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  • Models, Molecular  (762)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (762)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2016-02-24
    Description: Eukaryotic cells restrict protein synthesis under various stress conditions, by inhibiting the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). eIF2B is the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for eIF2, a heterotrimeric G protein consisting of alpha-, beta- and gamma-subunits. eIF2B exchanges GDP for GTP on the gamma-subunit of eIF2 (eIF2gamma), and is inhibited by stress-induced phosphorylation of eIF2alpha. eIF2B is a heterodecameric complex of two copies each of the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta- and epsilon-subunits; its alpha-, beta- and delta-subunits constitute the regulatory subcomplex, while the gamma- and epsilon-subunits form the catalytic subcomplex. The three-dimensional structure of the entire eIF2B complex has not been determined. Here we present the crystal structure of Schizosaccharomyces pombe eIF2B with an unprecedented subunit arrangement, in which the alpha2beta2delta2 hexameric regulatory subcomplex binds two gammaepsilon dimeric catalytic subcomplexes on its opposite sides. A structure-based in vitro analysis by a surface-scanning site-directed photo-cross-linking method identified the eIF2alpha-binding and eIF2gamma-binding interfaces, located far apart on the regulatory and catalytic subcomplexes, respectively. The eIF2gamma-binding interface is located close to the conserved 'NF motif', which is important for nucleotide exchange. A structural model was constructed for the complex of eIF2B with phosphorylated eIF2alpha, which binds to eIF2B more strongly than the unphosphorylated form. These results indicate that the eIF2alpha phosphorylation generates the 'nonproductive' eIF2-eIF2B complex, which prevents nucleotide exchange on eIF2gamma, and thus provide a structural framework for the eIF2B-mediated mechanism of stress-induced translational control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kashiwagi, Kazuhiro -- Takahashi, Mari -- Nishimoto, Madoka -- Hiyama, Takuya B -- Higo, Toshiaki -- Umehara, Takashi -- Sakamoto, Kensaku -- Ito, Takuhiro -- Yokoyama, Shigeyuki -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):122-5. doi: 10.1038/nature16991. Epub 2016 Feb 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. ; RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. ; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. ; RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26901872" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Binding Sites ; Biocatalysis ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B/*chemistry/metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/*chemistry
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Catalysis in biology is restricted to RNA (ribozymes) and protein enzymes, but synthetic biomolecular catalysts can also be made of DNA (deoxyribozymes) or synthetic genetic polymers. In vitro selection from synthetic random DNA libraries identified DNA catalysts for various chemical reactions beyond RNA backbone cleavage. DNA-catalysed reactions include RNA and DNA ligation in various topologies, hydrolytic cleavage and photorepair of DNA, as well as reactions of peptides and small molecules. In spite of comprehensive biochemical studies of DNA catalysts for two decades, fundamental mechanistic understanding of their function is lacking in the absence of three-dimensional models at atomic resolution. Early attempts to solve the crystal structure of an RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme resulted in a catalytically irrelevant nucleic acid fold. Here we report the crystal structure of the RNA-ligating deoxyribozyme 9DB1 (ref. 14) at 2.8 A resolution. The structure captures the ligation reaction in the post-catalytic state, revealing a compact folding unit stabilized by numerous tertiary interactions, and an unanticipated organization of the catalytic centre. Structure-guided mutagenesis provided insights into the basis for regioselectivity of the ligation reaction and allowed remarkable manipulation of substrate recognition and reaction rate. Moreover, the structure highlights how the specific properties of deoxyribose are reflected in the backbone conformation of the DNA catalyst, in support of its intricate three-dimensional organization. The structural principles underlying the catalytic ability of DNA elucidate differences and similarities in DNA versus RNA catalysts, which is relevant for comprehending the privileged position of folded RNA in the prebiotic world and in current organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ponce-Salvatierra, Almudena -- Wawrzyniak-Turek, Katarzyna -- Steuerwald, Ulrich -- Hobartner, Claudia -- Pena, Vladimir -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):231-4. doi: 10.1038/nature16471. Epub 2016 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Research Group Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Research Group Macromolecular Crystallography, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Catalytic/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/metabolism ; Deoxyribose/chemistry/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Polynucleotide Ligases/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA Folding ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: RNA polymerase (Pol) II produces messenger RNA during transcription of protein-coding genes in all eukaryotic cells. The Pol II structure is known at high resolution from X-ray crystallography for two yeast species. Structural studies of mammalian Pol II, however, remain limited to low-resolution electron microscopy analysis of human Pol II and its complexes with various proteins. Here we report the 3.4 A resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of mammalian Pol II in the form of a transcribing complex comprising DNA template and RNA transcript. We use bovine Pol II, which is identical to the human enzyme except for seven amino-acid residues. The obtained atomic model closely resembles its yeast counterpart, but also reveals unknown features. Binding of nucleic acids to the polymerase involves 'induced fit' of the mobile Pol II clamp and active centre region. DNA downstream of the transcription bubble contacts a conserved 'TPSA motif' in the jaw domain of the Pol II subunit RPB5, an interaction that is apparently already established during transcription initiation. Upstream DNA emanates from the active centre cleft at an angle of approximately 105 degrees with respect to downstream DNA. This position of upstream DNA allows for binding of the general transcription elongation factor DSIF (SPT4-SPT5) that we localize over the active centre cleft in a conserved position on the clamp domain of Pol II. Our results define the structure of mammalian Pol II in its functional state, indicate that previous crystallographic analysis of yeast Pol II is relevant for understanding gene transcription in all eukaryotes, and provide a starting point for a mechanistic analysis of human transcription.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bernecky, Carrie -- Herzog, Franz -- Baumeister, Wolfgang -- Plitzko, Jurgen M -- Cramer, Patrick -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):551-4. doi: 10.1038/nature16482. Epub 2016 Jan 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Catalytic Domain ; Cattle ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; DNA/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acids/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics/ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology ; Templates, Genetic ; *Transcription Elongation, Genetic
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-02-24
    Description: All Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts have outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that perform many fundamental biological processes. The OMPs in Gram-negative bacteria are inserted and folded into the outer membrane by the beta-barrel assembly machinery (BAM). The mechanism involved is poorly understood, owing to the absence of a structure of the entire BAM complex. Here we report two crystal structures of the Escherichia coli BAM complex in two distinct states: an inward-open state and a lateral-open state. Our structures reveal that the five polypeptide transport-associated domains of BamA form a ring architecture with four associated lipoproteins, BamB-BamE, in the periplasm. Our structural, functional studies and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that these subunits rotate with respect to the integral membrane beta-barrel of BamA to induce movement of the beta-strands of the barrel and promote insertion of the nascent OMP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Yinghong -- Li, Huanyu -- Dong, Haohao -- Zeng, Yi -- Zhang, Zhengyu -- Paterson, Neil G -- Stansfeld, Phillip J -- Wang, Zhongshan -- Zhang, Yizheng -- Wang, Wenjian -- Dong, Changjiang -- G1100110/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- WT106121MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):64-9. doi: 10.1038/nature17199. Epub 2016 Feb 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. ; Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. ; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China. ; Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China. ; Laboratory of Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26901871" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/*chemistry ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Lipoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Movement ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Periplasm/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Rotation
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: HKU1 is a human betacoronavirus that causes mild yet prevalent respiratory disease, and is related to the zoonotic SARS and MERS betacoronaviruses, which have high fatality rates and pandemic potential. Cell tropism and host range is determined in part by the coronavirus spike (S) protein, which binds cellular receptors and mediates membrane fusion. As the largest known class I fusion protein, its size and extensive glycosylation have hindered structural studies of the full ectodomain, thus preventing a molecular understanding of its function and limiting development of effective interventions. Here we present the 4.0 A resolution structure of the trimeric HKU1 S protein determined using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. In the pre-fusion conformation, the receptor-binding subunits, S1, rest above the fusion-mediating subunits, S2, preventing their conformational rearrangement. Surprisingly, the S1 C-terminal domains are interdigitated and form extensive quaternary interactions that occlude surfaces known in other coronaviruses to bind protein receptors. These features, along with the location of the two protease sites known to be important for coronavirus entry, provide a structural basis to support a model of membrane fusion mediated by progressive S protein destabilization through receptor binding and proteolytic cleavage. These studies should also serve as a foundation for the structure-based design of betacoronavirus vaccine immunogens.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4860016/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4860016/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kirchdoerfer, Robert N -- Cottrell, Christopher A -- Wang, Nianshuang -- Pallesen, Jesper -- Yassine, Hadi M -- Turner, Hannah L -- Corbett, Kizzmekia S -- Graham, Barney S -- McLellan, Jason S -- Ward, Andrew B -- R56 AI118016/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):118-21. doi: 10.1038/nature17200.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. ; Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 40, Room 2502, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26935699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Coronavirus/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Humans ; Membrane Fusion ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Proteolysis ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Viral Vaccines/chemistry/immunology ; Virus Internalization
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-03-10
    Description: Many biopolymers, including polysaccharides, must be translocated across at least one membrane to reach their site of biological function. Cellulose is a linear glucose polymer synthesized and secreted by a membrane-integrated cellulose synthase. Here, in crystallo enzymology with the catalytically active bacterial cellulose synthase BcsA-BcsB complex reveals structural snapshots of a complete cellulose biosynthesis cycle, from substrate binding to polymer translocation. Substrate- and product-bound structures of BcsA provide the basis for substrate recognition and demonstrate the stepwise elongation of cellulose. Furthermore, the structural snapshots show that BcsA translocates cellulose via a ratcheting mechanism involving a 'finger helix' that contacts the polymer's terminal glucose. Cooperating with BcsA's gating loop, the finger helix moves 'up' and 'down' in response to substrate binding and polymer elongation, respectively, thereby pushing the elongated polymer into BcsA's transmembrane channel. This mechanism is validated experimentally by tethering BcsA's finger helix, which inhibits polymer translocation but not elongation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843519/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843519/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morgan, Jacob L W -- McNamara, Joshua T -- Fischer, Michael -- Rich, Jamie -- Chen, Hong-Ming -- Withers, Stephen G -- Zimmer, Jochen -- 1R01GM101001/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103403/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM101001/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR029205/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):329-34. doi: 10.1038/nature16966. Epub 2016 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Virginia School of Medicine, Center for Membrane Biology, Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, 480 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26958837" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cellulose/*biosynthesis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glucosyltransferases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Intracellular Membranes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Movement ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteolipids/chemistry/metabolism ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/enzymology ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-01-15
    Description: Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are very large proteins that produce small peptide molecules with wide-ranging biological activities, including environmentally friendly chemicals and many widely used therapeutics. NRPSs are macromolecular machines, with modular assembly-line logic, a complex catalytic cycle, moving parts and many active sites. In addition to the core domains required to link the substrates, they often include specialized tailoring domains, which introduce chemical modifications and allow the product to access a large expanse of chemical space. It is still unknown how the NRPS tailoring domains are structurally accommodated into megaenzymes or how they have adapted to function in nonribosomal peptide synthesis. Here we present a series of crystal structures of the initiation module of an antibiotic-producing NRPS, linear gramicidin synthetase. This module includes the specialized tailoring formylation domain, and states are captured that represent every major step of the assembly-line synthesis in the initiation module. The transitions between conformations are large in scale, with both the peptidyl carrier protein domain and the adenylation subdomain undergoing huge movements to transport substrate between distal active sites. The structures highlight the great versatility of NRPSs, as small domains repurpose and recycle their limited interfaces to interact with their various binding partners. Understanding tailoring domains is important if NRPSs are to be utilized in the production of novel therapeutics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reimer, Janice M -- Aloise, Martin N -- Harrison, Paul M -- Schmeing, T Martin -- 106615/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):239-42. doi: 10.1038/nature16503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada. ; Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762462" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Isomerases/chemistry/metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/biosynthesis ; Binding Sites ; *Biocatalysis ; Brevibacillus/*enzymology ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Coenzymes/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Gramicidin/*biosynthesis ; Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Multienzyme Complexes/chemistry/metabolism ; Pantetheine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Peptide Synthases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: The tremendous pandemic potential of coronaviruses was demonstrated twice in the past few decades by two global outbreaks of deadly pneumonia. Entry of coronaviruses into cells is mediated by the transmembrane spike glycoprotein S, which forms a trimer carrying receptor-binding and membrane fusion functions. S also contains the principal antigenic determinants and is the target of neutralizing antibodies. Here we present the structure of a mouse coronavirus S trimer ectodomain determined at 4.0 A resolution by single particle cryo-electron microscopy. It reveals the metastable pre-fusion architecture of S and highlights key interactions stabilizing it. The structure shares a common core with paramyxovirus F proteins, implicating mechanistic similarities and an evolutionary connection between these viral fusion proteins. The accessibility of the highly conserved fusion peptide at the periphery of the trimer indicates potential vaccinology strategies to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against coronaviruses. Finally, comparison with crystal structures of human coronavirus S domains allows rationalization of the molecular basis for species specificity based on the use of spatially contiguous but distinct domains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walls, Alexandra C -- Tortorici, M Alejandra -- Bosch, Berend-Jan -- Frenz, Brandon -- Rottier, Peter J M -- DiMaio, Frank -- Rey, Felix A -- Veesler, David -- GM103310/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM008268/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):114-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16988. Epub 2016 Feb 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Institut Pasteur, Unite de Virologie Structurale, 75015 Paris, France. ; CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75015 Paris, France. ; Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26855426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Cell Line ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology/virology ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Murine hepatitis virus/*chemistry/immunology/*ultrastructure ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*chemistry/immunology/*ultrastructure ; Viral Vaccines/chemistry/immunology ; Virus Internalization
