the PVC powder is “PVC K.57 Inovyn 257RF” by the company TPV Compound (Italy). PVC powder is mainly used for cleaning industrial structures (as abrasives) or for the production of PVC tubing, plastic sheets etc. The composition of this PVC powder is the same of the common Polyvinyl chloride. According to the regulation CE n.1272/2008 (CLP), this type of PVC powder is classified as not dangerous for the supply, also thanks to its low value of density and round shape.
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Ring-shear tester
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2023-12-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset presents the raw data of an experimental series of analogue models performed to investigate the influence of inherited brittle fabrics on narrow continental rifting. This model series was performed to test the influence of brittle pre-existing fabrics on the rifting deformation by cutting the brittle layer at different orientations with respect to the extension direction. An overview of the experimental series is shown in Table 1. In this dataset we provide four different types of data, that can serve as supporting material and for further analysis: 1) The top-view photos, taken at different steps and showing the deformation process of each model; they can be used to interpret the geometrical characteristics of rift-related faults; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the performed analogue models, allowing for quantitative analysis of the fault pattern. 3) Short movies built from top-view photos which help to visualize the evolution of model deformation; 4) line-drawing of fault and fracture patters to be used for fault statistical quantification. Further details on the modelling strategy and setup can be found in Corti (2012), Maestrelli et al. (2020), Molnar et al. (2020), Philippon et al. (2015), Zwaan et al. (2021) and in the publication associated with this dataset. Materials used for these analogue models were described in Montanari et al. (2017) Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Zwaan et al. (2020).
    Keywords: analogue modelling ; rift ; East African Rift System ; pre-existing fabrics ; inherited structures ; fault reactivation ; fault ; brittle material ; centrifuge ; centrifuge model ; viscous material ; sandbox experiment ; physical model ; tectonics ; Main Ethiopian rift ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; compound material 〉 rock ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 clastic sedimentary material ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 sediment ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 sedimentary rock ; compound material 〉 unconsolidated material ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS ; geological process ; geological process 〉 sedimentation (geology) ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Data Analysis ; lithosphere ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust 〉 fault ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust 〉 sedimentary basin ; lithosphere 〉 rock ; lithosphere 〉 sediment ; material ; material 〉 properties of materials ; Models/Analyses ; Models/Analyses 〉 MODELS ; Phanerozoic 〉 Cenozoic ; research ; research 〉 research project ; research 〉 scientific research
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2023-12-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, topography data and Digital Image Correlation [DIC] analysis) of 11 analogue models, divided in three model series (A, B and C), simulating rifting and subsequent inversion tectonics. In these models we test how orthogonal or oblique extension, followed by either orthogonal or oblique compression, as well as syn-rift sedimentation, influenced the reactivation of rift structures and the development of new inversion structures. We compare these models with an intracontinental inverted basin in NE Brazil (Araripe Basin). All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). We used an experimental set-up involving two long mobile sidewalls, two rubber sidewalls (fixed between the mobile walls, closing the short model ends), and a mobile and a fixed base plate. We positioned a 5 cm high block consisting of an intercalation of foam (1 cm thick) and Plexiglas (0.5 cm thick) bars on the top of the base plates. Then we added layers of viscous and brittle analogue materials representing the ductile and brittle lower and upper crust in our experiments, which were 3 cm and 6 cm thick, respectively. A seed made of the same viscous material was positioned at the base of the brittle layer, in order to localize the formation of an initial graben in our models. The standard model deformation rate was 20 mm/h, over a duration of 2 hours for a total of 40 mm of divergence, followed by 2 hours of convergence at the same rate (except for Models B3 and C3, since the oblique rifting did not create space for 40 mm of orthogonal inversion). For syn-rift sedimentation, we applied an intercalation of feldspar and quartz sand in the graben. Model parameters and detailed description of model set-up are summarized in Table 1, and results and their interpretation can be found in Richetti et al. (2023).
    Keywords: Basin inversion ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; Electric engine (mm/hr) ; fault 〉 reverse fault ; fault 〉 strike-slip fault ; Generic camera ; graben ; graben ; horst ; normal fault ; rift valley ; rifting ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Sand 〉 Feldspar Sand ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox 〉 Sandbox (cm scale) ; Sectioning ; sedimentary process ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; SLR camera ; StereoScan (Agisoft) ; Surface image ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; tectonic setting 〉 intraplate tectonic setting ; tectonic uplift ; thrust fault
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This database contains mineral major and trace element compositions of gabbroic rocks composing the lower oceanic crust accreted at the East Pacific Rise and recovered at Hess Deep during IODP Leg 345 (Gillis et al., 2014a). Hess Deep is located at 2°15’N, 101°30’W in the Pacific Ocean, at the western tip of the Cocos-Nazca spreading centre, a westward-propagating oceanic ridge that progressively opens the oceanic lithosphere formed at the adjacent East Pacific Rise (Fig. 1a; Searle and Francheteau, 1986; Karson et al., 2002). Hess Deep is an East-West trending intraoceanic rift reaching 5200 mbsl (metres below sea level) at its deepest point (Fig. 1b,c). It is a tectonic window exposing a complete section of 1.3 Myr oceanic crust accreted at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (~130 mm/yr; Rioux et al., 2012; Rowan and Rowley, 2014), ranging from pillow basalts to sheeted dikes, isotropic gabbros, layered gabbros and troctolites, and upper mantle peridotites (e.g., Francheteau et al., 1990, 1992; Hekinian et al., 1993; Lissenberg et al., 2013). The gabbroic rocks included in this database are primitive in composition and range from olivine-rich troctolites to troctolites, olivine gabbros, olivine gabbronorites and gabbros.
    Keywords: Fast-spreading ridges ; Lower crustal gabbros ; Mineral major elements ; Mineral trace elements ; Primary MORB melts ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 MARINE VOLCANISM 〉 MID-OCEAN RIDGES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCKS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCK FORMATION
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on twice broken rice used in the GEC Laboratory in CY Cergy Paris University in stick-slip experiments. They were obtained by Sarah Visage as part of her doctoral training (funded by the ANR DISRUPT programme) during an invitation at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Like any granular material, the twice broken rice is characterized by several internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C, classicaly qualified as dynamic, static, and reactivation coefficients. In adition, since the rice exhibits a stick slip behaviour, the various shear - velocity or shear-displacement curves exhibit high frequency oscillations and we therefore define maximum, minimum, and mean values corresponding respectively to the curve peaks, curve troughs and smoothed curve.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multiscale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; fault ; Flour 〉 Rice ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Matlab (Mathworks) ; Rate-state parameters ; Ring-shear tester
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2022-02-17
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Volcanic projectiles are centimeter- to meter-sized clasts – both solid-to-molten rock fragments or lithic eroded from conduits – ejected during explosive volcanic eruptions that follow ballistic trajectories. Despite being ranked as less dangerous than large-scale processes such as pyroclastic density currents (hot avalanches of gas and pyroclasts), volcanic projectiles still represent a constant threat to life and properties in the vicinity of volcanic vents, and frequently cause fatal accidents on volcanoes. Mapping of their size, shape, and location in volcanic deposits can be combined to model possible trajectories of projectiles from the vent to their final position, and to estimate crucial source parameters of the driving eruption, such as ejection velocity and pressure differential at the vent. Moreover, size and spatial distributions of volcanic projectiles from past eruptions, coupled with ballistic modelling of their trajectory, are crucial to forecast their possible impact in future eruptions. The reliability of such models strongly depends on i) the appropriate physical functions and input parameters and ii) observational validations. In this study, we aimed to unravel intra-conduit processes that strongly control the dynamic of volcanic projectiles by combining numerical modelling and novel experimentally-determined source parameter. In particular, the multiphase ASHEE model (Cerminara 2016; Cerminara et al. 2016) suited for testing post-fragmentation conduit dynamics based on a robust shock tube experimental dataset. By exploding mixtures of pumice and dense lithic particles within a specially designed transparent autoclave, and by using a raft of pressure sensors, ultra-high-speed cameras and pre-sieved natural particles, we observed and quantified: i) kinematic data of the particles and of the gas front along the shock tube and outside, ii) pressure decay at 1GHz resolution. By feeding the ASHEE model with these datasets, and using initial and boundary conditions similar to that of the experiment, we defined domains composed by a pressurized shock tube and the outside chamber at ambient conditions, and tested particles particle motion according to a Lagrangian approach, as well as gas flow with a Eulerian approach (a 3D finite-volume numerical solver, compressible). The comparison between data and model yields estimate of the particle kinematic inside the tube, the pressure evolution at the top and the bottom of the tube, and the eruption source parameters at the tube exit.
    Description: Methods
    Description: We designed a series of rapid decompression experiments in which we systematically varied componentry, particle size, and packing arrangement of the initial samples. We also carried empty run experiments, where only the gas phase is decompressed. We used the pressure evolution and high-speed footage of these experiments to i) benchmark the expansion of the gas phase against the expansion of gas and particle mixture, and ii) develop 1D and 3D models of particle acceleration.
    Keywords: Eperimental volcanology ; ASHEE model ; Conduit dynamic ; Ejection behavior ; Numerical modelling ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; analysis 〉 physicochemical analysis 〉 granulometry ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCKS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 PYROCLASTIC PARTICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 PYROCLASTICS COMPOSITION/TEXTURE ; experiment 〉 test 〉 comparative test ; experiment 〉 test 〉 testing method 〉 calibration ; research 〉 scientific research 〉 experimental study ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 volcanology ; science 〉 physical science
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for wheat flour used as a fine-grained, cohesive analogue material for simulating brittle upper crustal rocks in the analogue labor-atory of the Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Science (IGCAS). It is characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the tested material is ~0.72, dynamic friction coeffi-cients µD is ~0.67 and reactivation friction coefficients µR is ~0.70. Cohesions of the material range between 27 and 50 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1.5% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; tectonic and structural features
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2022-05-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes digital image correlation data from analog earthquakes experiments. The data consists of grids of surface strain and time series of surface displacement (horizontal and vertical) and strain. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2022), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. According to Coulomb wedge theory (Dahlen et al., 1984), two types of wedge configurations have been designed: a “compressional” configuration represents an interseismically compressional and coseismically stable wedge (compressional configuration), and a “critical” configuration, which is interseismically stable (close to critically compressional) and may reach a critical extensional state coseismically (critical configuration). In the compressional configuration, a flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies a single large rectangular in map view stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. In the critical configuration, the surface angle of the elastoplastic wedge varies from the coastal segment onshore (α=10) to the inner-wedge offshore (α=15) segments over a 5-degree dipping basal thrust. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modeling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; High frame rate camera ; Time lapse camera ; megathrust ; Rubber ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; High frame rate camera ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; Time lapse camera ; megathrust ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2022-05-31
    Description: Abstract
    Description: These data files contain short periods of electrical data recorded at Stromboli volcano, Italy, in 2019 and 2020 using a prototype version of the Biral Thunderstorm Detector BTD-200. This sensor consists of two antennas, the primary and secondary antenna, which detect slow variations in the electrostatic field resulting from charge neutralisation due to electrical discharges. The sensor recorded at three different locations: BTD1 (38.79551°N, 15.21518°E), BTD2 (38.80738°N, 15.21355°E) and BTD3 (38.79668°N, 15.21622°E). Electrical data of the following explosions is provided (each in a separate data file): - Three Strombolian explosions on 12 June 2019 at 12:46:53, 12:49:27 and 12:56:10 UTC, respectively. - A major explosion on 25 June 2019 at 23:03:08 UTC. - A major explosion on 19 July 2020 at 03:00:42 UTC. - A major explosion on 16 November 2020 at 09:17:45 UTC. - A paroxysmal event at 3 July 2019 at 14:45:43 UTC. Each filename indicates the location of the BTD, the starting date and time of the file in UTC, and a short description of the three data columns inside the file (unixtime, primary, secondary). The first column provides the Unix timestamp of each data point, which is the time in seconds since 01/01/1970. All time is provided in UTC. The second column provides the measured voltage [V] recorded by the primary antenna. The third column provides the measured voltage [V] recorded by the secondary antenna.
    Keywords: volcanic lightning ; volcanic ash ; paroxysm ; major explosions ; Stromboli ; strombolian ; thunderstorm detector ; triboelectrification ; spatial charge ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 〉 ELECTRIC FIELD ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 〉 LIGHTNING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 VOLCANO ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 ASH/DUST DISPERSION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 VOLCANO MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 VOLCANO PREDICTIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 GEOLOGICAL ADVISORIES 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ; geological process 〉 volcanism 〉 volcanic eruption ; land 〉 natural area 〉 terrestrial area 〉 mountainous area 〉 volcano ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 volcanology
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2022-06-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We document the evolution of two 15° strike-slip restraining bends within wet kaolin. Computer-controlled stepper motors displace one half of the split-box apparatus at a constant rate of 0.5 mm/min to induce dextral faulting in a 2.5 cm thick layer of wet kaolin. The basal plate discontinuity has a 15° bend with a 2 cm stepover distance. Prior to any loading we cut a vertical fault surface that follows the basal plate discontinuity into the wet kaolin with an electrified probe and wooden template.