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: Ubiquitination is a central process affecting all facets of cellular signalling and function. A critical step in ubiquitination is the transfer of ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to a substrate or a growing ubiquitin chain, which is mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases. RING-type E3 ligases typically facilitate the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2 directly to the substrate. The RING-between-RING (RBR) family of RING-type E3 ligases, however, breaks this paradigm by forming a covalent intermediate with ubiquitin similarly to HECT-type E3 ligases. The RBR family includes Parkin and HOIP, the central catalytic factor of the LUBAC (linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex). While structural insights into the RBR E3 ligases Parkin and HHARI in their overall auto-inhibited forms are available, no structures exist of intact fully active RBR E3 ligases or any of their complexes. Thus, the RBR mechanism of action has remained largely unknown. Here we present the first structure, to our knowledge, of the fully active human HOIP RBR in its transfer complex with an E2~ubiquitin conjugate, which elucidates the intricate nature of RBR E3 ligases. The active HOIP RBR adopts a conformation markedly different from that of auto-inhibited RBRs. HOIP RBR binds the E2~ubiquitin conjugate in an elongated fashion, with the E2 and E3 catalytic centres ideally aligned for ubiquitin transfer, which structurally both requires and enables a HECT-like mechanism. In addition, three distinct helix-IBR-fold motifs inherent to RBRs form ubiquitin-binding regions that engage the activated ubiquitin of the E2~ubiquitin conjugate and, surprisingly, an additional regulatory ubiquitin molecule. The features uncovered reveal critical states of the HOIP RBR E3 ligase cycle, and comparison with Parkin and HHARI suggests a general mechanism for RBR E3 ligases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lechtenberg, Bernhard C -- Rajput, Akhil -- Sanishvili, Ruslan -- Dobaczewska, Malgorzata K -- Ware, Carl F -- Mace, Peter D -- Riedl, Stefan J -- P30 CA030199/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30CA030199/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01AA017238/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):546-50. doi: 10.1038/nature16511. Epub 2016 Jan 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. ; Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. ; X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA. ; Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, 710 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789245" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *RING Finger Domains ; Ubiquitin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/*chemistry/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-03-24
    Description: (beta-)Arrestins are important regulators of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They bind to active, phosphorylated GPCRs and thereby shut off 'classical' signalling to G proteins, trigger internalization of GPCRs via interaction with the clathrin machinery and mediate signalling via 'non-classical' pathways. In addition to two visual arrestins that bind to rod and cone photoreceptors (termed arrestin1 and arrestin4), there are only two (non-visual) beta-arrestin proteins (beta-arrestin1 and beta-arrestin2, also termed arrestin2 and arrestin3), which regulate hundreds of different (non-visual) GPCRs. Binding of these proteins to GPCRs usually requires the active form of the receptors plus their phosphorylation by G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). The binding of receptors or their carboxy terminus as well as certain truncations induce active conformations of (beta-)arrestins that have recently been solved by X-ray crystallography. Here we investigate both the interaction of beta-arrestin with GPCRs, and the beta-arrestin conformational changes in real time and in living human cells, using a series of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based beta-arrestin2 biosensors. We observe receptor-specific patterns of conformational changes in beta-arrestin2 that occur rapidly after the receptor-beta-arrestin2 interaction. After agonist removal, these changes persist for longer than the direct receptor interaction. Our data indicate a rapid, receptor-type-specific, two-step binding and activation process between GPCRs and beta-arrestins. They further indicate that beta-arrestins remain active after dissociation from receptors, allowing them to remain at the cell surface and presumably signal independently. Thus, GPCRs trigger a rapid, receptor-specific activation/deactivation cycle of beta-arrestins, which permits their active signalling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nuber, Susanne -- Zabel, Ulrike -- Lorenz, Kristina -- Nuber, Andreas -- Milligan, Graeme -- Tobin, Andrew B -- Lohse, Martin J -- Hoffmann, Carsten -- 1 R01 DA038882/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- BB/K019864/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 31;531(7596):661-4. doi: 10.1038/nature17198. Epub 2016 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wurzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Wurzburg, Germany. ; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Wurzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Wurzburg, Germany. ; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Wurzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Wurzburg, Germany. ; Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. ; MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arrestins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Biosensing Techniques ; Cattle ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Substrate Specificity ; Time Factors
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2016-01-15
    Description: Many important natural products are produced by multidomain non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). During synthesis, intermediates are covalently bound to integrated carrier domains and transported to neighbouring catalytic domains in an assembly line fashion. Understanding the structural basis for catalysis with non-ribosomal peptide synthetases will facilitate bioengineering to create novel products. Here we describe the structures of two different holo-non-ribosomal peptide synthetase modules, each revealing a distinct step in the catalytic cycle. One structure depicts the carrier domain cofactor bound to the peptide bond-forming condensation domain, whereas a second structure captures the installation of the amino acid onto the cofactor within the adenylation domain. These structures demonstrate that a conformational change within the adenylation domain guides transfer of intermediates between domains. Furthermore, one structure shows that the condensation and adenylation domains simultaneously adopt their catalytic conformations, increasing the overall efficiency in a revised structural cycle. These structures and the single-particle electron microscopy analysis demonstrate a highly dynamic domain architecture and provide the foundation for understanding the structural mechanisms that could enable engineering of novel non-ribosomal peptide synthetases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Drake, Eric J -- Miller, Bradley R -- Shi, Ce -- Tarrasch, Jeffrey T -- Sundlov, Jesse A -- Allen, C Leigh -- Skiniotis, Georgios -- Aldrich, Courtney C -- Gulick, Andrew M -- GM-068440/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-115601/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068440/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):235-8. doi: 10.1038/nature16163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA. ; Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA. ; Center for Drug Design and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii/*enzymology ; Biocatalysis ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Coenzymes/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology ; Holoenzymes/*chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Pantetheine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Peptide Synthases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2016-04-21
    Description: The CRISPR-Cas systems, as exemplified by CRISPR-Cas9, are RNA-guided adaptive immune systems used by bacteria and archaea to defend against viral infection. The CRISPR-Cpf1 system, a new class 2 CRISPR-Cas system, mediates robust DNA interference in human cells. Although functionally conserved, Cpf1 and Cas9 differ in many aspects including their guide RNAs and substrate specificity. Here we report the 2.38 A crystal structure of the CRISPR RNA (crRNA)-bound Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006 Cpf1 (LbCpf1). LbCpf1 has a triangle-shaped architecture with a large positively charged channel at the centre. Recognized by the oligonucleotide-binding domain of LbCpf1, the crRNA adopts a highly distorted conformation stabilized by extensive intramolecular interactions and the (Mg(H2O)6)(2+) ion. The oligonucleotide-binding domain also harbours a looped-out helical domain that is important for LbCpf1 substrate binding. Binding of crRNA or crRNA lacking the guide sequence induces marked conformational changes but no oligomerization of LbCpf1. Our study reveals the crRNA recognition mechanism and provides insight into crRNA-guided substrate binding of LbCpf1, establishing a framework for engineering LbCpf1 to improve its efficiency and specificity for genome editing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dong, De -- Ren, Kuan -- Qiu, Xiaolin -- Zheng, Jianlin -- Guo, Minghui -- Guan, Xiaoyu -- Liu, Hongnan -- Li, Ningning -- Zhang, Bailing -- Yang, Daijun -- Ma, Chuang -- Wang, Shuo -- Wu, Dan -- Ma, Yunfeng -- Fan, Shilong -- Wang, Jiawei -- Gao, Ning -- Huang, Zhiwei -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):522-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17944. Epub 2016 Apr 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China. ; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27096363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; CRISPR-Associated Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/*genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Firmicutes/*enzymology ; Genetic Engineering ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Stability ; RNA, Bacterial/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Guide/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2016-04-05
    Description: The human sigma1 receptor is an enigmatic endoplasmic-reticulum-resident transmembrane protein implicated in a variety of disorders including depression, drug addiction, and neuropathic pain. Recently, an additional connection to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has emerged from studies of human genetics and mouse models. Unlike many transmembrane receptors that belong to large, extensively studied families such as G-protein-coupled receptors or ligand-gated ion channels, the sigma1 receptor is an evolutionary isolate with no discernible similarity to any other human protein. Despite its increasingly clear importance in human physiology and disease, the molecular architecture of the sigma1 receptor and its regulation by drug-like compounds remain poorly defined. Here we report crystal structures of the human sigma1 receptor in complex with two chemically divergent ligands, PD144418 and 4-IBP. The structures reveal a trimeric architecture with a single transmembrane domain in each protomer. The carboxy-terminal domain of the receptor shows an extensive flat, hydrophobic membrane-proximal surface, suggesting an intimate association with the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in cells. This domain includes a cupin-like beta-barrel with the ligand-binding site buried at its centre. This large, hydrophobic ligand-binding cavity shows remarkable plasticity in ligand recognition, binding the two ligands in similar positions despite dissimilar chemical structures. Taken together, these results reveal the overall architecture, oligomerization state, and molecular basis for ligand recognition by this important but poorly understood protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmidt, Hayden R -- Zheng, Sanduo -- Gurpinar, Esin -- Koehl, Antoine -- Manglik, Aashish -- Kruse, Andrew C -- T32GM007226/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):527-30. doi: 10.1038/nature17391. Epub 2016 Apr 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042935" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Benzamides/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Isoxazoles/chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Piperidines/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Pyridines/chemistry/metabolism ; Receptors, sigma/*chemistry/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2016-02-13
    Description: The proteasome is a multi-component protease complex responsible for regulating key processes such as the cell cycle and antigen presentation. Compounds that target the proteasome are potentially valuable tools for the treatment of pathogens that depend on proteasome function for survival and replication. In particular, proteasome inhibitors have been shown to be toxic for the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum at all stages of its life cycle. Most compounds that have been tested against the parasite also inhibit the mammalian proteasome, resulting in toxicity that precludes their use as therapeutic agents. Therefore, better definition of the substrate specificity and structural properties of the Plasmodium proteasome could enable the development of compounds with sufficient selectivity to allow their use as anti-malarial agents. To accomplish this goal, here we use a substrate profiling method to uncover differences in the specificities of the human and P. falciparum proteasome. We design inhibitors based on amino-acid preferences specific to the parasite proteasome, and find that they preferentially inhibit the beta2-subunit. We determine the structure of the P. falciparum 20S proteasome bound to the inhibitor using cryo-electron microscopy and single-particle analysis, to a resolution of 3.6 A. These data reveal the unusually open P. falciparum beta2 active site and provide valuable information about active-site architecture that can be used to further refine inhibitor design. Furthermore, consistent with the recent finding that the proteasome is important for stress pathways associated with resistance of artemisinin family anti-malarials, we observe growth inhibition synergism with low doses of this beta2-selective inhibitor in artemisinin-sensitive and -resistant parasites. Finally, we demonstrate that a parasite-selective inhibitor could be used to attenuate parasite growth in vivo without appreciable toxicity to the host. Thus, the Plasmodium proteasome is a chemically tractable target that could be exploited by next-generation anti-malarial agents.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755332/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755332/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Hao -- O'Donoghue, Anthony J -- van der Linden, Wouter A -- Xie, Stanley C -- Yoo, Euna -- Foe, Ian T -- Tilley, Leann -- Craik, Charles S -- da Fonseca, Paula C A -- Bogyo, Matthew -- MC-UP-1201/5/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 AI078947/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI105106/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI078947/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01EB05011/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):233-6. doi: 10.1038/nature16936.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia. ; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimalarials/adverse effects/*chemistry/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Artemisinins/pharmacology ; Catalytic Domain ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; *Drug Design ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Synergism ; Enzyme Activation ; Female ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Models, Molecular ; Plasmodium/*drug effects/*enzymology/growth & development ; Plasmodium chabaudi/drug effects/enzymology/physiology ; Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects/enzymology/growth & development ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Proteasome Inhibitors/adverse effects/*chemistry/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Substrate Specificity/drug effects
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Hydrophobic signal sequences target secretory polypeptides to a protein-conducting channel formed by a heterotrimeric membrane protein complex, the prokaryotic SecY or eukaryotic Sec61 complex. How signal sequences are recognized is poorly understood, particularly because they are diverse in sequence and length. Structures of the inactive channel show that the largest subunit, SecY or Sec61alpha, consists of two halves that form an hourglass-shaped pore with a constriction in the middle of the membrane and a lateral gate that faces lipid. The cytoplasmic funnel is empty, while the extracellular funnel is filled with a plug domain. In bacteria, the SecY channel associates with the translating ribosome in co-translational translocation, and with the SecA ATPase in post-translational translocation. How a translocating polypeptide inserts into the channel is uncertain, as cryo-electron microscopy structures of the active channel have a relatively low resolution (~10 A) or are of insufficient quality. Here we report a crystal structure of the active channel, assembled from SecY complex, the SecA ATPase, and a segment of a secretory protein fused into SecA. The translocating protein segment inserts into the channel as a loop, displacing the plug domain. The hydrophobic core of the signal sequence forms a helix that sits in a groove outside the lateral gate, while the following polypeptide segment intercalates into the gate. The carboxy (C)-terminal section of the polypeptide loop is located in the channel, surrounded by residues of the pore ring. Thus, during translocation, the hydrophobic segments of signal sequences, and probably bilayer-spanning domains of nascent membrane proteins, exit the lateral gate and dock at a specific site that faces the lipid phase.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855518/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855518/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Long -- Park, Eunyong -- Ling, JingJing -- Ingram, Jessica -- Ploegh, Hidde -- Rapoport, Tom A -- GM052586/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM052586/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):395-9. doi: 10.1038/nature17163. Epub 2016 Mar 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26950603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2016-03-24
    Description: The general transcription factor IID (TFIID) plays a central role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription by nucleating pre-initiation complex (PIC) assembly at the core promoter. TFIID comprises the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and 13 TBP-associated factors (TAF1-13), which specifically interact with a variety of core promoter DNA sequences. Here we present the structure of human TFIID in complex with TFIIA and core promoter DNA, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy at sub-nanometre resolution. All core promoter elements are contacted by subunits of TFIID, with TAF1 and TAF2 mediating major interactions with the downstream promoter. TFIIA bridges the TBP-TATA complex with lobe B of TFIID. We also present the cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of a fully assembled human TAF-less PIC. Superposition of common elements between the two structures provides novel insights into the general role of TFIID in promoter recognition, PIC assembly, and transcription initiation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4856295/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4856295/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Louder, Robert K -- He, Yuan -- Lopez-Blanco, Jose Ramon -- Fang, Jie -- Chacon, Pablo -- Nogales, Eva -- GM008295/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM63072/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063072/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 31;531(7596):604-9. doi: 10.1038/nature17394. Epub 2016 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; QB3 Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Molecular Biophysics and Integrative Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Department of Biological Physical Chemistry, Rocasolano Physical Chemistry Institute, CSIC, Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cryoelectron Microscopy ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/*genetics ; Protein Binding ; Substrate Specificity ; TATA Box/genetics ; TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; TATA-Box Binding Protein/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Transcription Factor TFIIA/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Transcription Factor TFIID/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; *Transcription Initiation, Genetic
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2016-02-19
    Description: Retroviral integrase catalyses the integration of viral DNA into host target DNA, which is an essential step in the life cycle of all retroviruses. Previous structural characterization of integrase-viral DNA complexes, or intasomes, from the spumavirus prototype foamy virus revealed a functional integrase tetramer, and it is generally believed that intasomes derived from other retroviral genera use tetrameric integrase. However, the intasomes of orthoretroviruses, which include all known pathogenic species, have not been characterized structurally. Here, using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography, we determine an unexpected octameric integrase architecture for the intasome of the betaretrovirus mouse mammary tumour virus. The structure is composed of two core integrase dimers, which interact with the viral DNA ends and structurally mimic the integrase tetramer of prototype foamy virus, and two flanking integrase dimers that engage the core structure via their integrase carboxy-terminal domains. Contrary to the belief that tetrameric integrase components are sufficient to catalyse integration, the flanking integrase dimers were necessary for mouse mammary tumour virus integrase activity. The integrase octamer solves a conundrum for betaretroviruses as well as alpharetroviruses by providing critical carboxy-terminal domains to the intasome core that cannot be provided in cis because of evolutionarily restrictive catalytic core domain-carboxy-terminal domain linker regions. The octameric architecture of the intasome of mouse mammary tumour virus provides new insight into the structural basis of retroviral DNA integration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ballandras-Colas, Allison -- Brown, Monica -- Cook, Nicola J -- Dewdney, Tamaria G -- Demeler, Borries -- Cherepanov, Peter -- Lyumkis, Dmitry -- Engelman, Alan N -- 9 P41 GM103310/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI060354/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103331/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM082251/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM103368/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI070042/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):358-61. doi: 10.1038/nature16955.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Laboratory of Genetics and Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. ; Clare Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK. ; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA. ; Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalytic Domain ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Viral/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Integrases/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/chemistry/*enzymology/genetics/ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; *Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Spumavirus/chemistry/enzymology ; Virus Integration
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: Cellular immunity against viral infection and tumour cells depends on antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules. Intracellular antigenic peptides are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and then loaded onto the nascent MHC I molecules, which are exported to the cell surface and present peptides to the immune system. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize non-self peptides and program the infected or malignant cells for apoptosis. Defects in TAP account for immunodeficiency and tumour development. To escape immune surveillance, some viruses have evolved strategies either to downregulate TAP expression or directly inhibit TAP activity. So far, neither the architecture of TAP nor the mechanism of viral inhibition has been elucidated at the structural level. Here we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structure of human TAP in complex with its inhibitor ICP47, a small protein produced by the herpes simplex virus I. Here we show that the 12 transmembrane helices and 2 cytosolic nucleotide-binding domains of the transporter adopt an inward-facing conformation with the two nucleotide-binding domains separated. The viral inhibitor ICP47 forms a long helical hairpin, which plugs the translocation pathway of TAP from the cytoplasmic side. Association of ICP47 precludes substrate binding and prevents nucleotide-binding domain closure necessary for ATP hydrolysis. This work illustrates a striking example of immune evasion by persistent viruses. By blocking viral antigens from entering the endoplasmic reticulum, herpes simplex virus is hidden from cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which may contribute to establishing a lifelong infection in the host.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oldham, Michael L -- Hite, Richard K -- Steffen, Alanna M -- Damko, Ermelinda -- Li, Zongli -- Walz, Thomas -- Chen, Jue -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):537-40. doi: 10.1038/nature16506. Epub 2016 Jan 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789246" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigens, Viral/immunology/metabolism ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Herpesvirus 1, Human/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Immediate-Early Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; *Immune Evasion ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are physiologically important transmembrane signalling proteins that trigger intracellular responses upon binding of extracellular ligands. Despite recent breakthroughs in GPCR crystallography, the details of ligand-induced signal transduction are not well understood owing to missing dynamical information. In principle, such information can be provided by NMR, but so far only limited data of functional relevance on few side-chain sites of eukaryotic GPCRs have been obtained. Here we show that receptor motions can be followed at virtually any backbone site in a thermostabilized mutant of the turkey beta1-adrenergic receptor (beta1AR). Labelling with [(15)N]valine in a eukaryotic expression system provides over twenty resolved resonances that report on structure and dynamics in six ligand complexes and the apo form. The response to the various ligands is heterogeneous in the vicinity of the binding pocket, but gets transformed into a homogeneous readout at the intracellular side of helix 5 (TM5), which correlates linearly with ligand efficacy for the G protein pathway. The effect of several pertinent, thermostabilizing point mutations was assessed by reverting them to the native sequence. Whereas the response to ligands remains largely unchanged, binding of the G protein mimetic nanobody NB80 and G protein activation are only observed when two conserved tyrosines (Y227 and Y343) are restored. Binding of NB80 leads to very strong spectral changes throughout the receptor, including the extracellular ligand entrance pocket. This indicates that even the fully thermostabilized receptor undergoes activating motions in TM5, but that the fully active state is only reached in presence of Y227 and Y343 by stabilization with a G protein-like partner. The combined analysis of chemical shift changes from the point mutations and ligand responses identifies crucial connections in the allosteric activation pathway, and presents a general experimental method to delineate signal transmission networks at high resolution in GPCRs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Isogai, Shin -- Deupi, Xavier -- Opitz, Christian -- Heydenreich, Franziska M -- Tsai, Ching-Ju -- Brueckner, Florian -- Schertler, Gebhard F X -- Veprintsev, Dmitry B -- Grzesiek, Stephan -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):237-41. doi: 10.1038/nature16577. Epub 2016 Feb 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. ; Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland. ; Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26840483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists/chemistry/pharmacology ; Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology ; Allosteric Regulation/drug effects/genetics ; Animals ; Apoproteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Binding Sites/drug effects ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drug Partial Agonism ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Movement ; *Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Point Mutation/genetics ; Protein Stability ; Protein Structure, Secondary/drug effects ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects/genetics ; Turkeys
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: The cullin-RING ubiquitin E3 ligase (CRL) family comprises over 200 members in humans. The COP9 signalosome complex (CSN) regulates CRLs by removing their ubiquitin-like activator NEDD8. The CUL4A-RBX1-DDB1-DDB2 complex (CRL4A(DDB2)) monitors the genome for ultraviolet-light-induced DNA damage. CRL4A(DBB2) is inactive in the absence of damaged DNA and requires CSN to regulate the repair process. The structural basis of CSN binding to CRL4A(DDB2) and the principles of CSN activation are poorly understood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures for CSN in complex with neddylated CRL4A ligases to 6.4 A resolution. The CSN conformers defined by cryo-electron microscopy and a novel apo-CSN crystal structure indicate an induced-fit mechanism that drives CSN activation by neddylated CRLs. We find that CSN and a substrate cannot bind simultaneously to CRL4A, favouring a deneddylated, inactive state for substrate-free CRL4 complexes. These architectural and regulatory principles appear conserved across CRL families, allowing global regulation by CSN.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cavadini, Simone -- Fischer, Eric S -- Bunker, Richard D -- Potenza, Alessandro -- Lingaraju, Gondichatnahalli M -- Goldie, Kenneth N -- Mohamed, Weaam I -- Faty, Mahamadou -- Petzold, Georg -- Beckwith, Rohan E J -- Tichkule, Ritesh B -- Hassiepen, Ulrich -- Abdulrahman, Wassim -- Pantelic, Radosav S -- Matsumoto, Syota -- Sugasawa, Kaoru -- Stahlberg, Henning -- Thoma, Nicolas H -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 31;531(7596):598-603. doi: 10.1038/nature17416.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. ; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland. ; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, LC-4312, 360 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. ; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. ; Gatan R&D, 5974 W. Las Positas Boulevard, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA. ; Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan. ; Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Apoproteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Binding Sites ; *Biocatalysis ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cullin Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; DNA Damage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Peptide Hydrolases/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Protein Binding ; Ubiquitination ; Ubiquitins/metabolism
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: Thalidomide and its derivatives, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, are immune modulatory drugs (IMiDs) used in the treatment of haematologic malignancies. IMiDs bind CRBN, the substrate receptor of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-CRBN (also known as CRL4(CRBN)) E3 ubiquitin ligase, and inhibit ubiquitination of endogenous CRL4(CRBN) substrates. Unexpectedly, IMiDs also repurpose the ligase to target new proteins for degradation. Lenalidomide induces degradation of the lymphoid transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos (also known as IKZF1 and IKZF3), and casein kinase 1alpha (CK1alpha), which contributes to its clinical efficacy in the treatment of multiple myeloma and 5q-deletion associated myelodysplastic syndrome (del(5q) MDS), respectively. How lenalidomide alters the specificity of the ligase to degrade these proteins remains elusive. Here we present the 2.45 A crystal structure of DDB1-CRBN bound to lenalidomide and CK1alpha. CRBN and lenalidomide jointly provide the binding interface for a CK1alpha beta-hairpin-loop located in the kinase N-lobe. We show that CK1alpha binding to CRL4(CRBN) is strictly dependent on the presence of an IMiD. Binding of IKZF1 to CRBN similarly requires the compound and both, IKZF1 and CK1alpha, use a related binding mode. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation for the selective efficacy of lenalidomide in del(5q) MDS therapy. We anticipate that high-affinity protein-protein interactions induced by small molecules will provide opportunities for drug development, particularly for targeted protein degradation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petzold, Georg -- Fischer, Eric S -- Thoma, Nicolas H -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 7;532(7597):127-30. doi: 10.1038/nature16979. Epub 2016 Feb 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland. ; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites/drug effects ; Casein Kinase Ialpha/chemistry/*metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Ikaros Transcription Factor/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding/drug effects ; Proteolysis/drug effects ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity/drug effects ; Thalidomide/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination/drug effects