    Keywords: restraining bend ; faulting ; strike-slip ; Digital Image Correlation ; wet kaolin clay ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes surface 3D stereoscopic Digital Image Correlation (3D stereo DIC) images and videos of 10 analogue models on crustal scale rifting with a rotational component. In addition, this dataset provides CT imagery of four analogue models that have been analyzed by means of Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) applied on X-Ray computed tomography volumes. Data of CT scanned models also includes slices of the volumetric displacement set for each displacement component. Using a brittle-viscous two-layer setup, the experiments focused on surface rift propagation, internal viscous flow driven by a horizontal pressure gradient and the interaction of internal and surface deformation. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). 3D stereo DIC analyses were performed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) and DVC analyses were performed at the Royal Holloway University London (RHUL). All models consist of a two-layer brittle-viscous set up with a total thickness of 6 cm. Thickness variations in brittle and ductile layers are expressed by the ratio RBD = brittle layer thickness/ductile layer thickness, which ranges from RBD = 0.5 to RBD = 2. The model set up lies on top of a 5 cm thick foam base with a trapezoidal shape with a height of 900 mm and a pair of bases with widths of 310 mm and 350 mm at the far ends, respectively. The foam block is sliced into segments such that 7 interlayered 0.5 cm thick plexiglass bars prevent foam collapse under the model weight. Before model construction, the foam-plexiglass assemblage is placed between longitudinal side walls. The experimental set-up is such that rotational extension in one part of the model domain is separated from rotational shortening in the other part of the model domain by a vertical rotation axis (Fig. 1). During the model run, the foam homogeneously expands in the domain undergoing extension and homogeneously contracts in the domain undergoing shortening. The applied velocity for all models is 10 mm/h and refers to the divergence of the sidewalls furthest away from the rotation axis which decreases linearly towards the rotation axis. This results in a maximum displacement of 40 mm at the outermost circular segment after a total run time of 4h.
    Keywords: multi-scale laboratories ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; analogue models of geologic processes ; continental rifting ; rotational rifting ; EPOS ; 3D stereo DIC ; software tools ; deformation 〉 rifting ; SLR camera ; Sand 〉 Quartz sand ; Surface elevation ; analogue modelling results ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2022-08-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes data derived from high-speed surface displacement observations from analog earthquake experiments. The data consists of surface displacement of the experiment upper plate and slab, slip distribution, and grids of Coulomb Failure Stress (CFS). The surface displacement observations have been captured using a highspeed CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) camera (Phantom VEO 640L camera, 12 bit) and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Description of the experiments and results regarding the surface displacement observation, Slip distribution, and CFS can be found in Kosari et al. (2022), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes. The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020 and 2022). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt, and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. The Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. A flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies rectangular stick-slip patch/es over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. Two different seismic configurations of the shallow part of the wedge base (the megathrust) represent the depth extent of the seismogenic zone in nature. In the first configuration (homogeneous configuration), a single large rectangular stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) is implemented as the main slip patch (MSP). In the second case (heterogeneous configuration), two square-shaped MSPs (200*200mm) have been emplaced, acting as two medium-size seismogenic asperities surrounded by a salt matrix hosting frequent small events. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the sticky-rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modeling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; High frame rate camera ; Time lapse camera ; megathrust ; Rubber ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2022-09-02
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes video sequences and strain analysis of 12 analogue models studying crustal-scale deformation and basin reactivation, performed at the Laboratory of Tectonic modelling of the University of Rennes 1. These models show how parameters such as crustal strength, tectonic inheritance and boundary conditions (ishortening/ stretching) control both the distribution of crustal strain and the possibility for pre-existing structures to be reactivated. This dataset includes top-view movies of the 12 models, including strain analysis based on displacement vectors obtained from digital image correlation. Detailed descriptions of models can be found in Guillaume et al. (2022, special issue of Solid Earth on Analogue modelling of basin inversion) to which this dataset is supplementary.
    Keywords: analogue modelling ; solid earth ; tectonics ; basin inversion ; fault reactivation ; crustal strength ; tectonic inheritance ; shortening ; stretching ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; deformation 〉 shearing ; Density ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 PIVlab ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 foreland setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; Electric engine (mm/hr) ; Foam rubber ; fold-and-thrust belt ; Friction coefficient ; graben ; graben ; normal fault ; Poisson ratio ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox 〉 Sandbox (cm scale) ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; SLR camera ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; tectonic process 〉 continental_collision ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; thrust fault ; Time lapse camera ; Viscosity ; wrench fault
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-09-22
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset presents the raw data from two experimental series of analogue models and four numerical models performed to investigate Rift-Rift-Rift triple junction dynamics, supporting the modelling results described in the submitted paper. Numerical models were run in order to support the outcomes obtained from the analogue models. Our experimental series tested the case of a totally symmetric RRR junction (with rift branch angles trending at 120° and direction of stretching similarly trending at 120°; SY Series) or a less symmetric triple junction (with rift branches trending at 120° but with one of these experiencing orthogonal extension; OR Series), and testing the role of a single or two phases of extension coupled with effect of differential velocities between the three moving plates. An overview of the performed analogue and numerical models is provided in Table 1. Analogue models have been analysed quantitatively by means of photogrammetric reconstruction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used for 3D quantification of the deformation, and top-view photo analysis for qualitative descriptions. The analogue materials used in the setup of these models are described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Maestrelli et al. (2020). Numerical models were run with the finite element software ASPECT (e.g., Kronbichler et al., 2012; Heister et al., 2017; Rose et al., 2017).
    Keywords: tectonics ; solid Earth ; triple junctions ; analogue modelling ; physical modelling ; numerical modelling ; Digital Elevation Models ; photogrammetry ; faults ; faulting ; stress ; strain ; Red Sea ; Gulf of Aden ; Main Ethiopian Rift ; Afar ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; compound material 〉 igneous material ; compound material 〉 rock ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 DIGITAL ELEVATION/DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; experiment ; experiment 〉 laboratory experiment ; experiment 〉 simulation 〉 modelling ; experiment 〉 simulation 〉 modelling 〉 model ; geological process ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments ; Models/Analyses ; monitoring ; monitoring 〉 monitoring technique ; monitoring 〉 monitoring technique 〉 photogrammetry ; parameter 〉 pixel ; parameter 〉 raster ; parameter 〉 resolution (parameter) ; Phanerozoic ; research ; research 〉 research project ; research 〉 scientific research ; science ; science 〉 natural science ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 tectonics ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geophysics
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2022-09-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes video sequences depicting the evolution in map view and lateral view of 7 analogue experiments studying mantle-scale subduction systems. The experiments are performed under a natural gravity field and are designed to understand the role of convergence obliquity on upper plate deformation and partitioning, with a particular emphasis on the role played by lithospheric inherited structures on the development of sliver tectonics. All experiments were performed at the Laboratory of Tectonic modelling of the University of Rennes 1 (France). The experimental set-up corresponds to a lithosphere and sub-lithospheric upper mantle system. The lithospheric plates are simulated with PDMS silicone (Polydimethylsiloxane Silicone) with different viscosities and densities, and the upper mantle with glucose syrup. In particular, for the overriding plate, we simulate the presence of a weaker volcanic arc that can eventually be decoupled from the forearc by a pre-existing discontinuity. The materials are placed into a Plexiglas tank, where the impermeable bottom of the tank represents the 660 km discontinuity. The subduction is initiated by manually forcing the slab into the mantle and it then evolves under the combined effects of internal buoyancy forces (slab pull) and external boundary forces. The subducting plate is pushed toward the trench at a constant velocity of 1.5 cm/min while the overriding plate is maintained fixed during the duration of the experiments. The evolution of the experiments is monitored by DSLR cameras (24 Mpx) taking pictures every 30 seconds at the top and on one side of the experiments. Pictures are then assembled into video-sequences. The scale bar, with black & white rectangles corresponds to 10 cm. The set of experiments consists of one reference model (MODEL-01) with orthogonal convergence, and six models with oblique convergence (Table 1). Among these models, three do not embed a pre-existing lithospheric discontinuity in the overriding plate (MODEL-02, MODEL-03, and MODEL-04) while the three other (MODEL-05, MODEL-06, and MODEL-07) have such a discontinuity. For the models with oblique convergence, we vary the angle between the convergence direction and the trench from 80° (MODEL-02 and MODEL-05) to 60° (MODEL-03 and MODEL-06) and 50° (MODEL-04 and MODEL-07). For details on the experimental set-up, and interpretation of the results, please refer to Suárez et al. (submitted to Tectonophysics) to which these data are supplementary material.
    Keywords: Subduction experiments ; Trench-oblique convergence ; Analogue models ; Sliver tectonics ; Vorticity number ; Strike-slip ; Thrusting ; Cenozoic times ; Patagonian Andes ; Inherited anisotropies ; Lithospheric strain ; Slab dip variations ; PIVLab software ; Trac-Trac software ; SSPX software ; Strain tensor ; Subduction dynamics ; Fold and thrust belt ; Interplate friction ; Strain partitioning ; Shear force ; Trench-parallel motion ; Liquiñe-Ofqui fault system ; Slab roll-back ; Trench retreat ; Nazca plate ; Traiguén basin ; Chile triple junction ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; deformation 〉 ductile flow ; Density ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 Matlab code ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 PIVlab ; earth interior setting 〉 mantle setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; fault ; fault 〉 strike-slip fault ; Golden syrup ; Matlab (Mathworks) ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; SLR camera ; Subduction box ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; Time lapse camera ; trench ; Viscosity
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2022-09-29
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication provides data from 96 experiments from 2020 to 2022 in the gas-mixing lab at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Germany). The experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of grain size distribution, especially the influence of very fines [〈10 µm] on the generation of experimental volcanic lightning (VL). The influence of grain size distribution was tested for three different materials. Experimental discharges during rapid decompression were evaluated by their number and their total magnitude. The three materials used in this study are a tholeiitic basalt (TB), industrial manufactured soda-lime glass beads (GB) and a phonolitic pumice from the lower Laacher See unit (LSB). The samples were sieved into several grain size fractions, and coarse and fines were mixed to test the influence of the added fines on the discharge behaviour. For the tholeiitic basalt, the coarse grain size fraction is 180-250 µm, for the glass beads 150-250 µm and for the phonolitic pumice, two coarse grain size fractions, 180-250 µm and 90-300 µm were tested. The experiments were carried out in a new experimental setup, a modification of the shock tube experiments first described by Alidibirov and Dingwell (1996) and its further modifications (Cimarelli et al., 2014; Gaudin & Cimarelli, 2019; Stern et al., 2019). A mixture of coarse and fine sample material is placed into an autoclave and continuously set under pressure with argon gas up to the desired decompression pressure (⁓10 MPa). Then, rapid decompression is initialized, and the sample material is ejected from the autoclave through a nozzle into a gas-tight particle collector tank. The particle collector tank is insulated from the nozzle and the ground and serves as a Faraday cage (FC). All discharges going from the erupting gas-particle mixture, the jet, to the nozzle will be recorded by a datalogger. All the discharges measured during the first 5 ms of ejection were taken into the evaluation of the discharge behaviour. The raw signals of the experiments were evaluated by a processing code developed by Gaudin and Cimarelli (2019). Additionally, the jet behaviour was recorded by a high-speed camera: the gas-exit angle and the exit angle of the gas-particle mixture were determined. The background of the high-speed video was divided into a black side and a white side. The gas-exit angle and the exit angle gas-particle-mixture were determined as the mean of the deviation angle of a straight trajectory angle of both sides.
    Keywords: ash ; electric charge ; Faraday cage ; shock-tube ; jet ; rapid decompression ; phonolite ; tholeiite ; glass beads ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 〉 LIGHTNING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA 〉 LIGHTNING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 ASH/DUST DISPERSION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 GEOLOGICAL ADVISORIES 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 WEATHER/CLIMATE ADVISORIES 〉 DUST/ASH ADVISORIES
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2022-11-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication provides data from 13 experiments performed in 2022 in the Gas-mixing lab at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Germany). The experiments were conducted to investigate the charging and discharging potential of material collected from a mud volcano from the Salton Sea (GPS-Data 33°12'2.7"N 115°34'41.4"W). The sample material was used in decompression experiments. The material was pressurized with argon gas instead of methane to assure safety conditions while running the experiments in the laboratory. The experimental setup is a modified version first developed by Alidibirov and Dingwell (1996) and further modified by Cimarelli et al. (2014); Gaudin and Cimarelli (2019); Stern et al. (2019) to enable the detection and quantification of discharges caused by the interaction of the discharging particles. The material was ejected from the autoclave into a Faraday cage, that is insulated from the autoclave and discharges going from the jet to the nozzle were recorded by a datalogger. Additionally, the eruption of the decompressed material was recorded by a high-speed camera. In the experiments, the influence of humidity and grain size distribution were tested. The influence of humidity was tested by using the material as wet as collected but also dried and milled and later exposed to varying but controlled humidity conditions. The grain size distribution was tested by mixing the dried and milled mud sample with 10, 50 and 90% of sea sand.
    Keywords: Mudvolcano ; Volcanic lightning ; Methane self-ignition ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 〉 LIGHTNING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA 〉 LIGHTNING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 〉 GAS EXPLOSIONS/LEAKS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 GEOLOGICAL ADVISORIES 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of 200-300 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.51 , µD = 0.40, and µR = 0.44, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 40 Pa and 70 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities and at high loads.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Ritter et al. (2016).