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: The p53 pro-apoptotic tumour suppressor is mutated or functionally altered in most cancers. In epithelial tumours induced by 'high-risk' mucosal human papilloma viruses, including human cervical carcinoma and a growing number of head-and-neck cancers, p53 is degraded by the viral oncoprotein E6 (ref. 2). In this process, E6 binds to a short leucine (L)-rich LxxLL consensus sequence within the cellular ubiquitin ligase E6AP. Subsequently, the E6/E6AP heterodimer recruits and degrades p53 (ref. 4). Neither E6 nor E6AP are separately able to recruit p53 (refs 3, 5), and the precise mode of assembly of E6, E6AP and p53 is unknown. Here we solve the crystal structure of a ternary complex comprising full-length human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16) E6, the LxxLL motif of E6AP and the core domain of p53. The LxxLL motif of E6AP renders the conformation of E6 competent for interaction with p53 by structuring a p53-binding cleft on E6. Mutagenesis of critical positions at the E6-p53 interface disrupts p53 degradation. The E6-binding site of p53 is distal from previously described DNA- and protein-binding surfaces of the core domain. This suggests that, in principle, E6 may avoid competition with cellular factors by targeting both free and bound p53 molecules. The E6/E6AP/p53 complex represents a prototype of viral hijacking of both the ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation pathway and the p53 tumour suppressor pathway. The present structure provides a framework for the design of inhibitory therapeutic strategies against oncogenesis mediated by human papilloma virus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martinez-Zapien, Denise -- Ruiz, Francesc Xavier -- Poirson, Juline -- Mitschler, Andre -- Ramirez, Juan -- Forster, Anne -- Cousido-Siah, Alexandra -- Masson, Murielle -- Vande Pol, Scott -- Podjarny, Alberto -- Trave, Gilles -- Zanier, Katia -- R01CA134737/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):541-5. doi: 10.1038/nature16481. Epub 2016 Jan 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Equipe labellisee Ligue, Biotechnologie et signalisation cellulaire UMR 7242, Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sebastien Brant, BP 10413, F-67412 Illkirch, France. ; Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/INSERM U964/CNRS UMR 7104/Universite de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, F-67404 Illkirch, France. ; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800904, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0904, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Human papillomavirus 16/chemistry/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Proteolysis ; Repressor Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*chemistry
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2016-03-10
    Description: Muscarinic M1-M5 acetylcholine receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that regulate many vital functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In particular, the M1 and M4 receptor subtypes have emerged as attractive drug targets for treatments of neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, but the high conservation of the acetylcholine-binding pocket has spurred current research into targeting allosteric sites on these receptors. Here we report the crystal structures of the M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors bound to the inverse agonist, tiotropium. Comparison of these structures with each other, as well as with the previously reported M2 and M3 receptor structures, reveals differences in the orthosteric and allosteric binding sites that contribute to a role in drug selectivity at this important receptor family. We also report identification of a cluster of residues that form a network linking the orthosteric and allosteric sites of the M4 receptor, which provides new insight into how allosteric modulation may be transmitted between the two spatially distinct domains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thal, David M -- Sun, Bingfa -- Feng, Dan -- Nawaratne, Vindhya -- Leach, Katie -- Felder, Christian C -- Bures, Mark G -- Evans, David A -- Weis, William I -- Bachhawat, Priti -- Kobilka, Tong Sun -- Sexton, Patrick M -- Kobilka, Brian K -- Christopoulos, Arthur -- U19 GM106990/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Y1-CO-1020/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Y1-GM-1104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):335-40. doi: 10.1038/nature17188. Epub 2016 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia. ; ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth Street, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA. ; Neuroscience, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA. ; Computational Chemistry and Chemoinformatics, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA. ; Computational Chemistry and Chemoinformatics, Eli Lilly, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham GU20 6PH, UK. ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26958838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/metabolism ; Allosteric Regulation/drug effects ; Allosteric Site/drug effects ; Alzheimer Disease ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drug Inverse Agonism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Nicotinic Acids/metabolism/pharmacology ; Receptor, Muscarinic M1/*chemistry/metabolism ; Receptor, Muscarinic M4/*chemistry/metabolism ; Schizophrenia ; Static Electricity ; Substrate Specificity ; Surface Properties ; Thiophenes/metabolism/pharmacology ; Tiotropium Bromide/pharmacology
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2016-02-19
    Description: Integration of the reverse-transcribed viral DNA into the host genome is an essential step in the life cycle of retroviruses. Retrovirus integrase catalyses insertions of both ends of the linear viral DNA into a host chromosome. Integrase from HIV-1 and closely related retroviruses share the three-domain organization, consisting of a catalytic core domain flanked by amino- and carboxy-terminal domains essential for the concerted integration reaction. Although structures of the tetrameric integrase-DNA complexes have been reported for integrase from prototype foamy virus featuring an additional DNA-binding domain and longer interdomain linkers, the architecture of a canonical three-domain integrase bound to DNA remained elusive. Here we report a crystal structure of the three-domain integrase from Rous sarcoma virus in complex with viral and target DNAs. The structure shows an octameric assembly of integrase, in which a pair of integrase dimers engage viral DNA ends for catalysis while another pair of non-catalytic integrase dimers bridge between the two viral DNA molecules and help capture target DNA. The individual domains of the eight integrase molecules play varying roles to hold the complex together, making an extensive network of protein-DNA and protein-protein contacts that show both conserved and distinct features compared with those observed for prototype foamy virus integrase. Our work highlights the diversity of retrovirus intasome assembly and provides insights into the mechanisms of integration by HIV-1 and related retroviruses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yin, Zhiqi -- Shi, Ke -- Banerjee, Surajit -- Pandey, Krishan K -- Bera, Sibes -- Grandgenett, Duane P -- Aihara, Hideki -- AI087098/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI100682/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM109770/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103403/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):362-6. doi: 10.1038/nature16950.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Cornell University, Advanced Photon Source, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA. ; Institute for Molecular Virology, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Viral/*chemistry/metabolism ; HIV-1/enzymology/metabolism ; Integrases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Rous sarcoma virus/*chemistry/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Spumavirus/enzymology ; Virus Integration
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: The serotonin transporter (SERT) terminates serotonergic signalling through the sodium- and chloride-dependent reuptake of neurotransmitter into presynaptic neurons. SERT is a target for antidepressant and psychostimulant drugs, which block reuptake and prolong neurotransmitter signalling. Here we report X-ray crystallographic structures of human SERT at 3.15 A resolution bound to the antidepressants (S)-citalopram or paroxetine. Antidepressants lock SERT in an outward-open conformation by lodging in the central binding site, located between transmembrane helices 1, 3, 6, 8 and 10, directly blocking serotonin binding. We further identify the location of an allosteric site in the complex as residing at the periphery of the extracellular vestibule, interposed between extracellular loops 4 and 6 and transmembrane helices 1, 6, 10 and 11. Occupancy of the allosteric site sterically hinders ligand unbinding from the central site, providing an explanation for the action of (S)-citalopram as an allosteric ligand. These structures define the mechanism of antidepressant action in SERT, and provide blueprints for future drug design.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coleman, Jonathan A -- Green, Evan M -- Gouaux, Eric -- 5R37MH070039/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37 MH070039/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):334-9. doi: 10.1038/nature17629. Epub 2016 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation/drug effects ; Allosteric Site/drug effects ; Antidepressive Agents/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Citalopram/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry ; Drug Design ; Extracellular Space/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology ; Intracellular Space/metabolism ; Ions/chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Paroxetine/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Binding/drug effects ; Protein Conformation/drug effects ; Protein Stability ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2016-03-11
    Description: Two-pore channels (TPCs) comprise a subfamily (TPC1-3) of eukaryotic voltage- and ligand-gated cation channels with two non-equivalent tandem pore-forming subunits that dimerize to form quasi-tetramers. Found in vacuolar or endolysosomal membranes, they regulate the conductance of sodium and calcium ions, intravesicular pH, trafficking and excitability. TPCs are activated by a decrease in transmembrane potential and an increase in cytosolic calcium concentrations, are inhibited by low luminal pH and calcium, and are regulated by phosphorylation. Here we report the crystal structure of TPC1 from Arabidopsis thaliana at 2.87 A resolution as a basis for understanding ion permeation, channel activation, the location of voltage-sensing domains and regulatory ion-binding sites. We determined sites of phosphorylation in the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal domains that are positioned to allosterically modulate cytoplasmic Ca(2+) activation. One of the two voltage-sensing domains (VSD2) encodes voltage sensitivity and inhibition by luminal Ca(2+) and adopts a conformation distinct from the activated state observed in structures of other voltage-gated ion channels. The structure shows that potent pharmacophore trans-Ned-19 (ref. 17) acts allosterically by clamping the pore domains to VSD2. In animals, Ned-19 prevents infection by Ebola virus and other filoviruses, presumably by altering their fusion with the endolysosome and delivery of their contents into the cytoplasm.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863712/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863712/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintzer, Alexander F -- Stroud, Robert M -- GM24485/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41-GM103311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41-RR001614/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41GM103393/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM024485/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):258-62. doi: 10.1038/nature17194.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26961658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation/drug effects ; Arabidopsis/*chemistry ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/*chemistry/metabolism ; Carbolines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ebolavirus/drug effects ; Endosomes/drug effects/metabolism/virology ; *Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; Ion Transport/drug effects ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Piperazines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/drug effects
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: Contractile tails are composed of an inner tube wrapped by an outer sheath assembled in an extended, metastable conformation that stores mechanical energy necessary for its contraction. Contraction is used to propel the rigid inner tube towards target cells for DNA or toxin delivery. Although recent studies have revealed the structure of the contractile sheath of the type VI secretion system, the mechanisms by which its polymerization is controlled and coordinated with the assembly of the inner tube remain unknown. Here we show that the starfish-like TssA dodecameric complex interacts with tube and sheath components. Fluorescence microscopy experiments in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli reveal that TssA binds first to the type VI secretion system membrane core complex and then initiates tail polymerization. TssA remains at the tip of the growing structure and incorporates new tube and sheath blocks. On the basis of these results, we propose that TssA primes and coordinates tail tube and sheath biogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zoued, Abdelrahim -- Durand, Eric -- Brunet, Yannick R -- Spinelli, Silvia -- Douzi, Badreddine -- Guzzo, Mathilde -- Flaugnatti, Nicolas -- Legrand, Pierre -- Journet, Laure -- Fronzes, Remi -- Mignot, Tam -- Cambillau, Christian -- Cascales, Eric -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):59-63. doi: 10.1038/nature17182. Epub 2016 Feb 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Ingenierie des Systemes Macromoleculaires, Institut de Microbiologie de la Mediterranee, CNRS UMR7255, Aix-Marseille Universite, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France. ; Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. ; Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. ; G5 Biologie structurale de la secretion bacterienne, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France. ; UMR 3528, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France. ; Laboratoire de Chimie Bacterienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Mediterranee, CNRS UMR7283, Aix-Marseille Universite, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France. ; Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909579" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Molecular ; *Polymerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Type VI Secretion Systems/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2016-03-16
    Description: Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are biosynthetic factories that produce natural products with important biological and pharmacological activities. Their exceptional product diversity is encoded in a modular architecture. Modular PKSs (modPKSs) catalyse reactions colinear to the order of modules in an assembly line, whereas iterative PKSs (iPKSs) use a single module iteratively as exemplified by fungal iPKSs (fiPKSs). However, in some cases non-colinear iterative action is also observed for modPKSs modules and is controlled by the assembly line environment. PKSs feature a structural and functional separation into a condensing and a modifying region as observed for fatty acid synthases. Despite the outstanding relevance of PKSs, the detailed organization of PKSs with complete fully reducing modifying regions remains elusive. Here we report a hybrid crystal structure of Mycobacterium smegmatis mycocerosic acid synthase based on structures of its condensing and modifying regions. Mycocerosic acid synthase is a fully reducing iPKS, closely related to modPKSs, and the prototype of mycobacterial mycocerosic acid synthase-like PKSs. It is involved in the biosynthesis of C20-C28 branched-chain fatty acids, which are important virulence factors of mycobacteria. Our structural data reveal a dimeric linker-based organization of the modifying region and visualize dynamics and conformational coupling in PKSs. On the basis of comparative small-angle X-ray scattering, the observed modifying region architecture may be common also in modPKSs. The linker-based organization provides a rationale for the characteristic variability of PKS modules as a main contributor to product diversity. The comprehensive architectural model enables functional dissection and re-engineering of PKSs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herbst, Dominik A -- Jakob, Roman P -- Zahringer, Franziska -- Maier, Timm -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 24;531(7595):533-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16993. Epub 2016 Mar 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26976449" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyltransferases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fatty Acid Synthases/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mycobacterium smegmatis/enzymology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Polyketide Synthases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Virulence Factors
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2016-02-02
    Description: U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP represents a substantial part of the spliceosome before activation. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP at 3.7 A resolution led to an essentially complete atomic model comprising 30 proteins plus U4/U6 and U5 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). The structure reveals striking interweaving interactions of the protein and RNA components, including extended polypeptides penetrating into subunit interfaces. The invariant ACAGAGA sequence of U6 snRNA, which base-pairs with the 5'-splice site during catalytic activation, forms a hairpin stabilized by Dib1 and Prp8 while the adjacent nucleotides interact with the exon binding loop 1 of U5 snRNA. Snu114 harbours GTP, but its putative catalytic histidine is held away from the gamma-phosphate by hydrogen bonding to a tyrosine in the amino-terminal domain of Prp8. Mutation of this histidine to alanine has no detectable effect on yeast growth. The structure provides important new insights into the spliceosome activation process leading to the formation of the catalytic centre.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4762201/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4762201/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nguyen, Thi Hoang Duong -- Galej, Wojciech P -- Bai, Xiao-chen -- Oubridge, Chris -- Newman, Andrew J -- Scheres, Sjors H W -- Nagai, Kiyoshi -- MC_U105184330/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_A025_1013/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):298-302. doi: 10.1038/nature16940. Epub 2016 Feb 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26829225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Catalytic Domain ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; DNA Helicases/metabolism ; Exons/genetics ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA Splice Sites ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Ribonucleoprotein, U4-U6 Small Nuclear/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribonucleoprotein, U5 Small Nuclear/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/genetics/growth & development/*ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Spliceosomes/metabolism
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2016-04-14
    Description: USP14 is a major regulator of the proteasome and one of three proteasome-associated deubiquitinating enzymes. Its effects on protein turnover are substrate-specific, for unknown reasons. We report that USP14 shows a marked preference for ubiquitin-cyclin B conjugates that carry more than one ubiquitin modification or chain. This specificity is conserved from yeast to humans and is independent of chain linkage type. USP14 has been thought to cleave single ubiquitin groups from the distal tip of a chain, but we find that it removes chains from cyclin B en bloc, proceeding until a single chain remains. The suppression of degradation by USP14's catalytic activity reflects its capacity to act on a millisecond time scale, before the proteasome can initiate degradation of the substrate. In addition, single-molecule studies showed that the dwell time of ubiquitin conjugates at the proteasome was reduced by USP14-dependent deubiquitination. In summary, the specificity of the proteasome can be regulated by rapid ubiquitin chain removal, which resolves substrates based on a novel aspect of ubiquitin conjugate architecture.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844788/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844788/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Byung-Hoon -- Lu, Ying -- Prado, Miguel A -- Shi, Yuan -- Tian, Geng -- Sun, Shuangwu -- Elsasser, Suzanne -- Gygi, Steven P -- King, Randall W -- Finley, Daniel -- 5R01GM039023-26/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM026875/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM066492/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM5660052/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM66492-9/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37-GM043601/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):398-401. doi: 10.1038/nature17433. Epub 2016 Apr 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27074503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biocatalysis ; Cyclin B/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/*metabolism ; Proteolysis ; Substrate Specificity ; Ubiquitin/metabolism ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/*metabolism ; *Ubiquitination ; Yeasts/enzymology
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2016-03-31
    Description: Accurate chromosome segregation requires timely dissolution of chromosome cohesion after chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle. Separase is absolutely essential for cohesion dissolution in organisms from yeast to man. It cleaves the kleisin subunit of cohesin and opens the cohesin ring to allow chromosome segregation. Cohesin cleavage is spatiotemporally controlled by separase-associated regulatory proteins, including the inhibitory chaperone securin, and by phosphorylation of both the enzyme and substrates. Dysregulation of this process causes chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy, contributing to cancer and birth defects. Despite its essential functions, atomic structures of separase have not been determined. Here we report crystal structures of the separase protease domain from the thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum, alone or covalently bound to unphosphorylated and phosphorylated inhibitory peptides derived from a cohesin cleavage site. These structures reveal how separase recognizes cohesin and how cohesin phosphorylation by polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) enhances cleavage. Consistent with a previous cellular study, mutating two securin residues in a conserved motif that partly matches the separase cleavage consensus converts securin from a separase inhibitor to a substrate. Our study establishes atomic mechanisms of substrate cleavage by separase and suggests competitive inhibition by securin.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847710/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847710/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Zhonghui -- Luo, Xuelian -- Yu, Hongtao -- GM107415/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 7;532(7597):131-4. doi: 10.1038/nature17402. Epub 2016 Mar 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27027290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding, Competitive/drug effects ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Chaetomium/*enzymology ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/chemistry/*metabolism ; Chromosome Segregation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Proteolysis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Securin/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Separase/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity/genetics
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2016-02-13
    Description: The three-dimensional structures of macromolecules and their complexes are mainly elucidated by X-ray protein crystallography. A major limitation of this method is access to high-quality crystals, which is necessary to ensure X-ray diffraction extends to sufficiently large scattering angles and hence yields information of sufficiently high resolution with which to solve the crystal structure. The observation that crystals with reduced unit-cell volumes and tighter macromolecular packing often produce higher-resolution Bragg peaks suggests that crystallographic resolution for some macromolecules may be limited not by their heterogeneity, but by a deviation of strict positional ordering of the crystalline lattice. Such displacements of molecules from the ideal lattice give rise to a continuous diffraction pattern that is equal to the incoherent sum of diffraction from rigid individual molecular complexes aligned along several discrete crystallographic orientations and that, consequently, contains more information than Bragg peaks alone. Although such continuous diffraction patterns have long been observed--and are of interest as a source of information about the dynamics of proteins--they have not been used for structure determination. Here we show for crystals of the integral membrane protein complex photosystem II that lattice disorder increases the information content and the resolution of the diffraction pattern well beyond the 4.5-angstrom limit of measurable Bragg peaks, which allows us to phase the pattern directly. Using the molecular envelope conventionally determined at 4.5 angstroms as a constraint, we obtain a static image of the photosystem II dimer at a resolution of 3.5 angstroms. This result shows that continuous diffraction can be used to overcome what have long been supposed to be the resolution limits of macromolecular crystallography, using a method that exploits commonly encountered imperfect crystals and enables model-free phasing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ayyer, Kartik -- Yefanov, Oleksandr M -- Oberthur, Dominik -- Roy-Chowdhury, Shatabdi -- Galli, Lorenzo -- Mariani, Valerio -- Basu, Shibom -- Coe, Jesse -- Conrad, Chelsie E -- Fromme, Raimund -- Schaffer, Alexander -- Dorner, Katerina -- James, Daniel -- Kupitz, Christopher -- Metz, Markus -- Nelson, Garrett -- Xavier, Paulraj Lourdu -- Beyerlein, Kenneth R -- Schmidt, Marius -- Sarrou, Iosifina -- Spence, John C H -- Weierstall, Uwe -- White, Thomas A -- Yang, Jay-How -- Zhao, Yun -- Liang, Mengning -- Aquila, Andrew -- Hunter, Mark S -- Robinson, Joseph S -- Koglin, Jason E -- Boutet, Sebastien -- Fromme, Petra -- Barty, Anton -- Chapman, Henry N -- P41GM103393/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41RR001209/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM095583/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM097463/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094599/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):202-6. doi: 10.1038/nature16949.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ; School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. ; Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. ; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. ; Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA. ; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, GR-70013 Crete, Greece. ; Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. ; Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray/*methods ; Models, Molecular ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/*chemistry
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2015-09-22
    Description: Piezo proteins are evolutionarily conserved and functionally diverse mechanosensitive cation channels. However, the overall structural architecture and gating mechanisms of Piezo channels have remained unknown. Here we determine the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the full-length (2,547 amino acids) mouse Piezo1 (Piezo1) at a resolution of 4.8 A. Piezo1 forms a trimeric propeller-like structure (about 900 kilodalton), with the extracellular domains resembling three distal blades and a central cap. The transmembrane region has 14 apparently resolved segments per subunit. These segments form three peripheral wings and a central pore module that encloses a potential ion-conducting pore. The rather flexible extracellular blade domains are connected to the central intracellular domain by three long beam-like structures. This trimeric architecture suggests that Piezo1 may use its peripheral regions as force sensors to gate the central ion-conducting pore.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ge, Jingpeng -- Li, Wanqiu -- Zhao, Qiancheng -- Li, Ningning -- Chen, Maofei -- Zhi, Peng -- Li, Ruochong -- Gao, Ning -- Xiao, Bailong -- Yang, Maojun -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 5;527(7576):64-9. doi: 10.1038/nature15247. Epub 2015 Sep 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences or Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26390154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Electric Conductivity ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Channels/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Pliability ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2015-07-24
    Description: Bacteria secrete peptides and proteins to communicate, to poison competitors, and to manipulate host cells. Among the various protein-translocation machineries, the peptidase-containing ATP-binding cassette transporters (PCATs) are appealingly simple. Each PCAT contains two peptidase domains that cleave the secretion signal from the substrate, two transmembrane domains that form a translocation pathway, and two nucleotide-binding domains that hydrolyse ATP. In Gram-positive bacteria, PCATs function both as maturation proteases and exporters for quorum-sensing or antimicrobial polypeptides. In Gram-negative bacteria, PCATs interact with two other membrane proteins to form the type 1 secretion system. Here we present crystal structures of PCAT1 from Clostridium thermocellum in two different conformations. These structures, accompanied by biochemical data, show that the translocation pathway is a large alpha-helical barrel sufficient to accommodate small folded proteins. ATP binding alternates access to the transmembrane pathway and also regulates the protease activity, thereby coupling substrate processing to translocation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, David Yin-wei -- Huang, Shuo -- Chen, Jue -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 23;523(7561):425-30. doi: 10.1038/nature14623.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26201595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*chemistry/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/deficiency/metabolism ; Clostridium thermocellum/*chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Peptides/*metabolism/secretion ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 35
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cyranoski, David -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 19;527(7578):283-4. doi: 10.1038/527283a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26581268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology ; Cryptochromes/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*physiology ; *Earth (Planet) ; Humans ; Iron/metabolism ; Iron-Sulfur Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Magnetic Fields ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Spatial Navigation/*physiology ; Whales/physiology
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2015-02-06
    Description: Rising temperatures and lessening fresh water supplies are threatening agricultural productivity and have motivated efforts to improve plant water use and drought tolerance. During water deficit, plants produce elevated levels of abscisic acid (ABA), which improves water consumption and stress tolerance by controlling guard cell aperture and other protective responses. One attractive strategy for controlling water use is to develop compounds that activate ABA receptors, but agonists approved for use have yet to be developed. In principle, an engineered ABA receptor that can be activated by an existing agrochemical could achieve this goal. Here we describe a variant of the ABA receptor PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1 (PYR1) that possesses nanomolar sensitivity to the agrochemical mandipropamid and demonstrate its efficacy for controlling ABA responses and drought tolerance in transgenic plants. Furthermore, crystallographic studies provide a mechanistic basis for its activity and demonstrate the relative ease with which the PYR1 ligand-binding pocket can be altered to accommodate new ligands. Thus, we have successfully repurposed an agrochemical for a new application using receptor engineering. We anticipate that this strategy will be applied to other plant receptors and represents a new avenue for crop improvement.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, Sang-Youl -- Peterson, Francis C -- Mosquna, Assaf -- Yao, Jin -- Volkman, Brian F -- Cutler, Sean R -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 23;520(7548):545-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14123. Epub 2015 Feb 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA [2] Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Riverside, California 92521, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25652827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abscisic Acid/*metabolism ; Acclimatization/drug effects ; Agrochemicals/*pharmacology ; Amides/*pharmacology ; Arabidopsis/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Carboxylic Acids/*pharmacology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Droughts ; Genetic Engineering ; Genotype ; Ligands ; Lycopersicon esculentum/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Plant Transpiration/drug effects ; Plants/*drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Stress, Physiological/drug effects ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Water/*metabolism
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2015-04-23
    Description: Ribosomes are translational machineries that catalyse protein synthesis. Ribosome structures from various species are known at the atomic level, but obtaining the structure of the human ribosome has remained a challenge; efforts to address this would be highly relevant with regard to human diseases. Here we report the near-atomic structure of the human ribosome derived from high-resolution single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and atomic model building. The structure has an average resolution of 3.6 A, reaching 2.9 A resolution in the most stable regions. It provides unprecedented insights into ribosomal RNA entities and amino acid side chains, notably of the transfer RNA binding sites and specific molecular interactions with the exit site tRNA. It reveals atomic details of the subunit interface, which is seen to remodel strongly upon rotational movements of the ribosomal subunits. Furthermore, the structure paves the way for analysing antibiotic side effects and diseases associated with deregulated protein synthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Khatter, Heena -- Myasnikov, Alexander G -- Natchiar, S Kundhavai -- Klaholz, Bruno P -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 30;520(7549):640-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14427. Epub 2015 Apr 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC (Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France [3] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U964, 67404 Illkirch, France [4] Universite de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Electrons ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Ribosomal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Ribosome Subunits/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2015-03-31