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Ring-shear tester
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of less than 50 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.47 , µD = 0.44, and µR = 0.47, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 50 Pa and 70 Pa. The material shows a neglectable rate-weakening of 〈1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Ritter et al. (2016).
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Ring-shear tester
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on glass beads with a diameter of 100-200 µm used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for “weak” layers in the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Klinkmüller et al., 2016; Ritter et al., 2016; Lohrmann et al., 2003) or as “seismogenic” crust (Rudolf et al., 2022). The glass beads are characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.50 , µD = 0.39, and µR = 0.46, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material is close to zero Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities and at high loads.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (〈20 kPa) and shear velocities (〈1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016) and Ritter et al. (2016).
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Ring-shear tester
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The dataset presented in this compilation provides the input data used for the geological interpretation and for the model parameterization (Norden et al., 2022) of a 3D seismic survey in the area of the geothermal research platform Groß Schönebeck (carried out in 2017; Krawczyk et al., 2019), focussing on the deep Permo-Carboniferous geothermal targets. The geothermal research platform Groß Schönebeck is located about 50 km north of Berlin, on the southern edge of the Northeast German Basin, and is equipped with two deep wells, the E GrSk 3/90 and Gt GrSk 4/05 boreholes. In this data compilation we provide general data on the location of the boreholes and data on the applied methods and the interpretation of petrophysical properties (density, porosity, permeability, thermal properties) obtained by core analysis and well-log interpretation. Because cores were available for the E GrSk 3/90 borehole only, most of the data is referring to the borehole that was drilled more or less vertically. The other borehole (Gt GrSk 4/05) is a deviated well, drilled as a geothermal production well. Further on, we provide the main interpreted structural reflector horizons of the geological model from surface to the assumed top of sedimentary Carboniferous (for discussion of the uncertainty of this boundary please consider the comments in Norden et al., 2022) and the horizons and 3D grid properties of a parameterized simulation grid for the deep geothermal target (sedimentary Rotliegend and Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rocks).
    Keywords: Groß Schönebeck ; reservoir model ; petrophysical parameterization ; Rotliegend ; Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rocks ; EPOS ; geo-energy test beds ; compound material 〉 rock 〉 igneous rock ; compound material 〉 rock 〉 sedimentary rock ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS 〉 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 〉 SEDIMENTARY ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Corers ; Models/Analyses 〉 Merged Analysis ; Phanerozoic 〉 Paleozoic 〉 Permian
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2023-03-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides results from rheological tests of glucose syrup from two suppliers tested within the EPOS Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) trans-national access (TNA) program 2019 at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), Univ. Roma TRE, Italy. Syrups Glucowheat 45/81 (GW45) and Glucowheat 60/79 (GW60) are produced by Blattmann Schweiz AG, Switzerland (2019 batch). Syrups GlucoSweet 44 (GS44) and GlucoSweet 62 (GS62) are produced by ADEA (Amidi Destrini ed Affini), Italy (2019 batch) . The four tested glucose syrups are labeled according to their DE value (dextrose equivalent value). For tested products from Blattmann Schweiz AG, the second number refers to the weight percentage of dry substance. Glucose syrup GS44 is used in full lithospheric scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Lab (TecLab) at the University of Bern, Switzerland as a low-viscosity material simulating the asthenospheric mantle lithosphere to provide isostatic equilibration. The materials have been analyzed using a MCR301 Rheometer (Anton Paar) equipped with parallel plates geometry and rotational regime . To prevent the evaporation of the samples during the measurements, an external water-lock device has been used.
    Keywords: EPOS ; European Plate Observing System ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; glucose syrup ; software tools ; force sensor ; temperature measurement ; matlab ; rheometer ; stress exponent ; viscosity ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses from four sediment cores collected on continental slope of Storfjorden (EG-02, EG-03, SV-04) and Kveithola (GeoB17603-3) trough‐mouth fans and two cores collected at the crest of the Bellsund (GS191-01PC) and Isfjorden (GS191-02PC) sediment drifts (NW Barents Sea). The dataset gave the opportunity to reconstruct variation of past geomagnetic field at high latitude for the last 22 kya and define the path of the virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP). Data are presented as two metadata table: one with definitions of the column heads and one with the core details; six tables with the data on the measured rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters and 3 tables with the results of data analyses and elaboration. List of tables is as follows: 1) Metadata: definition of columns heads; 2) Metadata: core details; 3) GS191-01PC: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core GS191-01PC; 4) GS191-02PC: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core GS191-02PC; 5) EG03: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core EG03; 6) EG02: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core EG02; 7) SV04: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core SV04; 8) GeoB17603-3: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core GeoB17603-3; 9) Cores Correlation: GS191-01PC depth (cm) and ARM (A/m) down-core variations for core GS191-01PC (master core); GS191-02PC depth (cm), GS191-02PC depth transferred to GS191-01PC depth (cm), ARM (A/m) down-core for core GS191-02PC and correlation tie points; GeoB17603-3 depth (cm), GeoB17603-3 depth transferred to GS191-01PC depth (cm), ARM (A/m) down-core for core GeoB17603-3 and correlation tie points; EG02 depth (cm), EG02 depth transferred to GS191-01PC depth (cm), ARM (A/m) down-core for core EG02 and correlation tie points; EG03 depth (cm), EG03 depth transferred to GS191-01PC depth (cm), ARM (A/m) down-core and correlation tie points; SV04 depth (cm), SV04 transferred to GS191-01PC (cm), ARM (A/m) down-core for core SV04 and correlation tie points; 10) Age model: age model for Core GS191-01PC; GS191-02PC; EG02; EG03; SV04 and correlation tie points; 11) NBS stack: paleomagnetic inclination, declination and RPI variations for NBS22.2k stack. In order to define high-resolution correlation between the cores the along-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters (Sagnotti et al., 2011; Caricchi et al., 2018; Caricchi et al., 2019) have been integrated with the distribution of characteristic lithofacies (Lucchi et al., 2013), and the available age constraints (Sagnotti et al., 2011; Caricchi et al., 2018, Caricchi et al., 2019; Caricchi et al., 2020). Core to core correlation has been reconstructed by means of the StratFit software (Sagnotti and Caricchi, 2018), which is based on the Excel forecast function and linear regression between subsequent couples of selected tie-points. The data are presented as one Excel sheet with eleven tables and in tab-delimited ASCII format in the zip folder: 2022-028_Caricchi-et-al_data-txt.zip.
    Description: SeriesInformation
    Description: Supplement to Caricchi, C., Campuzano S.A., Sagnotti L., Macrì P., Lucchi R.G. (2022) Reconstruction of the Virtual Geomagnetic Pole (VGP) path at high latitude for the last 22 kyr: the role of radial field flux patches as VGP attractor. EPSL
    Keywords: Geomagnetic paleosecular variation ; Relative paleointensity ; Flux lobes ; Levantine Iron Age Anomaly ; Marine sediment cores ; Arctic region ; Paleomagnetism ; Rock magnetism ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; Core ; Quaternary ; Paleomagnetic data ; Demagnetization type AF ; sedimentary core ; Barents Sea ; Svalbard Arcipelago ; Fram Straits ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 PALEOMAGNETIC DATA ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 PALEOMAGNETISM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2023-08-04
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes raw data used in the paper by Reitano et al. (2022), focused on the effect of imposed boundary conditions (regional slope and rainfall rate) on the morphological evolution of analogue landscapes; the paper also focuses on applicability of stream power laws on analogue models, defining if and how the parametrization used in natural landscapes works in analogue ones. The experiments have been carried out at Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), University “Roma Tre” (Rome). Detailed descriptions of the experimental apparatus and experimental procedures implemented can be found in the paper to which this dataset refers. Here we present: • Pictures recording the evolution of the models. • GIFs showing time-lapses of models. • Raw DEMs of the models, used for extracting data later discusses in the paper. • Raw channels data (.mat files).
    Description: Methods
    Description: We took digital images during the evolution of the experiments. These images are stored in the “2022_029_Reitano-et-al_Pictures_and_GIFs” folder. Digital Images The qualitative evolution of the analogue models has been recorded using a digital top-view camera (Canon EOS 200D). Digital pictures have not been modified with other imaging software. Data from models' surface Laser scan provides a point cloud, composed by x, y, z coordinated of the points composing the model surface (the number of points is function of the laser resolution). The laser scans are converted to raw DEMs, here stored in the “DEMs” folder. Bottom left corner in the DEMs is randomly chosen to be -70 ∙ 103 m. No data values equal to -9999. Cell size is 1 mm. Channels data are collected into “Channels” folder. These data are .png channel longitudinal profiles and StreamOBJ files (.mat, TopoToolbox) containing all channels information. For every model and for every chosen time step (see Supplementary Information of the paper), we selected four rivers. These rivers are plotted together at the same time step. Eroded volumes and Incision rates We create a numeric regular grid on the model surface. The eroded volumes are extracted calculating the cumulative difference in elevation (Δz) of the same cells at consecutive times. The cells dimension is function of the horizontal resolution of the laser scan (here 0.05 mm). Knowing the cell dimensions and the corresponding Δz, is it possible to obtain the total volume of eroded material at every time step. Incision rates are computed finding the value of incision for every point forming the selected channels. These values of incision are then divided for the time step at which they are collected, obtaining the incision rate through time.
    Keywords: Erosional laws ; Analogue modelling ; Tectonic geomorphology ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS 〉 PRECIPITATION INDICATORS 〉 PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 MOUNTAINS ; hydrosphere 〉 hydrologic cycle 〉 hydrographic network
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2021-08-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data set contains stress-strain data of Carrara marble experimentally deformed in triaxial compression at temperatures of 20 – 800°C, confining pressures of 30 – 300 MPa, and strain rates between 10-3 and 10-6 s-1. This range covers conditions, at witch marble deforms in the semi-brittle regime, i.e., strength depends on all parameters, but with different sensitivity. Semi-brittle deformation behavior is expected to be important in the mid continental crust. The experiments were conducted in the Experimental Rock Deformation Laboratory of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The data are separated into 91 individual ASCII files, one for each sample. The corresponding temperature, pressure and strain rate conditions are listed in Tab. 1. of the data description and in the associated work by Rybacki et al. (submitted).
    Description: Methods
    Description: Cylindrical samples were prepared from Carrara marble (Bianco Lorano, Apuane Alps, Italy). Samples denoted CMxx, where xx is sample number, were 20 mm long and 10 mm in diameter; samples Mbxx were 60 mm long and 30 mm in diameter. Both set of samples were dry and deformed in two different deformation apparatuses using Argon gas as confining medium. Raw data were axial force and axial displacement, measured with a load cell and LVDT, respectively. Raw data (axial force and displacement) were converted to stress and strain assuming constant volume deformation. All data are corrected for system compliance and jacket strength.
    Keywords: marble ; semi-brittle deformation ; creep ; twinning-induced plasticity ; EPOS ; European Plate Observing System ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; Patterson Apparatus ; Strength 〉 Triaxial Compressive Strength
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2021-08-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication includes stacked paleomagnetic data, inclinations, declinations, and relative paleointensities, for the time interval 120 to 180 ka, comprising data from twelve sediment cores recovered from the Arkhangelsky Ridge in the Southeastern Black Sea; German RV Meteor expedition M72/5 in 2007: M72/5-22GC6, M72/5-22GC8; German RV Maria S. Merian expedition MSM33 in 2013: MSM33-51-3, MSM33-52-1, MSM33-54-3, MSM33-56-1, MSM33-57-1, MSM33-60-1, MSM33-61-1, MSM33-62-2, MSM33-63-1, MSM33-64-1. The data are also described in Nowaczyk et al. (2021). Sediment cores were recovered using gravitiy and piston corers. For paleo- and mineral-magnetic analyses clear plastic boxes of 20×20×15 mm were pressed into the split halves of the generally 1 m long sections of the sediment cores. Data are provided as six ASCII files (.dat, one for each core) with metadata header, followed by 12 data columns and are decribed in the associated data description file (pdf).
    Keywords: sediment magnetization ; Black Sea ; Palaeomagnetism ; Magnetic properties ; Palaeointensity ; Magnetic fabrics and anisotropy ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; paleomagnetic and magnetic data ; paleomagnetic data ; Core ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD 〉 MAGNETIC DECLINATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD 〉 MAGNETIC INCLINATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD 〉 MAGNETIC INTENSITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 PALEOMAGNETISM ; remanent magnetisation 〉 demagnetisation type AF ; Sedimentary
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2021-08-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication includes standard rock magnetic data related to concentration, coercivity and magneto-mineralogy versus depth from twelve sediment cores recovered from the Arkhangelsky Ridge in the Southeastern Black Sea, German RV Maria S. Merian expedition MSM33 in 2013: MSM33-51-3, MSM33-52-1, MSM33-53-1, MSM33-54-3, MSM33-55-1, MSM33-56-1, MSM33-57-1, MSM33-60-1, MSM33-61-1, MSM33-62-2, MSM33-63-1, MSM33-64-1. The data are related to publications by Liu et al. (2018, 2019, 2020), Liu (2019) and Nowaczyk et al. (2012, 2013, 2018, 2021a, b). Sediment cores were recovered using gravitiy and piston corers. For paleo- and rock magnetic analyses clear plastic boxes of 20×20×15 mm were pressed into the split halves of the generally 1 m long sections of the sediment cores. Data are provided as 12 ASCII files (.dat, one for each core) with metadata header and are decribed in the associated data description file (pdf).