    Description: In response to adenosine 5'-diphosphate, the P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) facilitates platelet aggregation, and thus serves as an important antithrombotic drug target. Here we report the crystal structures of the human P2Y1R in complex with a nucleotide antagonist MRS2500 at 2.7 A resolution, and with a non-nucleotide antagonist BPTU at 2.2 A resolution. The structures reveal two distinct ligand-binding sites, providing atomic details of P2Y1R's unique ligand-binding modes. MRS2500 recognizes a binding site within the seven transmembrane bundle of P2Y1R, which is different in shape and location from the nucleotide binding site in the previously determined structure of P2Y12R, representative of another P2YR subfamily. BPTU binds to an allosteric pocket on the external receptor interface with the lipid bilayer, making it the first structurally characterized selective G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand located entirely outside of the helical bundle. These high-resolution insights into P2Y1R should enable discovery of new orthosteric and allosteric antithrombotic drugs with reduced adverse effects.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408927/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408927/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Dandan -- Gao, Zhan-Guo -- Zhang, Kaihua -- Kiselev, Evgeny -- Crane, Steven -- Wang, Jiang -- Paoletta, Silvia -- Yi, Cuiying -- Ma, Limin -- Zhang, Wenru -- Han, Gye Won -- Liu, Hong -- Cherezov, Vadim -- Katritch, Vsevolod -- Jiang, Hualiang -- Stevens, Raymond C -- Jacobson, Kenneth A -- Zhao, Qiang -- Wu, Beili -- U54 GM094618/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM094618/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Z01 DK031116-21/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Z01DK031116-26/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK031116-26/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 16;520(7547):317-21. doi: 10.1038/nature14287. Epub 2015 Mar 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China. ; Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Bridge Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. ; Bridge Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. ; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China. ; 1] Bridge Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA [2] Bridge Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA [3] iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25822790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Deoxyadenine Nucleotides/*chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Humans ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists/*chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Thionucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Uracil/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane receptors in eukaryotes. Crystal structures have provided insight into GPCR interactions with ligands and G proteins, but our understanding of the conformational dynamics of activation is incomplete. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are dimeric class C GPCRs that modulate neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and serve as drug targets for neurological disorders. A 'clamshell' ligand-binding domain (LBD), which contains the ligand-binding site, is coupled to the transmembrane domain via a cysteine-rich domain, and LBD closure seems to be the first step in activation. Crystal structures of isolated mGluR LBD dimers led to the suggestion that activation also involves a reorientation of the dimer interface from a 'relaxed' to an 'active' state, but the relationship between ligand binding, LBD closure and dimer interface rearrangement in activation remains unclear. Here we use single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer to probe the activation mechanism of full-length mammalian group II mGluRs. We show that the LBDs interconvert between three conformations: resting, activated and a short-lived intermediate state. Orthosteric agonists induce transitions between these conformational states, with efficacy determined by occupancy of the active conformation. Unlike mGluR2, mGluR3 displays basal dynamics, which are Ca(2+)-dependent and lead to basal protein activation. Our results support a general mechanism for the activation of mGluRs in which agonist binding induces closure of the LBDs, followed by dimer interface reorientation. Our experimental strategy should be widely applicable to study conformational dynamics in GPCRs and other membrane proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4597782/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4597782/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vafabakhsh, Reza -- Levitz, Joshua -- Isacoff, Ehud Y -- 2PN2EY018241/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- PN2 EY018241/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 27;524(7566):497-501. doi: 10.1038/nature14679. Epub 2015 Aug 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Drug Partial Agonism ; *Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Humans ; Ligands ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Rats ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/*chemistry/*classification/genetics/metabolism
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The plant hormone jasmonate plays crucial roles in regulating plant responses to herbivorous insects and microbial pathogens and is an important regulator of plant growth and development. Key mediators of jasmonate signalling include MYC transcription factors, which are repressed by jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) transcriptional repressors in the resting state. In the presence of active jasmonate, JAZ proteins function as jasmonate co-receptors by forming a hormone-dependent complex with COI1, the F-box subunit of an SCF-type ubiquitin E3 ligase. The hormone-dependent formation of the COI1-JAZ co-receptor complex leads to ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of JAZ repressors and release of MYC proteins from transcriptional repression. The mechanism by which JAZ proteins repress MYC transcription factors and how JAZ proteins switch between the repressor function in the absence of hormone and the co-receptor function in the presence of hormone remain enigmatic. Here we show that Arabidopsis MYC3 undergoes pronounced conformational changes when bound to the conserved Jas motif of the JAZ9 repressor. The Jas motif, previously shown to bind to hormone as a partly unwound helix, forms a complete alpha-helix that displaces the amino (N)-terminal helix of MYC3 and becomes an integral part of the MYC N-terminal fold. In this position, the Jas helix competitively inhibits MYC3 interaction with the MED25 subunit of the transcriptional Mediator complex. Our structural and functional studies elucidate a dynamic molecular switch mechanism that governs the repression and activation of a major plant hormone pathway.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567411/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567411/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Feng -- Yao, Jian -- Ke, Jiyuan -- Zhang, Li -- Lam, Vinh Q -- Xin, Xiu-Fang -- Zhou, X Edward -- Chen, Jian -- Brunzelle, Joseph -- Griffin, Patrick R -- Zhou, Mingguo -- Xu, H Eric -- Melcher, Karsten -- He, Sheng Yang -- R01 AI068718/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM102545/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01AI060761/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 10;525(7568):269-73. doi: 10.1038/nature14661. Epub 2015 Aug 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA. ; DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. ; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA. ; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. ; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA. ; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. ; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA. ; Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Apoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis/chemistry/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Binding, Competitive/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclopentanes/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Oxylipins/*metabolism ; Plant Growth Regulators/*metabolism ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; Protein Binding/genetics ; Protein Conformation ; Repressor Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2015-04-10
    Description: The TRPA1 ion channel (also known as the wasabi receptor) is a detector of noxious chemical agents encountered in our environment or produced endogenously during tissue injury or drug metabolism. These include a broad class of electrophiles that activate the channel through covalent protein modification. TRPA1 antagonists hold potential for treating neurogenic inflammatory conditions provoked or exacerbated by irritant exposure. Despite compelling reasons to understand TRPA1 function, structural mechanisms underlying channel regulation remain obscure. Here we use single-particle electron cryo- microscopy to determine the structure of full-length human TRPA1 to approximately 4 A resolution in the presence of pharmacophores, including a potent antagonist. Several unexpected features are revealed, including an extensive coiled-coil assembly domain stabilized by polyphosphate co-factors and a highly integrated nexus that converges on an unpredicted transient receptor potential (TRP)-like allosteric domain. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of TRPA1 regulation, and establish a blueprint for structure-based design of analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409540/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409540/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paulsen, Candice E -- Armache, Jean-Paul -- Gao, Yuan -- Cheng, Yifan -- Julius, David -- R01 GM098672/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS055299/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM098672/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS055299/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008284/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 23;520(7548):511-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14367. Epub 2015 Apr 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, USA. ; Keck Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, USA. ; 1] Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, USA [2] Keck Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25855297" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Analgesics ; Ankyrin Repeat ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Binding Sites ; Calcium Channels/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & ; inhibitors/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Polyphosphates/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Stability/drug effects ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels/antagonists & ; inhibitors/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2015-09-08
    Description: During eukaryotic translation initiation, 43S complexes, comprising a 40S ribosomal subunit, initiator transfer RNA and initiation factors (eIF) 2, 3, 1 and 1A, attach to the 5'-terminal region of messenger RNA and scan along it to the initiation codon. Scanning on structured mRNAs also requires the DExH-box protein DHX29. Mammalian eIF3 contains 13 subunits and participates in nearly all steps of translation initiation. Eight subunits having PCI (proteasome, COP9 signalosome, eIF3) or MPN (Mpr1, Pad1, amino-terminal) domains constitute the structural core of eIF3, to which five peripheral subunits are flexibly linked. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of eIF3 in the context of the DHX29-bound 43S complex, showing the PCI/MPN core at approximately 6 A resolution. It reveals the organization of the individual subunits and their interactions with components of the 43S complex. We were able to build near-complete polyalanine-level models of the eIF3 PCI/MPN core and of two peripheral subunits. The implications for understanding mRNA ribosomal attachment and scanning are discussed.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4719162/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4719162/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉des Georges, Amedee -- Dhote, Vidya -- Kuhn, Lauriane -- Hellen, Christopher U T -- Pestova, Tatyana V -- Frank, Joachim -- Hashem, Yaser -- R01 GM029169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059660/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM29169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM59660/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 24;525(7570):491-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14891. Epub 2015 Sep 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉HHMI, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA. ; CNRS, Proteomic Platform Strasbourg - Esplanade, Strasbourg 67084, France. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; CNRS, Architecture et Reactivite de l'ARN, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67084, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26344199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Codon, Initiator/genetics ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/chemistry/metabolism ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ; Peptide Initiation Factors/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA Helicases/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Met/metabolism ; Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2015-06-18
    Description: The bacterial ubiD and ubiX or the homologous fungal fdc1 and pad1 genes have been implicated in the non-oxidative reversible decarboxylation of aromatic substrates, and play a pivotal role in bacterial ubiquinone (also known as coenzyme Q) biosynthesis or microbial biodegradation of aromatic compounds, respectively. Despite biochemical studies on individual gene products, the composition and cofactor requirement of the enzyme responsible for in vivo decarboxylase activity remained unclear. Here we show that Fdc1 is solely responsible for the reversible decarboxylase activity, and that it requires a new type of cofactor: a prenylated flavin synthesized by the associated UbiX/Pad1. Atomic resolution crystal structures reveal that two distinct isomers of the oxidized cofactor can be observed, an isoalloxazine N5-iminium adduct and a N5 secondary ketimine species with markedly altered ring structure, both having azomethine ylide character. Substrate binding positions the dipolarophile enoic acid group directly above the azomethine ylide group. The structure of a covalent inhibitor-cofactor adduct suggests that 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition chemistry supports reversible decarboxylation in these enzymes. Although 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is commonly used in organic chemistry, we propose that this presents the first example, to our knowledge, of an enzymatic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Our model for Fdc1/UbiD catalysis offers new routes in alkene hydrocarbon production or aryl (de)carboxylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Payne, Karl A P -- White, Mark D -- Fisher, Karl -- Khara, Basile -- Bailey, Samuel S -- Parker, David -- Rattray, Nicholas J W -- Trivedi, Drupad K -- Goodacre, Royston -- Beveridge, Rebecca -- Barran, Perdita -- Rigby, Stephen E J -- Scrutton, Nigel S -- Hay, Sam -- Leys, David -- BB/K017802/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/M/017702/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 25;522(7557):497-501. doi: 10.1038/nature14560. Epub 2015 Jun 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK. ; Innovation/Biodomain, Shell International Exploration and Production, Westhollow Technology Center, 3333 Highway 6 South, Houston, Texas 77082-3101, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083754" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkenes/chemistry/metabolism ; Aspergillus niger/enzymology/genetics ; *Biocatalysis ; Carboxy-Lyases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Cycloaddition Reaction ; Decarboxylation ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Flavins/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Isomerism ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Ubiquinone/biosynthesis
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2015-02-25
    Description: V(D)J recombination in the vertebrate immune system generates a highly diverse population of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors by combinatorial joining of segments of coding DNA. The RAG1-RAG2 protein complex initiates this site-specific recombination by cutting DNA at specific sites flanking the coding segments. Here we report the crystal structure of the mouse RAG1-RAG2 complex at 3.2 A resolution. The 230-kilodalton RAG1-RAG2 heterotetramer is 'Y-shaped', with the amino-terminal domains of the two RAG1 chains forming an intertwined stalk. Each RAG1-RAG2 heterodimer composes one arm of the 'Y', with the active site in the middle and RAG2 at its tip. The RAG1-RAG2 structure rationalizes more than 60 mutations identified in immunodeficient patients, as well as a large body of genetic and biochemical data. The architectural similarity between RAG1 and the hairpin-forming transposases Hermes and Tn5 suggests the evolutionary conservation of these DNA rearrangements.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342785/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342785/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Min-Sung -- Lapkouski, Mikalai -- Yang, Wei -- Gellert, Martin -- Z01 DK036147-01/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Z01 DK036147-02/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Z01 DK036167-01/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Z01 DK036167-02/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036147-03/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036147-04/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036147-05/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036147-06/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036147-07/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036147-08/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036167-03/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036167-04/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036167-05/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036167-06/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DK036167-07/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 26;518(7540):507-11. doi: 10.1038/nature14174. Epub 2015 Feb 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25707801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics ; Transposases/chemistry ; VDJ Recombinases/*chemistry/metabolism ; X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases/genetics
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2015-10-28
    Description: Viruses in the Reoviridae, like the triple-shelled human rotavirus and the single-shelled insect cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV), all package a genome of segmented double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) inside the viral capsid and carry out endogenous messenger RNA synthesis through a transcriptional enzyme complex (TEC). By direct electron-counting cryoelectron microscopy and asymmetric reconstruction, we have determined the organization of the dsRNA genome inside quiescent CPV (q-CPV) and the in situ atomic structures of TEC within CPV in both quiescent and transcribing (t-CPV) states. We show that the ten segmented dsRNAs in CPV are organized with ten TECs in a specific, non-symmetric manner, with each dsRNA segment attached directly to a TEC. The TEC consists of two extensively interacting subunits: an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and an NTPase VP4. We find that the bracelet domain of RdRP undergoes marked conformational change when q-CPV is converted to t-CPV, leading to formation of the RNA template entry channel and access to the polymerase active site. An amino-terminal helix from each of two subunits of the capsid shell protein (CSP) interacts with VP4 and RdRP. These findings establish the link between sensing of environmental cues by the external proteins and activation of endogenous RNA transcription by the TEC inside the virus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Xing -- Ding, Ke -- Yu, Xuekui -- Chang, Winston -- Sun, Jingchen -- Zhou, Z Hong -- 1S10OD018111/OD/NIH HHS/ -- 1S10RR23057/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- AI094386/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM071940/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):531-4. doi: 10.1038/nature15767. Epub 2015 Oct 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26503045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Capsid Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Catalytic Domain ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; *Genome, Viral/genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Multienzyme Complexes/chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Nucleoside-Triphosphatase/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA Replicase/chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics/*ultrastructure ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics/ultrastructure ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/genetics/*ultrastructure ; Reoviridae/enzymology/genetics/*ultrastructure ; Templates, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2015-05-15
    Description: Eukaryotic vacuolar H(+)-ATPases (V-ATPases) are rotary enzymes that use energy from hydrolysis of ATP to ADP to pump protons across membranes and control the pH of many intracellular compartments. ATP hydrolysis in the soluble catalytic region of the enzyme is coupled to proton translocation through the membrane-bound region by rotation of a central rotor subcomplex, with peripheral stalks preventing the entire membrane-bound region from turning with the rotor. The eukaryotic V-ATPase is the most complex rotary ATPase: it has three peripheral stalks, a hetero-oligomeric proton-conducting proteolipid ring, several subunits not found in other rotary ATPases, and is regulated by reversible dissociation of its catalytic and proton-conducting regions. Studies of ATP synthases, V-ATPases, and bacterial/archaeal V/A-ATPases have suggested that flexibility is necessary for the catalytic mechanism of rotary ATPases, but the structures of different rotational states have never been observed experimentally. Here we use electron cryomicroscopy to obtain structures for three rotational states of the V-ATPase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The resulting series of structures shows ten proteolipid subunits in the c-ring, setting the ATP:H(+) ratio for proton pumping by the V-ATPase at 3:10, and reveals long and highly tilted transmembrane alpha-helices in the a-subunit that interact with the c-ring. The three different maps reveal the conformational changes that occur to couple rotation in the symmetry-mismatched soluble catalytic region to the membrane-bound proton-translocating region. Almost all of the subunits of the enzyme undergo conformational changes during the transitions between these three rotational states. The structures of these states provide direct evidence that deformation during rotation enables the smooth transmission of power through rotary ATPases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhao, Jianhua -- Benlekbir, Samir -- Rubinstein, John L -- MOP 81294/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 14;521(7551):241-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14365.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Molecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada [2] Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. ; Molecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. ; 1] Molecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada [2] Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada [3] Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25971514" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; Cell Membrane/chemistry/enzymology/metabolism ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Lipid Bilayers/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Pliability ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Protons ; *Rotation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology ; Solubility ; Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2015-07-23
    Description: The human lens is comprised largely of crystallin proteins assembled into a highly ordered, interactive macro-structure essential for lens transparency and refractive index. Any disruption of intra- or inter-protein interactions will alter this delicate structure, exposing hydrophobic surfaces, with consequent protein aggregation and cataract formation. Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness worldwide, affecting tens of millions of people, and currently the only treatment is surgical removal of cataractous lenses. The precise mechanisms by which lens proteins both prevent aggregation and maintain lens transparency are largely unknown. Lanosterol is an amphipathic molecule enriched in the lens. It is synthesized by lanosterol synthase (LSS) in a key cyclization reaction of a cholesterol synthesis pathway. Here we identify two distinct homozygous LSS missense mutations (W581R and G588S) in two families with extensive congenital cataracts. Both of these mutations affect highly conserved amino acid residues and impair key catalytic functions of LSS. Engineered expression of wild-type, but not mutant, LSS prevents intracellular protein aggregation of various cataract-causing mutant crystallins. Treatment by lanosterol, but not cholesterol, significantly decreased preformed protein aggregates both in vitro and in cell-transfection experiments. We further show that lanosterol treatment could reduce cataract severity and increase transparency in dissected rabbit cataractous lenses in vitro and cataract severity in vivo in dogs. Our study identifies lanosterol as a key molecule in the prevention of lens protein aggregation and points to a novel strategy for cataract prevention and treatment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhao, Ling -- Chen, Xiang-Jun -- Zhu, Jie -- Xi, Yi-Bo -- Yang, Xu -- Hu, Li-Dan -- Ouyang, Hong -- Patel, Sherrina H -- Jin, Xin -- Lin, Danni -- Wu, Frances -- Flagg, Ken -- Cai, Huimin -- Li, Gen -- Cao, Guiqun -- Lin, Ying -- Chen, Daniel -- Wen, Cindy -- Chung, Christopher -- Wang, Yandong -- Qiu, Austin -- Yeh, Emily -- Wang, Wenqiu -- Hu, Xun -- Grob, Seanna -- Abagyan, Ruben -- Su, Zhiguang -- Tjondro, Harry Christianto -- Zhao, Xi-Juan -- Luo, Hongrong -- Hou, Rui -- Perry, J Jefferson P -- Gao, Weiwei -- Kozak, Igor -- Granet, David -- Li, Yingrui -- Sun, Xiaodong -- Wang, Jun -- Zhang, Liangfang -- Liu, Yizhi -- Yan, Yong-Bin -- Zhang, Kang -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 30;523(7562):607-11. doi: 10.1038/nature14650. Epub 2015 Jul 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China [2] State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China [3] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China. ; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China. ; 1] State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; 1] Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China [2] Guangzhou KangRui Biological Pharmaceutical Technology Company, Guangzhou 510005, China. ; Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China. ; 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] CapitalBio Genomics Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China. ; 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 20080, China. ; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Guangzhou KangRui Biological Pharmaceutical Technology Company, Guangzhou 510005, China. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA. ; 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 20080, China. ; Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China. ; 1] Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China [2] State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China [3] Department of Ophthalmology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [4] Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [5] Veterans Administration Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26200341" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid/chemistry/drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cataract/congenital/*drug therapy/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Cell Line ; Child ; Crystallins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Lanosterol/administration & dosage/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Lens, Crystalline/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Male ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Pedigree ; Protein Aggregates/*drug effects ; Protein Aggregation, Pathological/*drug therapy/pathology
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene is a driver oncogene in chronic myeloid leukaemia and 30-50% of cases of adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Introduction of ABL1 kinase inhibitors (for example, imatinib) has markedly improved patient survival, but acquired drug resistance remains a challenge. Point mutations in the ABL1 kinase domain weaken inhibitor binding and represent the most common clinical resistance mechanism. The BCR-ABL1 kinase domain gatekeeper mutation Thr315Ile (T315I) confers resistance to all approved ABL1 inhibitors except ponatinib, which has toxicity limitations. Here we combine comprehensive drug sensitivity and resistance profiling of patient cells ex vivo with structural analysis to establish the VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor axitinib as a selective and effective inhibitor for T315I-mutant BCR-ABL1-driven leukaemia. Axitinib potently inhibited BCR-ABL1(T315I), at both biochemical and cellular levels, by binding to the active form of ABL1(T315I) in a mutation-selective binding mode. These findings suggest that the T315I mutation shifts the conformational equilibrium of the kinase in favour of an active (DFG-in) A-loop conformation, which has more optimal binding interactions with axitinib. Treatment of a T315I chronic myeloid leukaemia patient with axitinib resulted in a rapid reduction of T315I-positive cells from bone marrow. Taken together, our findings demonstrate an unexpected opportunity to repurpose axitinib, an anti-angiogenic drug approved for renal cancer, as an inhibitor for ABL1 gatekeeper mutant drug-resistant leukaemia patients. This study shows that wild-type proteins do not always sample the conformations available to disease-relevant mutant proteins and that comprehensive drug testing of patient-derived cells can identify unpredictable, clinically significant drug-repositioning opportunities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pemovska, Tea -- Johnson, Eric -- Kontro, Mika -- Repasky, Gretchen A -- Chen, Jeffrey -- Wells, Peter -- Cronin, Ciaran N -- McTigue, Michele -- Kallioniemi, Olli -- Porkka, Kimmo -- Murray, Brion W -- Wennerberg, Krister -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 5;519(7541):102-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14119. Epub 2015 Feb 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland. ; La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research &Development, San Diego, California 92121, USA. ; Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25686603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiogenesis Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drug Repositioning ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Imidazoles/*chemistry/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Indazoles/*chemistry/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy/genetics/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2015-01-13
    Description: Evolutionarily conserved SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) proteins form a complex that drives membrane fusion in eukaryotes. The ATPase NSF (N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor), together with SNAPs (soluble NSF attachment protein), disassembles the SNARE complex into its protein components, making individual SNAREs available for subsequent rounds of fusion. Here we report structures of ATP- and ADP-bound NSF, and the NSF/SNAP/SNARE (20S) supercomplex determined by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy at near-atomic to sub-nanometre resolution without imposing symmetry. Large, potentially force-generating, conformational differences exist between ATP- and ADP-bound NSF. The 20S supercomplex exhibits broken symmetry, transitioning from six-fold symmetry of the NSF ATPase domains to pseudo four-fold symmetry of the SNARE complex. SNAPs interact with the SNARE complex with an opposite structural twist, suggesting an unwinding mechanism. The interfaces between NSF, SNAPs, and SNAREs exhibit characteristic electrostatic patterns, suggesting how one NSF/SNAP species can act on many different SNARE complexes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320033/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320033/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhao, Minglei -- Wu, Shenping -- Zhou, Qiangjun -- Vivona, Sandro -- Cipriano, Daniel J -- Cheng, Yifan -- Brunger, Axel T -- 5-U01AI082051-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM082250/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50GM082250/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM082893/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM098672/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM082893/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM098672/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 MH063105/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37MH63105/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 5;518(7537):61-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14148. Epub 2015 Jan 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Keck Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Cricetulus ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; SNARE Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment ; Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2015-10-20