    Keywords: sediment magnetization ; Black Sea ; Palaeomagnetism ; Magnetic properties ; Palaeointensity ; Magnetic fabrics and anisotropy ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; paleomagnetic and magnetic data ; paleomagnetic data ; Core ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD 〉 MAGNETIC DECLINATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD 〉 MAGNETIC INCLINATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD 〉 MAGNETIC INTENSITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 PALEOMAGNETISM ; remanent magnetisation 〉 demagnetisation type AF ; Sedimentary
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2021-08-17
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset is supplemental to the paper Wallis et al. (2020) and contains data derived from syn-chrotron X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), high-angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The da-taset consists primarily of measurements of the effect of annealing on stress heterogeneity meas-ured by X-ray diffraction; maps of lattice orientation measured by EBSD; maps of lattice rotations, densities of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), and heterogeneity in residual stress measured by HR-EBSD; and images of dislocations obtained by STEM. Data are provided as 66 tab delimited text files organised and labelled by the figure in which they first appear within Wallis et al. (2020). Table 1 of the data description file presents an overview of the datasets and Table 2 provides a description of each data file. Data types are also indicated in the file names.
    Keywords: Low-temperature plasticity ; olivine ; synchrotron X-ray diffraction ; electron backscatter diffraction ; EBSD ; high-angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction ; HR-EBSD ; scanning transmission electron microscopy ; STEM ; geometrically necessary dislocation ; GND ; residual stress ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCKS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES 〉 HARDNESS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 MINERALS 〉 MINERAL PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES 〉 COMPOSITION/TEXTURE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 MINERALS 〉 MINERAL PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES 〉 HARDNESS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; Hardness ; Multi Anvil ; olivine ; Strength 〉 Yield Strength ; Triaxial
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2021-11-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for mixtures of quartz sand and sili-cate cenospheres, which are used for analog experiments in the laboratory of the Institute of Geo-physics of the Czech Academy of Science (IG CAS) (Warsitzka et al., 2021). The mixtures have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the tested materials range between 0.55 and 0.75, dynamic friction coefficients µD between 0.47 and 0.60 and reactivation friction coefficients µR be-tween 0.52 and 0.65. Cohesions of the materials vary between 20 and 120 Pa. The materials show a minor rate-weakening of 〈1.2% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; tectonic and structural features
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes the results of digital image correlation of 35 brittle-viscous experiments on gravitational salt tectonics performed at the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Rennes 1 (UR1). The experiments demonstrate the influence of basin geometry on gravity-driven salt tectonics. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Zwaan et al. (2021) to which this data set is supplementary. The data presented here consist of movies and images displaying the cumulative analogue model surface displacement, digital elevation models as well as profiles of the downslope cumulative displacements and surface elevation.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analog models of geologic processes ; salt tectonics ; analog modelling results ; diapir ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; earth surface setting 〉 subaqueus setting 〉 marine setting ; fold-and-thrust belt ; Gravity sliding simulator ; normal fault ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; sedimentary process 〉 deposition ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; slope and gravitational features ; SLR camera ; Structure from Motion (SfM) 〉 Photoscan (Agisoft) ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup ; tectonic setting 〉 passive continental margin setting
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data set includes the digital image correlation of 16 dextral strike-slip experiments performed at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The DIC data sets were used for a machine learning project to build a CNN that can predict off-fault deformation from active fault trace maps. The experimental set up and methods are described with the main text and supplement to Chaipornkaew et al (in prep). To map active fault geometry and calculate the off-fault deformation we use the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to produce incremental horizontal displacement maps. Strain maps of the entire region of interest can be calculated from the displacements maps to determine the fault maps and estimate off-fault strain throughout the Region of Interest (ROI). We subdivide each ROI into five subdomains, windows, for training the CNN. This allows a larger dataset from the experimental results. The data posted here include the incremental displacement time series and animations of strain for the entire ROI.
    Description: Methods
    Description: We document the evolution of dextral strike-slip faults within wet kaolin loaded within a split box. All experiments used a 2.5 cm claybox but we varied 1) the loading rate from 0.25 to 1.5 mm/min, and the localized or distributed basal shear (abutting basalt plates or 2.5 cm wide elastic sheet respectively). All experiments were repeated twice. Red and black sand grains distributed on the surface of the clay provide the pixel variation that allow us to calculate the incremental horizontal displacement fields from the photos of the clay surface using DIC techniques. The distribution of sand and timing of photos are set to optimize both data resolution and displacement uncertainty. allows for 〈0.01 mm uncertainty of horizontal displacement between successive images of our experiment measured at points with spacing of 1 mm. We use the matlab based PIVlab (Thielicke,2019) with a fast Fourier transform three-pass filter to optimize displacement resolution. Through the three passes with linear interpolation, the initial window size of 64 pixels reduces to 16 pixels, which corresponds to incremental displacement data every 0.89 mm. The resulting displacements vary along the edges of the ROI far from faults with mean standard of deviation of 〈0.01 mm. We consider this to be the uncertainty of the incremental displacements.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analog models of geologic processes ; analog modelling results ; software tools ; analog experiments ; fault evolution ; strike-slip ; wet kaolin ; Clay ; deformation 〉 shearing ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; Matlab (Mathworks) ; Shear box ; SLR camera ; Surface image ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 transform plate boundary setting ; wrench fault
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2021-11-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time laps photographs and Particle Image Velocimetry or PIV analsys) of 15 analogue models on rift tectonics, as well as 4D CT imagery (figures and videos) from four of these experiments. The experiments examined the influence of differently oriented mantle and crustal weaknesses on rift system development using a brittle-viscous set-up. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2021).
    Keywords: EPOS ; European Plate Observing System ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN
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  • 48
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    GFZ Data Services
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: RST-Stick-Slipy is a software that analyzes the stick-slip characteristics of granular material tested with the ring shear tester RST.pc01 at the Helmholtz Tectonic Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec). This software uses the time series created by the machine to automatically detect slip events and analyses several statistical properties depending on the type of test. Using the detected slip events the reloading stiffness and other properties such as recurrence times and stress drops are calculated. Further statistical properties such as the timing and stress level of slow and fast events are determined. Another segment of the module automatically analyses Slide-Hold-Slide experiments and determines the healing rate and other rate-and-state properties.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: License: GNU General Public License, Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright © 2021 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany RST-Stick-Slipy is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. RST-Stick-Slipy is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see 〈http://www.gnu.org/licenses/〉.
    Keywords: rate-and-state friction ; granular media ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; software tools ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analysis 〉 data analysis ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set provides two series of experiments from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads that are in use at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The main experimental series contains shear experiments to analyse the slip behaviour of the granular material under analogue experiment conditions. Additionally, a series of slide-hold-slide (SHS) tests was used to determine the rate and state friction properties. A basic characterisation and average friction coefficients of the glass beads are found in Pohlenz et al. (2020). The glass beads show a slip behaviour that is depending on loading rate, normal stress and apparatus stiffness which were varied systematically for this study. The apparatus was modified with springs resulting in 4 different stiffnesses. For each stiffness a set of 4 experiments with different normal stresses (5, 10, 15 and 20 kPa) were performed. During each experiment loading rate was decreased from 0.02 to 0.0008 mm/s resulting in 9 subsets of constant velocity for each experiment. We observe a large variety of slip modes that ranges from pure stick-slip to steady state creep. The main characteristics of these slip modes are the slip velocity and the ratio of slip event duration compared to no slip phases. We find that high loading rates promote stable slip, while low loading rates lead to stick-slip cycles. Lowering the normal stress leads to a larger amount of creep which changes the overall shape of a stick-slip curve and extends the time between slip events. Changing stiffness leads to an overall change in slip behaviour switching from simple stick-slip to more complex patterns of slip modes including oscillations and bimodal slip events with large and small events. The SHS tests were done at maximum stiffness and higher loading rates (〉0.05 mm/s) but at the same normal stress intervals as the main series. Using various techniques, we estimate the rate-and-state constitutive parameters. The peak stress after a certain amount of holding increases with a healing rate of b=0.0057±0.0005. From the increase in peak stress compared to the loading rate in slide-hold-slide tests we compute a direct effect a=-0.0076±0.0005 which leads to (a-b)=-0.0130±0.0006. Using a specific subset of the SHS tests, which have an equal ratio of hold time to reloading rate, we estimate (a-b)=-0.0087±0.0029. Both approaches show that the material is velocity weakening with a reduction in friction of 1.30 to 0.87 % per e-fold increase in loading rate. Additionally, the critical slip distance Dc is estimated to be in the range of 200 µm. With these parameters the theoretical critical stiffness kc is estimated and applied to the slip modes found in the main series. We find that the changes in slip mode are in good agreement with the estimated critical stiffness and thus confirm the findings from the SHS tests.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Rate-and-State Friction ; Slide-Hold-Slide Test ; European Plate Observing System ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; deformation 〉 shearing ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL MECHANICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; geolocical hydrogeological 〉 earthquake ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Python ; Rate-state parameters ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2021-12-17
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photographs and Particle Image Velocimetry or PIV analysis) of 38 analogue models, in five model series (A-E), simulating rift tectonics. In these experiments we examined the influence of differently oriented mantle and crustal weaknesses on rift system development during multiphase rifting (i.e. rifting involving changing divergence directions or -rates) using brittle-viscous set-ups. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). The brittle and viscous layers, representing the upper an lower crust, were 3 cm and 1 cm thick, respectively, whereas a mantle weakness was simulated using the edge of a moving basal plate (a velocity discontinuity or VD). Crustal weaknesses were simulated using “seeds” (ridges of viscous material at the base of the brittle layers that locally weaken these brittle layers). The divergence rate for the Model A reference models was 20 mm/h so that the model duration of 2:30 h yielded a total divergence of 5 cm (so that e = 17%, given an initial model width of ca. 30 cm). Multiphase rifting model series B and C involved both a slow (10 mm/h) and fast (100 mm/h) rifting phase of 2.5 cm divergence each, for a total of 5 cm of divergence over a 2:45 h period. Multiphase rifting models series D and E had the same divergence rates (20 mm/h) as the Series A reference models, but involved both an orthogonal (α = 0˚) and oblique rifting (α = 30˚) phase of 2.5 cm divergence each, for a total of 5 cm of divergence over a 2:30 h period. In our models the divergence obliquity angle α was defined as the angle between the normal to the central model axis and the direction of divergence. The orientation and arrangements of the simulated mantle and crustal weaknesses is defined by angle θ (defined as the direction of the weakness with respect to the model axis. An overview of model parameters is provided in Table 1, and detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2021).
    Keywords: EPOS ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; multi-scale laboratories ; deformation 〉 ductile flow ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; depression ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; fault 〉 oblique slip fault ; Generic camera ; geologic process ; graben ; graben ; normal fault ; rift valley ; rifting ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; X-ray computed tomographic scanner (CT-scan)
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes surface 3D stereoscopic Digital Image Correlation (3D stereo DIC) images and videos of 9 analogue models on crustal scale rifting with a rotational component. Using a brittle-viscous two-layer setup, the experiments focused on near-surface fault growth, rift segment interaction and rift propagation. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). All models consist of a two-layer brittle-viscous set up with a total thickness of 6 cm. Thickness variations in ductile and brittle layers are expressed by the ratio RBD = brittle layer thickness/ductile layer thickness, which ranges from RBD = 1 to RBD = 3. The model set up lies on top of a 5 cm thick foam base with a trapezoidal shape with a height of 900 mm and a pair of bases of 310 mm and 350 mm. The foam block is sliced into segments such that 7 interlayered 0.5 cm thick plexiglass bars prevent foam collapse under the model weight. The foam base is initially compressed between the longitudinal side walls and homogeneously expands during the rotational opening. Applied velocities refer to the divergence of the sidewalls at the outermost point (i.e., furthest away from the rotation axis) and decrease linearly towards the rotation axis. These velocities vary from 10 mm/h over a total run time of 4 h up to 40 mm/h over a total run time of one hour, resulting in identical total extension of ca 13% (given an initial model width of 31 cm) for all models. Detailed descriptions of the experiments as well as monitoring techniques can be found in Schmid et al. (2021).
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; continental rifting ; rotational rifting ; EPOS ; 3D stereo DIC ; software tools ; deformation 〉 rifting ; SLR camera ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; surface elevation ; analogue modelling results ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset is supplemental to the paper Wallis et al. (2021) and contains data on dislocations and their stress fields in olivine from the Oman-UAE ophiolite measured by oxidation decoration, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and high-angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD). The datasets include images of decorated dislocations, measurements of lattice orientation and misorientations, densities of geometrically necessary dislocations, and heterogeneity in residual stress. Data are provided as 6 TIF files, 8 CTF files, and 37 tab-delimited TXT files. Files are organised by the figure in which the data are presented in the main paper. Data types or sample numbers are also indicated in the file names.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 MINERALS 〉 MINERAL PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES 〉 COMPOSITION/TEXTURE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; olivine ; peridotite ; Scanning Electrone Microscope
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2022-01-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes raw data used in the paper by Reitano et al. (2022), focused on the effect of boundary conditions on the evolution of analogue accretionary wedges affected by both tectonics and surface processes; the paper also focuses on the balance between tectonics and surface processes as a function of the boundary conditions applied. These boundary conditions are convergence velocity and basal slope (i.e., the tilting toward the foreland imposed prior the experimental run). The experiments have been carried out at Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), University “Roma Tre” (Rome). Detailed descriptions of the experimental apparatus and experimental procedures implemented can be found in the paper to which this dataset refers. Here we present: •Pictures recording the evolution of the models. •GIFs showing time-lapses of models. •Raw DEMs of the models and Incision DEMs, used for extracting data later discusses in the paper.
    Description: Methods
    Description: We took digital images during the evolution of the experiments. These images are stored in the “2021-041_Reitano-et-al_Pictures_and_GIFs” folder. Digital Images The qualitative evolution of the analogue models has been recorded using a digital oblique-view camera (Canon EOS 200D). Digital pictures have not been modified with other imaging software. Data from models' surface Laser scan provides a point cloud, composed by x, y, z coordinated of the points composing the model surface (the number of points is function of the laser resolution). The laser scans are converted to raw DEMs, here stored in the “DEMs” folder. For making the file easily readable to GIS software, data are expressed in m (100 m = 1 mm, see scaling section in the main paper). Bottom left corner in the DEMs is randomly chosen to be -70 ∙ 103 m. No data values equal to -9999. Cell size is 100 m (1 mm in the models). Incision and Mass Balance The .txt files inside the “2021-041_Reitano-et-al_DEMs” folder named “CR****_dem**clip” has been used for producing Fig. 6, 8, 10, and S3 in Reitano et al. (2021). From these DEMs we calculated the Mass Balance, as described in the paper this repository refers to. The .txt files named “CR****_inc**ok” have been used for calculating the incision values shown in Fig. 5 and 7 in Reitano et al. (2021). To obtain incision maps and incision over time, the volume of material incised was computed by comparing the actual topography with the reconstructed non-eroded surface at every shortening step. The non-eroded surface has been calculated by creating an envelope surface using crest lines between valleys as constraints (the assumption is that crests do not erode). The results are then a minimum estimate of the amount of incision.
    Keywords: Tectonics ; Erosion ; Sedimentation ; Mass Balance ; Analogue models ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 FLOOD PLAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 RIVER ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 STREAM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 VALLEY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 WATERSHED/DRAINAGE BASINS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 SEDIMENTATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 WEATHERING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 MOUNTAINS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 OROGENIC MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC UPLIFT ; hydrosphere 〉 water (geographic) 〉 surface water ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 tectonics
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Here we report the raw data of the friction experiments carried out on basalt-built simulated faults defined by rock-on-rock contacts and powdered gouge. The experiments were specifically designed to investigate the role of fault microstructure on the frictional properties of basalts and the fault slip stability, and were conducted with the rotary-shear apparatus (SHIVA) and the biaxial deformation apparatus (BRAVA), hosted at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) in Rome. Simulated faults were sheared at constant normal stress from 4 to 30 MPa. In SHIVA experiments, we deformed samples at constant slip velocity of 10 μm/s up to 56 mm net slip. In BRAVA tests we performed a sequence of velocity steps (0.1 to 300 μm/s), followed by slide-hold-slide tests (30-3000 s holds; V=10 μm/s slides). Our main results highlight the frictionally strong nature of basalt faults and show opposite friction velocity dependence upon the velocity upsteps: while fault gouges exhibit velocity weakening behavior with increasing normal stress and sliding velocity, bare rock surfaces transition to velocity strengthening behavior as we approach higher slip velocities. The experiments setup and data are further described in the manuscript “Frictional properties of basalt experimental faults and implications for volcano-tectonic settings and geo-energy sites” to which these data are supplementary material.
    Keywords: Fault mechanics ; Friction of basalts ; Rate and State Friction ; Bare rock surfaces ; Simulated fault gouge ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; alkali-olivine_basalt ; Biaxial ; Friction ; Rotary Shear ; Strain gauge
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes particle image correlation data from 26 experiments performed with Foamquake, a novel analog seismotectonic model reproducing the megathrust seismic cycle. The seismotectonic model has been monitored by the means of a high-resolution top-view monitoring camera. The dataset presented here represents the particle image velocimetry surface velocity field extracted during the experimental model through the cross-correlation between consecutive images. This dataset is supplementary to Mastella et al. (2021) where detailed descriptions of models and experimental results can be found.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Foamquake is a scaled seismotectonic model that reproduces the key features of a generic natural megathrust. The experimental setup is composed of a Plexiglass box where a flat-topped elastic foam rubber wedge with a dimension of 145x90x20 cm^3 (the overriding plate analog) overlaying a planar, 10° dipping rigid plate (the subducting plate analog). The model is free to move laterally for 5 cm within the Plexiglass box. Thus, it is not affected by friction acting at the two sides of the foam wedge. Instead, the rear (i.e., the thickest side) of the vertical wedge is confined by a rigid vertical backstop. The interface between the foam and the lower plate mimics the megathrust interface. Along the rigid subducting plate, a plastic conveyor belt moves downward at the constant velocity of 0.01 cm/s reproducing a steady trench-orthogonal subduction. Along the plate interface a 1 cm layer of granular material (i.e., rice) mimics a seismic asperity surrounded by sand reproducing the heterogeneous frictional configuration of the analog fault zone. Due to the physical properties of granular materials placed along the analog megathrust, Foamquake experiences stick-slip behavior. This behavior, can be described in the rate and state framework, results in the quasi-periodic spontaneous nucleation of frictional instabilities within the rice layer, named foamquakes. The rice is characterized by a velocity weakening frictional behavior while the sand is characterized by velocity neutral behavior. As a consequence, analog earthquakes nucleate within the granular seismic asperity, while the sand tends to inhibit the rupture propagation. Given the 3D nature of the setup, models with more than one asperity can be performed with Foamquake. This dataset includes data from 22 models with a single-asperity configuration. Those models differ from each other by a variation of the normal load applied above the asperity and of the along trench asperity length. This repository also includes data derived from 4 models characterized by the presence of two asperities divided by a barrier.
    Keywords: subduction megathrust earthquakes ; asperities ; multi-scale laboratories ; EPOS ; Analog modelling results ; deformation ; geologic process ; tectonic process ; subduction ; Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; analogue models of geological processes ; MatPIV ; Earthquake simulator ; earthquake ; seismic activity ; geological process ; seismic activity ; thrust fault ; subduction zones ; plate margin setting ; Wedge simulator ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust 〉 fault
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes the results of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) of one experiment on subduction megathrust earthquakes (with interacting asperities) performed at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET) Univ. Roma Tre in the framework of AspSync, the Marie Curie project (grant agreement 658034; https://aspsync.wordpress.com). Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Corbi et al. (2017). This data set is from one experiment characterized by the presence of a 7 cm wide barrier separating two asperities with equal size, geometry and friction. Here we provide PIV data relative to a 16.3 min long interval during which the experiment produces 138 analog earthquakes with an average recurrence time of 7 s. The PIV analysis yields quantitative information about the velocity field characterizing two consecutive frames, measured in this case at the model surface. For a detailed description of the experimental procedure, set-up and materials used, please refer to the article of Corbi et al. (2017) paragraph 2. This data set has been used for: a) studying velocity variations (Fig. 2 in Corbi et al., 2021) and rupture patterns (Fig. 3a, b in Corbi et al., 2021) occurring during the velocity peak of one of the two asperities (aka trigger).
    Description: Methods
    Description: The evolution of the analog model was monitored with a digital top-view camera (PIKE-ALLIED with resolution 1600 × 1200 pixels), capturing one frame every 0.133 s. Digital images were then analyzed with MatPIV (Sveen, 2004), which is an open-source software for PIV running under the MATLAB package. This software uses a cross-correlation technique that allows calculating horizontal components (i.e., on the image plane) of surface displacement with about one tenth of a pixel of accuracy. We used the multi-pass protocol with window size of 128 x 128 pixels and 64 x 64 pixels and 50% overlap. Other information e.g., surface displacement can be easily computed from the velocity field knowing the time between frames.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; subduction megathrust earthquakes ; asperities ; multi-scale laboratories ; EPOS ; Analog modelling results ; Software tools ; deformation ; geologic process ; tectonic process ; subduction ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 MatPIV ; Earthquake simulator ; Wedge simulator ; Gelatine ; plate margin setting ; subduction zones ; thrust fault ; Videocamera ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES ; geological process 〉 seismic activity ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geophysics
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2023-02-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction and elasticity data from ring shear and axial tests, respectively, on rock analogue materials used at the University Roma Tre (Rome, IT) in “Foamquake”, a novel seismotectonic analog model mimicking the megathrust seismic cycle (Mastella et al., under review). Two granular materials (quartz sand and Jasmine rice) have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. An elastic material (foam rubber) have been characterized by means of Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio v. According to our analysis the granular materials show Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by linear failure envelopes in the shear stress vs. normal load Mohr space. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the quartz sand are µP = 0.69, µD = 0.56 and µR = 0.64, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 50 and 100 Pa. Rate-dependency of friction in quartz sand seems insignificant. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the Jasmine rice are µP = 0.70, µD = 0.59 and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 30 and 50 Pa. Rate-weakening of Jasmine rice is c. 6% per tenfold change in shear velocity v. The Young’s modulus of the foam rubber has been constrained to 30 kPa, its Poisson’s ratio is v=0.1.
    Keywords: multiscale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue ; EPOS ; Cohesion ; Density ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; Earthquake simulator ; Flour 〉 Rice ; Foam rubber ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; geolocical hydrogeological 〉 earthquake ; megathrust ; Poisson ratio ; Python ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 forearc setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; Time lapse camera ; Triaxal tester ; Uniaxial tester ; Young modulus
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2023-11-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The southern Andes are regarded as a typical subduction orogen formed by oblique plate convergence. Despite decades of studies, there is considerable uncertainty as to how deformation is kinematically partitioned in the upper plate. Using scaled analogue experiments modelling, we test the concept of dextral transpression for this orogen. We advocate that the GPS velocity field portrays interseismic deformation related to deformation of strong crust north, and weak crust south, of 37°S. Contrary to the popular hypotheses that the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, a prominent intra-arc deformation zone, takes up most of the plate boundary-parallel dextral strike-slip, we find that dextral transpression affects the entire model orogen through tectonic segmentation of crust. Moreover, prominent, regularly spaced sinistral oblique-slip thrust faults, interpreted as antithetic Riedel shears, developed spontaneously in all of our experiments and call into question the general believe that their NW-striking natural equivalents formed from pre-Andean discontinuities. Our experiments prompt us to reconsider the apparently well-established geodynamic concept that strain and margin-parallel displacement is localized on a few margin-parallel faults in the southern Andes.
    Keywords: GPS velocity field ; kinematic partitioning ; Strain partitioning ; Southern Andes ; Transpression ; oblique plate convergence ; analogue experiment ; modeling ; Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone ; interseismic deformation ; Multibox ; EPOS ; European Plate Observing System ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analog modelling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEODETICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; fault 〉 oblique slip fault ; fault 〉 strike-slip fault ; geologic process ; Glass/Plexiglas box 〉 Glass/Plexiglas box (meter scale) ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; normal fault ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox 〉 Sandbox (meter scale) ; Shear box ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Squeeze box ; Surface image ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 orogenic process ; tectonic setting 〉 back arc setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 volcanic arc setting ; Time lapse camera
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes the results of digital image correlation of ten brittle-viscous experiments on crustal extension and four benchmark experiments performed at the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (UB). The experiments demonstrate the differences in rift development in orthogonal versus rotation extension. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2019) to which this data set is supplementary. Additional background information concerning the general modelling approach are available in Zwaan et al. (2016).. The data presented here consist of movies displaying digital image correlation (DIC) derived surface and internal displacement fields as well as profiles of the lateral cumulative surface displacements.Digital photographs of the experimental surface and digital image cross section of the computed CT-scans were analyzed with DIC (Adam et al., 2005, 2013) techniques to quantify displacements in the image plane at high precision (〈0.1 mm). DIC was undertaken with the software DaVis 8.0 (LaVision) applying 2D-DIC (FFT-legacy) multipass processing with a final interrogation window size of 32x32 (CT: 12x12) pixels and 50% (CT: 25%) overlap.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; rift valley ; depression ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Extension box ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; X-ray computed tomographic scanner (CT-scan) ; SLR camera ; Surface image
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand (“A”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C. Three sub-datasets represent a systematic increase of the sieving height from 10 cm to 20 cm to 30 cm into a shear cell of type No. 1, following the same protocol. This dataset shows that packing density of quartz sand is dependent on the chosen sieving height. However, the effect of the sieving height on internal friction coefficients μ as well as cohesion C is minor and thus negligible in sandbox experiments. According to our analysis the material shows for a sieving height of 10 cm a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of μP = 0.70, μD = 0.60 and μR = 0.65, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 40 – 80 Pa.
    Keywords: EPOS ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; Cohesion ; Friction coefficient ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz sand ; Deformation 〉 fracturing ; tectonic and structural features ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; Force sensor ; Shear Box ; Analogue Material ; sand ; Density ; Friction 〉 Imposed Stress
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads used in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam as an analogue for “weak” brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Ritter et al., 2016; Santimano et al., 2015; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011; Hoth et al., 2007, 2006; Kenkmann et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2018) or in stick-slip experiments (Rudolf et al., 2019). The glass beads with a diameter of 40-70 µm have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.46, µD = 0.40 and µR = 0.44, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 33 and 42 Pa. A rate-weakening of ~3 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; detachment fault ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Python ; Ring-shear tester ; tectonic and structural features ; thrust fault ; wrench fault
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads used in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam as an analogue for “weak” brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Ritter et al., 2016; Santimano et al., 2015; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011; Hoth et al., 2007, 2006; Kenkmann et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2018) or in stick-slip experiments (Rudolf et al., 2019). The glass beads with a diameter of 300-400 µm have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.58, µD = 0.43 and µR = 0.49, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 8 and 81 Pa. A rate-weakening of ~7 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; detachment fault ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Python ; Ring-shear tester ; tectonic and structural features ; thrust fault ; wrench fault
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides rheometric data of three viscous materials used for centrifuge experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of CNR-IGG at the Earth Sciences Department of the University of Florence (Italy). The first material, PP45, is a mixture of a silicone (Polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS SGM36) and plasticine (Giotto Pongo). The PDMS is produced by Dow Corning and its characteristics are described by e.g. Rudolf et al. 2016a,b). Giotto Pongo is produced by FILA (Italy). Both components are mixed following a weight ratio of 100:45, and the final mixture has a density of 1520 kg m3. The second material, SCA705 is a mixture of Dow Corning 3179 putty, mixed with fine corundum sand and oleic acid with a weight ratio of 100:70:05 and a resulting density of 1660 kg m3. The final material, SCA7020 consists of the same components as SCA705, but with a slightly higher oleic acid content reflected in the weight ratio of 100:70:20. The mixture’s density is 1620 kg m3. The material samples have been analyzed in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a plate-plate configuration at room temperature (20˚C). Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10-4 to 1 s-1 were performed. Additional temperature tests were run with shear rates between 10-2 to 10-1 s-1 for a temperature range between 15 and 30˚C. According to our rheometric analysis, the materials all exhibit shear thinning behavior, with high power law exponents (n-number) for strain rates below 10-2s-1, while power law exponents are lower above that threshold.For PP45, the respective n-numbers are 4.8 and 2.6, for SCA705 6.7 and 1.5, and for SCA7020 9.1 and 2.0. The temperature tests show decreasing viscosities with increasing temperatures with rates of -3.8, -1.4 and -1.9% per ˚K for PP45, SCA705 and SCA7020, respectively. An application of the materials tested can be found in Zwaan et al. (2020).
    Keywords: EPOS ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; European Plate Observing System ; software tools ; Force sensor ; Plasticine ; Python ; Rheometer ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Stress exponent ; Temperature measurement ; Viscosity
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads used in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam as an analogue for “weak” brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Ritter et al., 2016; Santimano et al., 2015; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011; Hoth et al., 2007, 2006; Kenkmann et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2018) or in stick-slip experiments (Rudolf et al., 2019). The glass beads with a diameter of 70-110 µm have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the glass beads are µP = 0.48, µD = 0.39 and µR = 0.44, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 3 and 28 Pa. A rate-weakening of ~4 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; detachment fault ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Python ; Ring-shear tester ; tectonic and structural features ; thrust fault ; wrench fault
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2022-01-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes images and videos depicting the evolution of deformation and topography of 17 analogue experiments c passive margin development, to better understand the ongoing tectonics along the western margin of Afar, East Africa. The tectonic background that forms the basis for the experimental design is found in Zwaan et al. 2019 and 2020a-b, and references therein. The experiments, in an enhanced gravity field in a large-capacity centrifuge, examined the influence of brittle layer thickness, strength contrast, syn-rift sedimentation and oblique extension on a brittle-viscous system with a strong and weak viscous domain. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of of the Istituto di Geoscience e Georisorse - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IGG) and of the Earth Sciences Department of the University of Florence (CNR/UF). The brittle layer (sand) thickness ranged between 6 and 20 mm, the underlying viscous layer, split in a competent and weak domain (both viscous mixtures), was always 10 mm thick. Asymmetric extension was applied by removing a 1.5 mm thick spacer at the side of the model at every time step, allowing the analogue materials to spread when enhanced gravity was applied during a centrifuge run. Differential stretching of the viscous material creates flexure and faulting in the overlying brittle layer. Total extension amounted to 10.5 mm over 7 intervals for Series 1 models that aimed at understanding generic passive margin development in a generic orthogonal extension setting, whereas up to 16.5 mm of extension was applied for the additional Series 2 models aiming at reproducing the tectonic phases in Afar. In models involving sedimentation, sand was filled in at time steps 2, 4 and 6 (i.e. after 3, 6 and 9 mm of extension). Detailed descriptions of the experiments, monitoring techniques and tectonic interpretation of the model results are presented in Zwaan et al. (2020c) to which these data are supplementary.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Analogue modelling results ; multi-scale laboratories ; Rifting ; Passive margin ; antiform ; deformation 〉 ductile flow ; deformation 〉 folding ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; depression ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; flexure/buckle ; geologic process ; graben ; graben ; normal fault ; plateau ; rift valley ; rifting ; sedimentary process 〉 deposition ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate spreading center setting
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2022-05-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes digital image correlation data from thirteen analogue earthquakes generated by means of an analogue seismotectonic scale model approach. The data consists of grids of 3D static coseismic surface displacements. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 8 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the control of geodetic coverage on the slip inversion problem can be found in Kosari et al. (2020) to which this data set is supplementary material. We use an analogue seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2017) to generate a catalogue of analogue megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019). To monitor surface deformation of the wedge analogue model a stereoscopic set of two CCD cameras (LaVision Imager pro X 11MPx, 14 bit) monitors images the wedge surface continuously at 2.5 Hz. To derive observational data similar to those from geodetic techniques, i.e. velocities at the location on the surface, we use digital image correlation (DIC, Adam et al., 2005) to derive the 3D incremental surface displacement (or velocity) at high spatial resolution (〈 0.1 mm). The time series of incremental surface displacement data was calculated using LaVision Davis 8 software. The result is an evenly spaced grid of vectors per time step, oriented parallel with respect to the principal dimensions of the box.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modeling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEODETICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; High frame rate camera ; megathrust ; Rubber ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; Time lapse camera
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Series of experiments to assess the role of pressure, mass of particles, and grain size distribution in the generation of charges and discharges during shock-tube experiments. Experiments have been achieved between 2017 and 2018 in the facilities of Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - LMU München.This dataset contains:- an excel spreadsheet summarizing the 63 experiments in the database with their main characteristics- a pdf file for each experiment, with the waveforms of the main instruments used in the experiment (Pressure sensors and Faraday cage) as well as ellaborated data (total amount of charges and discharges, discharge size distribution.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Description of the raw file for each experiment (in CSV format). After the header, the columns display respectively:(1) the time [s](2) the static pressure within the autoclave [MPa](3) the voltage across the Faraday cage [V] on a low-sensitivity channel of the datalogger(4) the voltage across the Faraday cage [V] on a high-sensitivity channel of the datalogger that might saturate in some cases(5) the voltage across the lower antenna [V] as described in Cimarelli et al., 2014 (for some experiments only, otherwise the signal remains close to 0)(6) the voltage across the upper antenna [V] as described in Cimarelli et al., 2014 (for some experiments only, otherwise the signal remains close to 0)(7) the dynamic pressure at the exit of the nozzle [MPa](8) the trigger signal generated by the datalogger [V]
    Keywords: ash ; electric charge ; electric discharge ; shock tube ; jet ; grain size distribution ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 WEATHER/CLIMATE ADVISORIES 〉 DUST/ASH ADVISORIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 ASH/DUST DISPERSION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 〉 LIGHTNING
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 1 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on different types of quartz sand used in the Laboratorio de modelización analógica of the Universidad de Zaragoza (UZ, Spain) as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Izquierdo-Llavall & Casas-Sainz, 2012; Calvín et al., 2013; Pueyo Anchuela et al., 2016; Peiro et al., 2018; Pueyo et al., 2018; Izquierdo-Llavall et al., submitted). The materials (quartz sand, green coloured quartz sand mixture, black coloured quartz sand) have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam.According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Friction coefficients of the pure quartz sand and the green quartz sand mixture are similar (µP = 0.74 – 0.76, µD = 0.56 – 0.60, µR = 0.61 – 0.64), whereas friction coefficients of the black coloured quartz sand are lower (µP = 0.48, µD = 0.39, µR = 0.45). Cohesions of all sands range between 40 and 150 Pa. A minor rate-weakening of ~1 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.The tested materials are quartz sands with a grain size of 0.063 – 0.4 mm and bulk densities of ρ = 1610-1800 kg m^-3. The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures and shear velocities similar to sandbox experiments.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; wrench fault ; thrust fault ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on an iron powder – quartz sand mixture (weight ratio 1:3). This material is used in particular as marker material in analogue experiments that are monitored with CT-scanners in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University (NL) (Pueyo et al., 2017; 2018). The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam in the framework of the EPOS (European Plate Observing System) Transnational Access (TNA) call of the Thematic Core Service (TCS) Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) in 2017.According to our analysis the material behaves as a Mohr-Coulomb material characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients are µP = 0.65, µD = 0.53, and µR = 0.62, respectively. Cohesions C are in the range of 70 to 100 Pa. A minor rate-weakening of ~3% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; transnational access ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
    Format: application/octet-stream
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Global spherical harmonic paleomagnetic field model LSMOD.2 describes the magnetic field evolution from 50 to 30 ka BP based on published paleomagnetic sediment records and volcanic data. It is an update of LSMOD.1, with the only difference being a correction to the geographic locations of one of the underlying datasets. The time interval includes the Laschamp (~41 ka BP) and Mono Lake (~34 ka BP) excursions. The model is given with Fortran source code to obtain spherical harmonic magnetic field coefficients for individual epochs and to obtain time series of magnetic declination, inclination and field intensity from 49.95 to 30 ka BP for any location on Earth. For details see M. Korte, M. Brown, S. Panovska and I. Wardinski (2019): Robust characteristics of the Laschamp and Mono lake geomagnetic excursions: results from global field models. Submitted to Frontiers in Earth Sciences
    Description: Methods
    Description: File overview:LSMOD.2 -- ASCII file containing the time-dependent model by a list of spline basis knot points and spherical harmonic coefficients for these knot points.LSfield.f -- Fortran source code to obtain time series predictions of declination, inclination and intensity from the model file.LScoefs.f -- Fortran source code to obtain the spherical harmonic coefficients for an individual age from the time-dependent model file.The data are licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY 4.0) and the Fortran Codes under the Apache License, Version 2.0.The Fortran source code should work with any standard Fortran 77 or higher compiler. Each of the two program files can be compiled separately, all required subroutines are included in the files. The model file, LSMOD.1 or LSMOD.2, is read in by the executable program and has to be in the same directory. The programs work with interactive input, which will be requested when running the program.
    Keywords: paleomagnetic field model ; geomagnetic excursion ; spherical harmonic paleomagnetic field model ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; paleomagnetic and magnetic data ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD 〉 MAGNETIC INTENSITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD 〉 MAGNETIC INCLINATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD 〉 MAGNETIC DECLINATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 REFERENCE FIELDS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 PALEOMAGNETISM
    Type: Model
    Format: 1 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for two types of foam glass beads and a mixture of foam glass beads with quartz sand (“G12”; Rosenau et al., 2019). These materials have been used in analogue experiments in Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam and in the Analogue laboratory of the Institute of Geosciences of the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (FSU Jena). The materials have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of all tested materials range between 0.70 and 0.75, dynamic friction coefficients µD between 0.52 and 0.55 and reactivation friction coefficients µR between 0.60 and 0.62. Peak cohesions CP of all materials are negative indicating that they are cohesionless. All materials show a minor rate-weakening of ~1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.Further information about materical characteristics, measurement procedures, sample preparation, the RST (Ring-shear test) and VST (Velocity stepping test) procedure, as well as the analysed method is proviced in the data description file. The list of files explains the file and folder structure of the data set.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; tectonic setting 〉 passive continental margin setting ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 ductile flow ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; normal fault ; graben ; diapir ; fault ; slope and gravitational features ; base slope ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
    Format: application/octet-stream
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2022-09-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication provides data from 42 experiments from 2018 and 2019 in the Fragmentation Lab at the Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (Germany). The experiments were taken out to analyse the influence of the water content and the initial temperature of the pre-experimental sample on the produced electrification in rapid decompression, shock-tube experiments. All samples used in this study are 90-300 μm loose ash samples from the lower Laacher See unit.To carry out this study, we have built up on previous studies by Cimarelli et al. (2014) and Gaudin & Cimarelli (2019b, dataset to be found in Gaudin & Cimarelli, 2019a). A sample of loose ash gets placed in an autoclave. In our study, we have added water in some experiments. Also, a furnace was often used to heat the sample to up to 320 °C. After both water addition and heating, the autoclave gets pressurized using argon gas. Once a target pressure of 9 MPa is reached, the experiment gets triggered by rupturing metal diaphragms, which rapid decompresses the sample and ejects it into a collector tank. This collector tank is made out of steel and electrically insulated from its surrounding, thus working as a Faraday cage (FC), which is able to detect the net charge within at any point during the experiment. We detect discharges on that net charge up to 10 ms after the ejection of the particles.This dataset contains:- an overview .xlsx file (ExperimentOverview) containing key information for the 42 experiments used for analysis in this study- raw .csv files for all experiments- .pdf files showing the key elements of the analysed experiments, incl. data from Faraday cage and pressure sensorsFor more information please refer to the data description and the associated publication (Stern et al., 2019).
    Keywords: ash ; electric charge ; Faraday cage ; water ; temperature ; shock-tube ; jet ; rapid decompression ; EPOS ; rock and melt physical properties ; multi-scale laboratories ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 GEOLOGICAL ADVISORIES 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 WEATHER/CLIMATE ADVISORIES 〉 DUST/ASH ADVISORIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 ASH/DUST DISPERSION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 〉 LIGHTNING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA 〉 LIGHTNING ; phonolilte ; ash_and_lapilli
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 2 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication includes the paleomagnetic and rock magnetic dataset from two Calypso giant piston cores collected at the crest of the Bellsund (GS191-01PC) and Isfjorden (GS191-02PC) sediment drifts during the Eurofleets-2 PREPARED cruise, on board the R/V G.O. Sars (Lucchi et al., 2014). These sediments drift are located on the eastern side of the Fram Strait (western Spitsbergen margin).The dataset gave the opportunity to define the behavior of past geomagnetic field at high latitude and to constrain the palaeoclimatic events that occurred in a time framework spanning Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 to Holocene (Caricchi et al., in press). The data are provided as raw data in .dat format and interpreted data in .xlx and tab-delimited text formats. The raw data files can be opened using a text-editor, MS Excel or equivalent software.The interpreted data are presented as a metadata table with definitions of the column heads and 5 individual tables with the content:- Metadata: definition of columns heads- Rock Magnetic-Paleomag Data 01: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); ARM/k (A/m); MDF (mT); ΔGRM/ΔNRM; NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core GS191-01PC- Rock Magnetic-Paleomag Data 02: down core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic data [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); ARM/k (A/m); MDF (mT); ΔGRM/ΔNRM; NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°) Decl PCA (°)] for Core GS191-02PC- Cores Correlation: Depth of Core GS191-02PC and depth of Core GS191-02PC correlated to Core GS191-01PC, NRM (A/m); ARM(A/m) and RPI down-core variations for core GS191-02PC; Depth of Core GS191-01PC NRM (A/m); ARM(A/m) and RPI down-core variations for core GS191-01PC; tie points values.- Age Model 01: age model for Core GS191-01PC- Age Model 02: age model for Core GS191-01PC
    Description: Methods
    Description: Raw data were measured at the paleomagnetic laboratory of INGV and have been analysed by DAIE software (Sagnotti, 2013). The obtained along-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic trends have been integrated with the distribution of characteristic lithofacies and the 14C ages in order to define high-resolution correlation between the cores. Core to core correlation has been computed by means of StratFit software (Sagnotti and Caricchi, 2018). The correlation process is based on the Excel forecast function and linear regression between subsequent couples of selected tie-points. This process results in the estimate of the equivalent depth of the correlated curve (core GS191-02 PC) into the depth scale of the “master” curve (GS191-01PC). Using the same method and taking into account the constraints provided by the calibrated radiocarbon ages and the litostratigraphic information, PREPARED cores have been compared to RPI and inclination variations expected at the core sites according to global geomagnetic field models (SHA.DIF.14k of Pavón-Carrasco et al., 2014; GGF.110k of Panovska et al., 2018).
    Keywords: Paleomagnetism ; Paleosecular variation ; Fram Strait ; Contourite drifts ; Svalbard Archipelago ; Environmental magnetism ; Sedimentary Cores ; Paleomagnetic data ; Rock magnetism ; EPOS ; European Plate Observing System ; multi-scale laboratories ; paleomagnetic and magnetic data ; paleomagnetic data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS 〉 PALEOMAGNETIC DATA ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS 〉 SEDIMENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS 〉 STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material ; Phanerozoic 〉 Cenozoic 〉 Quaternary ; Phanerozoic 〉 Cenozoic 〉 Quaternary ; Submarine ; Submarine ; Core ; Core ; magnetic suzeptibility 〉 bulk ; remanent magnetisation 〉 demagnetisation type AF
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 1 Files
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains the paleomagnetic supplementary material to the article Kelder et al. (subm.), which presents a magnetostratigraphic correlation of Late Miocene lacustrine sediments based on multi-polarity greigite. The multi-polarity is visible in most thermal paleomagnetic results (Zijderveld diagrams) by antipodal high and medium temperature components, while only one magnetic component was visible in the alternating field demagnetization diagrams. Based on this complex behavior, a tailored demagnetization approach was developed to allow for reliable magnetostratigraphic dating of lacustrine sediments.The dataset includes demagnetization data from four drill cores located nearby Paks, Hungary. They were not oriented, meaning that only the inclination could be used for paleomagnetism. The measurements took place at the Paleomagnetic Laboratory Fort Hoofddijk in Utrecht University, The Netherlands. For details about the methodology the reader is referred to the methodology in Kelder et al. (subm).Three types of data are distinguished:• Thermal demagnetization results (.th files)• Alternating field demagnetization results (.af files).• Interpreted magnetic vectors for demagnetization files (.dir files)The .th, .af. and .dir files can be viewed with Notepad or similar programs, and analyzed via the Open Source platform Paleomagnetism.org (Koymans et al., 2016). The .dir files only exist for the cores PAET-30 and PAET-34, because these were interpreted in detail, while the material of the other cores (PAET-26, 27) were mainly used for rock magnetic purposes.Finally, an overview of the data files, abbreviations and sample codes is provided in the data description file.
    Keywords: magnetostratigraphy ; Lake Pannon ; Hungary ; iron sulfide ; greigite ; endemic ; delta progradation ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; Paleomagnetic and magnetic data ; paleomagnetic data
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains ten movies corresponding to five analog experiments of double subduction systems with opposite polarity in adjacent plate segments. The laboratory model consists of two viscous layers of silicone putty representing the lithospheric plates, on top of a tank of syrup representing the mantle. Different setups have been designed to test the influence of the width of the plates and the initial separation between them on the resulting trench retreat velocities, deformation of plates and mantle flow.The movies show the time evolution of each experiment from the top and an oblique position of the camera (indicated by "_top" and "_ob" suffixes in the file names). Model 1 and 2 consist of two plates of 30 cm width spaced 10 cm and 0.5 cm, respectively. These models are designed to study the influence of the initial separation between plates on the dynamics of the mantle flow and plates interaction. Model 3 consists of two 20 cm wide plates with an initial separation of 0.5 cm. We use this model to show the mantle flow pattern in a double subduction system. Model 4 is composed of two 10 cm wide plates with an initial separation of 0.5 cm. This model is designed to analyze the effects of the plate width on the dynamics of the system. Finally, Model 5 is designed to study the interaction of two near subducting plates with different widths (30 cm and 10 cm wide plates).For details of the model set-up and results obtained please refer to the data description file and Peral et al. (2018).
    Keywords: Subduction analog models ; ananlogue models ; double subduction system ; trench curvature ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 949939 Bytes
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides internal and basal (wall) friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on a quartz sand material that has been used in tectonic experiments in Zwaan et al. (2016, 2017), Zwaan and Scheurs (2017) and in the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (CH) as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. The material has been characterized by means of internal and basal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam for the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (UB).According to our analysis the material behaves as a Mohr-Coulomb material characterized by a linear failure envelope. Internal peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients are μP = 0.73, μD = 0.61, and μR = 0.66, respectively. Internal cohesions C are in the range of 10 to 70 Pa. Basal peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients are μP = 0.41, μD = 0.35, and μR = 0.36, respectively, whereas basal cohesions C are in the range of 120 to 150 Pa. The rate dependency of the internal dynamic friction coefficient is insignificant (〈1%).
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 2237044 Bytes
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains paleomagnetic data used to create the magnetostratigraphy of the Ugljevik section in Bosnia and Herzegovina (thesis by Karin Sant, 2018). It is the only outcrop known with the early, middle and upper Badenian sediments exposed in a continuous section.The dataset includes thermal demagnetization (.th files) and alternating field demagnetization (.af files) data from several partial sections (UG08, UG11 and UG13) together forming the full section (correlation figure is attached). The measurements took place at the Paleomagnetic Laboratory Fort Hoofddijk in Utrecht University, The Netherlands. The displayed AF measurements were performed in the per component setting. For further details about the methodology the reader is referred to the methodology in the thesis of K. Sant (2018).The .th and .af. files can be viewed with Notepad or similar programs, and analyzed via the Open Source platform Paleomagnetism.org: http://paleomagnetism.org/ (Koymans et al., 2016). An overview of the data files, abbreviation and sample codes is provided in the data description file.
    Keywords: Badenian ; Sarmatian ; magnetostratigraphy ; integrated stratigraphy ; Central Paratethys ; Pannonian Basin ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; paleomagnetic and magnetic data ; paleomagnetic data
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 570848 Bytes
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides rheometric data of silicone (Polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS SGM36)-corundum sand mixtures used for analogue modelling in Zwaan et al. (2016, 2017), Zwaan and Schreurs (2017) and in the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the Institute of Geological Sciences at the University of Bern (CH). The PDMS is produced by Dow Corning and its characteristics have been described by e.g. Rudolf et al. (2016a,b). The corundum sand (Normalkorund Braun 95.5% F120 by Carlo Bernasconi AG: https://www.carloag.ch/shop/catalog/product/view/id/643), has a grainsize of 0.088-0.125 mm and a specific density of 3.96 g cm^-3. Further rheological characteristics are described by Panien et al. (2006). The density of the tested materials ranges between 1 (pure PDMS) and 1.6 g cm^-3 (increasing corundum sand content in mixture). The material samples have been analysed in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a plate-plate configuration at room temperature. Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10^-4 to 10^-1 s^-1 were performed.According to our rheometric analysis, the material is quasi Newtonian at strain rates below 10^-3*s^-1 and weakly shear rate thinning above. Viscosity and stress exponent increase systematically with density from ~4*10^4 to ~1*10^5 Pa*s and from 1.06 to 1.10, respectively. A first application of the materials tested can be found in Zwaan et al. (2016). Detailed information about the data, methodology and a list of files and formats is given in the "data description" and "list of files" that are included in the zip folder and also available via the DOI landing page.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 1316271 Bytes
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on feldspar sand and quartz sand, which are used to simulate brittle behaviour in crust- and lithosphere-scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab), Utrecht University (NL) (Willingshofer et al., 2005; Willingshofer & Sokoutis, 2009; Athmer et al., 2010; Luth et al., 2010; Fernández-Lozano et al., 2011; Leever et al., 2011; Sokoutis & Willingshofer, 2011; Fernández-Lozano et al., 2012; Luth et al., 2013; Munteanu et al., 2013; Willingshofer et al., 2013; Munteanu et al., 2014; Calignano et al., 2015a, b; Ortner et al., 2015; Gabrielsen et al., 2016; Calignano et al., 2017; van Gelder et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Beniest et al., 2018 ). The materials have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam.According to our analysis both materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the feldspar sand are µP = 0.68, µD = 0.55, and µR = 0.61, respectively. Friction coefficients of the quartz sand are µP = 0.63, µD = 0.48, and µR = 0.52, respectively. Cohesions of the feldspar sand and the quartz sand are in the order of few tens of Pa. A minor rate-weakening of 1% per ten-fold rate change is evident for the feldspar sand, whereas the quartz sand shows a significant rate weakening of ~5%.Further information about materical characteristics, measurement procedures, sample preparation, the RST (Ring-shear test) and VST (Velocity stepping test) procedure, as well as the analysed method is proviced in the data description file. The list of files explains the file and folder structure of the data set.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on natural and artificial granular materials used for analogue modelling in the experimental laboratory of the Chengdu University of Technology (CDUT, China). Six samples, four types of quartz sands and two types of glass beads, have been characterized by means of friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. The material samples have been analysed at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam in the framework of the EPOS (European Plate Observing System) Transnational Access (TNA) call of the Thematic Core Service (TCS) Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) in 2017 as a remote service for the CDUT.According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the quartz sand samples range between 0.62 and 0.79 and µP of the glass beads between 0.61 and 0.64. Except for one quartz sand sample, peak cohesions CP of all materials are smaller than or around zero meaning that these materials are cohesionsless. All materials show a minor rate-weakening of 1-2 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; transnational access ; TNA ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Microspheres ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 2134326 Bytes
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand (“G12”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam for simulating brittle rocks in the upper crust. The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of µP = 0.69, µD = 0.55 and µR = 0.62, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 50 – 110 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of 〈1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity.Further information about materical characteristics, measurement procedures, sample preparation, the RST (Ring-shear test) and VST (Velocity stepping test) procedure, as well as the analysed method is proviced in the data description file. The list of files explains the file and folder structure of the data set.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Matlab (Mathworks) ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand (type “G23”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam for simulating brittle rocks in the upper crust (e,g. Kenkmann et al., 2007; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011;Warsitzka et al., 2013; Santimano,et al., 2015; Warsitzka et al., 2015; Ritter et al., 2016; 2018 a,b). The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of µP = 0.73, µD = 0.57 and µR = 0.65, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 10 – 120 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of 〈1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.Further information about materical characteristics, measurement procedures, sample preparation, the RST (Ring-shear test) and VST (Velocity stepping test) procedure, as well as the analysed method is proviced in the data description file. The list of files explains the file and folder structure of the data set.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Matlab (Mathworks) ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2022-08-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear test (RST) on a plastic (polyester) sand material that has been used in flume experiments (Marra et al., 2014; Kleinhans et al., 2017) and is now used in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University (NL) as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. Detailed information about the data, methodology and a list of files and formats is given in the data description and list of files that are included in the zip folder and also available via the DOI landing page.The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficient and cohesion as a remote service by GFZ Potsdam for TecLab (Utrecht University). According to our analysis the material behaves as a Mohr-Coulomb material characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of 0.76, 0.60, and 0.66, respectively. Cohesions are in the order of few tens of Pa. A minor rate-weakening of 3% per ten-fold rate change is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We present videos and figures from 22 scaled analogue models used to investigate the interactions between a density anomaly rising in the mantle and the lithosphere in a Newtonian system.The experimental setup consists of a two layers viscous lithosphere-upper mantle system obtained by using silicone putty-glucose syrup in a tank sized 40 cm × 40 cm× 50 cm. Glucose syrup (i.e., mantle) is a Newtonian, low viscosity, high-density fluid while silicone putty (i.e., lithosphere) is a visco-elastic material that behaves in a quasi-Newtonian fashion. The mantle upwelling (i.e., plume head) is produced by a high viscosity, low-density silicone sphere with a constant radius (15 mm) rising through the mantle at an average rise velocity of ~2.6 mm/s. A side-view camera images the ascending path of the sphere, allowing to track the sphere location and compute its velocity. A top-view, 3-D scanner records the evolution of topography from which the lithospheric uplift rate is inferred. All details about the model set-up, modeling results and interpretation are detailed in Sembroni et al. (2017).The additional material presented in this publication includes 2 tables, 5 figures, and 23 time-lapse movie. The rheological properties of materials used in each model are listed in Table 1.Table 2 is an excel file where the raw data of the models are specified (i.e., bulge width, topography, and uplift rate). Such data have been obtained by the 3-D scanner and then processed by a MATLAB code.Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 represent the 2-D topography evolution of the bulge in each experiment. Images have been grouped by considering the different experimental setups (i.e., homogeneous continental lithosphere - Figure 1, homogeneous oceanic lithosphere - Figure 2, low viscous decoupling layer - Figure 3, intermediate viscous decoupling layer - Figure 4, high viscous decoupling layer - Figure 5). Such figures consist of topographic profiles extracted from the surface obtained by the 3-D scanner in four different time steps (red numbers in the figures). 22 side-view videos (from Movie 1 to Movie 22) show the progress of the models from the releasing to the impingement of the sphere beneath the plate. The velocity of the video has been accelerated by a factor of 7.While, the first 22 movies show the evolution of the experiments, Movie 23 shows the mantle convective flow associated to the ascending path of the mantle upwelling. Such flow has been detected by tracking the bubbles inside the syrup. In this model, no lithosphere has been placed on top of the syrup.
    Keywords: Mantle Plume ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We investigated the frictional properties of simulated fault gouges derived from the main lithologies present in the seismogenic Groningen gas field (NE Netherlands), employing in-situ P-T conditions and varying pore fluid salinity. Direct shear experiments were performed on gouges prepared from the Carboniferous Shale/Siltstone underburden, the Upper Rotliegend Slochteren Sandstone reservoir, the overlying Ten Boer Claystone, and the Basal Zechstein anhydrite-carbonate caprock, at 100 ºC, 40 MPa effective normal stress, and sliding velocities of 0.1-10 µm/s. As pore fluids, we used pure water, 0.5-6.2 M NaCl solutions, and a 6.9 M mixed chloride brine mimicking the formation water. Our results show a mechanical stratigraphy, with a maximum friction coefficient (µ) of ~0.65 for the Basal Zechstein, a minimum of ~0.37 for the Ten Boer claystone, ~0.6 for the reservoir sandstone, ~0.5 for the Carboniferous, and µ-values between the end-members for mixed gouges. Pore fluid salinity had no effect on frictional strength. Most gouges showed velocity-strengthening behavior, with little effect of pore fluid salinity on (a-b). However, Basal Zechstein gouge showed velocity-weakening at low salinities and/or sliding velocities, as did 50:50 mixtures with sandstone gouges, tested with the 6.9 M reservoir brine. From a Rate-and-State-Friction viewpoint, our results imply that faults incorporating Basal Zechstein anhydrite-carbonate material at the top of the reservoir are the most prone to accelerating slip, i.e. have the highest seismogenic potential. The results are equally relevant to other Dutch Rotliegend fields and to similar sequences globally. The data is provided in a .zip folder with 29 subfolders for 29 experiments/samples. Detailed information about the files in these subfolders as well as information on how the data is processed is given in the explanatory file Hunfeld-et-al-2017-Data-Description.pdf
    Keywords: Frictional properties ; Simulated fault gouge ; Groningen gas field ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication includes particle size distribution data of natural volcanic ash samples used as starting material for laboratory experiments simulating the aggregation/disaggregation of colliding volcanic ash particles. Full details of the experimental method can be found in Del Bello et. al. (2015) and in the data description file provided here.Here we report raw particle size distribution data obtained through separation analysis. Two types of volcanic ash were analysed: i) andesitic ash from the Sakurajima volcano (Japan), collected from July 2013 deposits (named Sak sample); ii) phonolitic ash collected from the basal fallout layer of the ~10 ka old Pomici Principali eruptive unit [Di Vito et al., 1999]) of the Campi Flegrei (named Ppa). For both compositions, 3 different starting materials were obtained by hand sieving the natural samples into three main particle size classes: (i) 〈32 μm, (ii) 32–63 μm, and (iii) 63–90 μm. For the phonolitic composition Ppa two additional starting materials were obtained by mixing the 〈32 μm and the 32–63 μm classes in known proportions. For each starting material, the grain size distribution of the sample was measured by a multiwavelength separation analyzer (LUMIReader®, https://www.lum-gmbh.com/lumireader_en.html). This device measures space and time resolved profiles of the transmitted light across the water-diluted sample (5% solid content) during sedimentation of particles. The cumulative volume-weighted particle size distribution is obtained from the extinction profiles using the multi-wavelength Particle size Analyser modulus (PSA). Details on the sample preparation procedure can be found in Detloff et al. (2006). For each measurement performed (see Table 1), a pdf file and a excel file are provided. The pdf file lists the analysis summary, including a description of the analysis settings and conditions, materials used, and distribution model adopted for the fit. It also provides graphs of the obtained volume weighted cumulative grain size distribution, and of the measured transmission profiles for each wavelength (870 nm, 630 nm and 470 nm, respectively). The Excel (*.xlsx format) file include 4 datasheets, listing the results (sheet name ending *_R) and the fit data (sheet names ending *_F01,*_F02, *_F03) obtained for the different instrument wavelength. In each datasheet the following data are listed in the columns: particle grain size (x3 in µm), volume weighted distribution (Q3(x) in %), Martin diameter (x3m in µm), volume weighted density distribution (q3(x) in 1/µm). The fit datasheets also include information on the fit such as distribution model used and distribution parameters (quantiles, median, standard deviation, span, etc..).A full list of the files included is given in List_of_files_DelBello et al 2017.pdf.
    Description: TableOfContents
    Description: Measurement name Sample typeSize class (µm)* Ppamag32_01Phonolite (Ppa)32-63 Ppamag32_03Phonolite (Ppa)32-63 Ppamag32_61Phonolite (Ppa)32-63Ppamag64_01Phonolite (Ppa)63-90Ppamin32_00Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 Ppamin32_02Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 Ppamin32_35Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 Ppamix32_02Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 + 32-63 (1:1) Ppamix32_03Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 + 32-63 (1:10)Ppamix32_04Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 + 32-63 (1:5) Ppamix32_05Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 + 32-63 (1:2) Ppamix32_06Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 + 32-63 (1:1) Ppamix32_70Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 + 32-63 (1:10) Ppamix32_71Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 + 32-63 (1:5) Ppamix32_72Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 + 32-63 (1:2) Ppamix32_73Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 + 32-63 (1:1) Ppamix63_02Phonolite (Ppa)〈32 + 63-90 (1:1) Ppatotal_01Phonolite (Ppa)total Sakmag32_02Andesite (Sak)32-63 Sakmag63_01Andesite (Sak)32-63 Sakmag90_01Andesite (Sak)63-90 Sakmin32_01Andesite (Sak)〈32 Sakmin32_02Andesite (Sak)〈32 Saktotal_01Andesite (Sak)totalTable 1. List of particle size characterization measurements included in this dataset. *When mixed sample are used, the respective weight proportion of the component classes used are reported in brackets.
    Keywords: multi-wavelength separation analyser ; grain size distribution ; phonolite ; andesite ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 19273360 Bytes
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Here we report the raw data of the physical properties of carbonate samples collected along the Monte Maggio normal Fault (MMF), a regional structure (length ~10 km and displacement ~500 m) located within the active system of the Apennines (Italy). In particular, we report results coming from large cores (100 mm in diameter and up to 20 cm long) drilled perpendicular to the fault plane made of Calcare Massiccio (massive limestone) and Bugarone fm (limestone with 8.3 % of clay). From these large cores, we obtained smaller cores, 38 mm in diameter both parallel and perpendicular to the fault plane, that have been used for experiments. We have divided the rock samples in four categories following the fault architecture. The four structural domains of the fault are:1) the hangingwall (HW) made of Bugarone fm that is still preserved in some portions of the fault, 2) a Cemented Cataclasite (CC) and 3) a Fault Breccia (FB) that characterize the cataclastic damage zones and 4) the correspondent undeformed protolith of the footwall block made of Calcare Massiccio. Raw data reported here are those used for drawing Figures 5, 6, 8 and 9 of the paper “Physical and transport property variations within carbonate- bearing fault zones: Insights from the Monte Maggio Fault (central Italy)”, http://doi.org/10.1002/ 2017GC007097 by Trippetta et al. Dataset_Fig05.txt reports P- and S-wave velocities (in km/s) of the described samples at pressure from 0.1 MPa (ambient pressure) up to 100 MPa at ambient temperature in dry conditions and the corresponding Vp/Vs ratio. Experiments have been performed by using the permeameter at the HP-HT Laboratory of experimental Volcanology and Geophysics at INGV (Rome).Dataset_Fig06.txt reports permeability data (in m^2) on the same type of samples of fig05 for the same range of confining pressure at ambient temperature. Pore pressure values athletes each confining pressure step are indicated in the file. Data have been again acquired with the permeameter.Dataset_Fig08.txt reports P-wave velocity data (in km/s) vs depth (in m), recorded on the portion that crossed the Calare Massiccio fm of three boreholes drilled in the Apennines: Varoni 1, Monte Civitello 1 and Daniel1. Data have been obtained by digitalizing each pdf file of the boreholes mentioned above, that are available at http://unmig.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/videpi/videpi.asp. Once digitalized, respect to the original pdf file, velocity data have been simply converted from um/f to km/s.Dataset_Fig09.txt reports values of the maximum, minimum and average values of Critical fault nucleation length (in m) at each corresponding depth (in m) and applied confining pressure (in MPa). Critical nucleation lengths have been calculated by using the equations described in the text of the Trippetta et al paper and by using the elastic parameters calculated from data reported here. Data on earthquakes-depth distribution of the 2009 L'Aquila sequence can be found on Chiaraluce et al. (2011).
    Keywords: Sesmic Waves ; Carbonates ; Permeability ; Physical properties ; Elastic properties ; Borehole sonic logs ; Vp ; Vs ; Vp/Vs Ratio ; Critical Rupture Length ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 19556 Bytes
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2023-04-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data is documented by the Scientific Technical Report Data 15/02 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-15021). Both, the data and the report, are supplements to the publication Blöcher et al. (2015), accessible via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.07.008. From 2011-06-01 until 2013-12-31, the measurement and control system at the Groß Schönebeck research platform acquired data from several circulation experiments. Different data values were recorded at a sampling interval of 1 s. Relevant data for understanding and analyzing the hydraulic situation of the system were resampled to a 1 minute interval. From the resampled dataset, additional parameters were derived. Furthermore, if parameters were considered to be essential, but the measurement of these parameters was erroneous, some data were reprocessed. All relevant data and processing steps performed on the data are described within this report. Data described within this report can be accessed via http://dx.doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.b103-15021.1. The presented data was acquired during different research projects by the staff of the International Centre for Geothermal Research as well as Section 4.1 Reservoirtechnologies at the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences.
    Keywords: hydraulic testing ; thermal water loop ; EPOS ; geo-energy test beds
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 181396214 Bytes
    Format: 4 Files
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