    Description: Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has a major role in the Earth's nitrogen cycle and is used in energy-efficient wastewater treatment. This bacterial process combines nitrite and ammonium to form dinitrogen (N2) gas, and has been estimated to synthesize up to 50% of the dinitrogen gas emitted into our atmosphere from the oceans. Strikingly, the anammox process relies on the highly unusual, extremely reactive intermediate hydrazine, a compound also used as a rocket fuel because of its high reducing power. So far, the enzymatic mechanism by which hydrazine is synthesized is unknown. Here we report the 2.7 A resolution crystal structure, as well as biophysical and spectroscopic studies, of a hydrazine synthase multiprotein complex isolated from the anammox organism Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. The structure shows an elongated dimer of heterotrimers, each of which has two unique c-type haem-containing active sites, as well as an interaction point for a redox partner. Furthermore, a system of tunnels connects these active sites. The crystal structure implies a two-step mechanism for hydrazine synthesis: a three-electron reduction of nitric oxide to hydroxylamine at the active site of the gamma-subunit and its subsequent condensation with ammonia, yielding hydrazine in the active centre of the alpha-subunit. Our results provide the first, to our knowledge, detailed structural insight into the mechanism of biological hydrazine synthesis, which is of major significance for our understanding of the conversion of nitrogenous compounds in nature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dietl, Andreas -- Ferousi, Christina -- Maalcke, Wouter J -- Menzel, Andreas -- de Vries, Simon -- Keltjens, Jan T -- Jetten, Mike S M -- Kartal, Boran -- Barends, Thomas R M -- P41-GM103311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 19;527(7578):394-7. doi: 10.1038/nature15517. Epub 2015 Oct 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands. ; Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland. ; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. ; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Gent University, Gent, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26479033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/*enzymology ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrazines/*metabolism ; Hydroxylamine/metabolism ; Metalloproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Multienzyme Complexes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Protein Multimerization
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2015-08-19
    Description: Synaptotagmin-1 and neuronal SNARE proteins have central roles in evoked synchronous neurotransmitter release; however, it is unknown how they cooperate to trigger synaptic vesicle fusion. Here we report atomic-resolution crystal structures of Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-bound complexes between synaptotagmin-1 and the neuronal SNARE complex, one of which was determined with diffraction data from an X-ray free-electron laser, leading to an atomic-resolution structure with accurate rotamer assignments for many side chains. The structures reveal several interfaces, including a large, specific, Ca(2+)-independent and conserved interface. Tests of this interface by mutagenesis suggest that it is essential for Ca(2+)-triggered neurotransmitter release in mouse hippocampal neuronal synapses and for Ca(2+)-triggered vesicle fusion in a reconstituted system. We propose that this interface forms before Ca(2+) triggering, moves en bloc as Ca(2+) influx promotes the interactions between synaptotagmin-1 and the plasma membrane, and consequently remodels the membrane to promote fusion, possibly in conjunction with other interfaces.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4607316/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4607316/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Qiangjun -- Lai, Ying -- Bacaj, Taulant -- Zhao, Minglei -- Lyubimov, Artem Y -- Uervirojnangkoorn, Monarin -- Zeldin, Oliver B -- Brewster, Aaron S -- Sauter, Nicholas K -- Cohen, Aina E -- Soltis, S Michael -- Alonso-Mori, Roberto -- Chollet, Matthieu -- Lemke, Henrik T -- Pfuetzner, Richard A -- Choi, Ucheor B -- Weis, William I -- Diao, Jiajie -- Sudhof, Thomas C -- Brunger, Axel T -- GM095887/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM102520/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MH086403/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103403/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41GM103393/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH086403/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077071/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM095887/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM102520/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 MH063105/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37MH63105/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 3;525(7567):62-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14975. Epub 2015 Aug 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Photon Science, and Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Departments of Structural Biology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26280336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites/genetics ; Calcium/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Electrons ; *Exocytosis ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Lasers ; Magnesium/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Fusion ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Neurons/chemistry/cytology/*metabolism/secretion ; SNARE Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/chemistry/metabolism/secretion ; Synaptotagmins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2015-08-13
    Description: The flipping of membrane-embedded lipids containing large, polar head groups is slow and energetically unfavourable, and is therefore catalysed by flippases, the mechanisms of which are unknown. A prominent example of a flipping reaction is the translocation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides that serve as donors in N-linked protein glycosylation. In Campylobacter jejuni, this process is catalysed by the ABC transporter PglK. Here we present a mechanism of PglK-catalysed lipid-linked oligosaccharide flipping based on crystal structures in distinct states, a newly devised in vitro flipping assay, and in vivo studies. PglK can adopt inward- and outward-facing conformations in vitro, but only outward-facing states are required for flipping. While the pyrophosphate-oligosaccharide head group of lipid-linked oligosaccharides enters the translocation cavity and interacts with positively charged side chains, the lipidic polyprenyl tail binds and activates the transporter but remains exposed to the lipid bilayer during the reaction. The proposed mechanism is distinct from the classical alternating-access model applied to other transporters.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perez, Camilo -- Gerber, Sabina -- Boilevin, Jeremy -- Bucher, Monika -- Darbre, Tamis -- Aebi, Markus -- Reymond, Jean-Louis -- Locher, Kaspar P -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 27;524(7566):433-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14953. Epub 2015 Aug 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland. ; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26266984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; *Biocatalysis ; Campylobacter jejuni/cytology/*enzymology/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrolysis ; Lipid Bilayers/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2015-06-11
    Description: Retroviral integration is catalysed by a tetramer of integrase (IN) assembled on viral DNA ends in a stable complex, known as the intasome. How the intasome interfaces with chromosomal DNA, which exists in the form of nucleosomal arrays, is currently unknown. Here we show that the prototype foamy virus (PFV) intasome is proficient at stable capture of nucleosomes as targets for integration. Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy reveals a multivalent intasome-nucleosome interface involving both gyres of nucleosomal DNA and one H2A-H2B heterodimer. While the histone octamer remains intact, the DNA is lifted from the surface of the H2A-H2B heterodimer to allow integration at strongly preferred superhelix location +/-3.5 positions. Amino acid substitutions disrupting these contacts impinge on the ability of the intasome to engage nucleosomes in vitro and redistribute viral integration sites on the genomic scale. Our findings elucidate the molecular basis for nucleosome capture by the viral DNA recombination machinery and the underlying nucleosome plasticity that allows integration.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4530500/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4530500/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maskell, Daniel P -- Renault, Ludovic -- Serrao, Erik -- Lesbats, Paul -- Matadeen, Rishi -- Hare, Stephen -- Lindemann, Dirk -- Engelman, Alan N -- Costa, Alessandro -- Cherepanov, Peter -- P50 GM082251-06/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI070042/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI070042-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 16;523(7560):366-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14495. Epub 2015 Jun 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK. ; 1] Architecture and Dynamics of Macromolecular Machines, Clare Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK [2] National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Microscopy and Imaging, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK. ; Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; NeCEN, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333, the Netherlands. ; Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, St-Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. ; Institute of Virology, Technische Universitat Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Dresden 01307, Germany. ; Architecture and Dynamics of Macromolecular Machines, Clare Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK. ; 1] Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK [2] Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, St-Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061770" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Binding Sites/genetics ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; DNA/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Genome/genetics ; Histones/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Integrases/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleosomes/*chemistry/genetics/ultrastructure/*virology ; Protein Multimerization ; Recombination, Genetic ; Spumavirus/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Virus Integration
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: Methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) require large quantities of copper for the membrane-bound (particulate) methane monooxygenase. Certain methanotrophs are also able to switch to using the iron-containing soluble methane monooxygenase to catalyse methane oxidation, with this switchover regulated by copper. Methane monooxygenases are nature's primary biological mechanism for suppressing atmospheric levels of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Furthermore, methanotrophs and methane monooxygenases have enormous potential in bioremediation and for biotransformations producing bulk and fine chemicals, and in bioenergy, particularly considering increased methane availability from renewable sources and hydraulic fracturing of shale rock. Here we discover and characterize a novel copper storage protein (Csp1) from the methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b that is exported from the cytosol, and stores copper for particulate methane monooxygenase. Csp1 is a tetramer of four-helix bundles with each monomer binding up to 13 Cu(I) ions in a previously unseen manner via mainly Cys residues that point into the core of the bundle. Csp1 is the first example of a protein that stores a metal within an established protein-folding motif. This work provides a detailed insight into how methanotrophs accumulate copper for the oxidation of methane. Understanding this process is essential if the wide-ranging biotechnological applications of methanotrophs are to be realized. Cytosolic homologues of Csp1 are present in diverse bacteria, thus challenging the dogma that such organisms do not use copper in this location.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561512/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561512/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vita, Nicolas -- Platsaki, Semeli -- Basle, Arnaud -- Allen, Stephen J -- Paterson, Neil G -- Crombie, Andrew T -- Murrell, J Colin -- Waldron, Kevin J -- Dennison, Christopher -- 098375/Z/12/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 3;525(7567):140-3. doi: 10.1038/nature14854. Epub 2015 Aug 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. ; Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK. ; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26308900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Copper/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Methane/chemistry/*metabolism ; Methylosinus trichosporium/*chemistry/enzymology ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygenases/metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: Tandem repeat proteins, which are formed by repetition of modular units of protein sequence and structure, play important biological roles as macromolecular binding and scaffolding domains, enzymes, and building blocks for the assembly of fibrous materials. The modular nature of repeat proteins enables the rapid construction and diversification of extended binding surfaces by duplication and recombination of simple building blocks. The overall architecture of tandem repeat protein structures--which is dictated by the internal geometry and local packing of the repeat building blocks--is highly diverse, ranging from extended, super-helical folds that bind peptide, DNA, and RNA partners, to closed and compact conformations with internal cavities suitable for small molecule binding and catalysis. Here we report the development and validation of computational methods for de novo design of tandem repeat protein architectures driven purely by geometric criteria defining the inter-repeat geometry, without reference to the sequences and structures of existing repeat protein families. We have applied these methods to design a series of closed alpha-solenoid repeat structures (alpha-toroids) in which the inter-repeat packing geometry is constrained so as to juxtapose the amino (N) and carboxy (C) termini; several of these designed structures have been validated by X-ray crystallography. Unlike previous approaches to tandem repeat protein engineering, our design procedure does not rely on template sequence or structural information taken from natural repeat proteins and hence can produce structures unlike those seen in nature. As an example, we have successfully designed and validated closed alpha-solenoid repeats with a left-handed helical architecture that--to our knowledge--is not yet present in the protein structure database.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4727831/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4727831/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doyle, Lindsey -- Hallinan, Jazmine -- Bolduc, Jill -- Parmeggiani, Fabio -- Baker, David -- Stoddard, Barry L -- Bradley, Philip -- R01 GM049857/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM115545/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM49857/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R21 GM106117/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R21GM106117/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 24;528(7583):585-8. doi: 10.1038/nature16191. Epub 2015 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, Washington 98019, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amino Acid Motifs ; *Bioengineering ; *Computer Simulation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Databases, Protein ; Models, Molecular ; *Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2015-08-19
    Description: Phosphorus is required for all life and microorganisms can extract it from their environment through several metabolic pathways. When phosphate is in limited supply, some bacteria are able to use phosphonate compounds, which require specialized enzymatic machinery to break the stable carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond. Despite its importance, the details of how this machinery catabolizes phosphonates remain unknown. Here we determine the crystal structure of the 240-kilodalton Escherichia coli C-P lyase core complex (PhnG-PhnH-PhnI-PhnJ; PhnGHIJ), and show that it is a two-fold symmetric hetero-octamer comprising an intertwined network of subunits with unexpected self-homologies. It contains two potential active sites that probably couple phosphonate compounds to ATP and subsequently hydrolyse the C-P bond. We map the binding site of PhnK on the complex using electron microscopy, and show that it binds to a conserved insertion domain of PhnJ. Our results provide a structural basis for understanding microbial phosphonate breakdown.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617613/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617613/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seweryn, Paulina -- Van, Lan Bich -- Kjeldgaard, Morten -- Russo, Christopher J -- Passmore, Lori A -- Hove-Jensen, Bjarne -- Jochimsen, Bjarne -- Brodersen, Ditlev E -- MC_U105192715/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 3;525(7567):68-72. doi: 10.1038/nature14683. Epub 2015 Aug 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10c, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. ; Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26280334" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Biocatalysis ; Carbon/chemistry/metabolism ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Hydrolysis ; Iron/chemistry/metabolism ; Lyases/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Molecular ; Organophosphonates/metabolism ; Phosphorus/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Sulfur/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: Nuclear pore complexes are fundamental components of all eukaryotic cells that mediate nucleocytoplasmic exchange. Determining their 110-megadalton structure imposes a formidable challenge and requires in situ structural biology approaches. Of approximately 30 nucleoporins (Nups), 15 are structured and form the Y and inner-ring complexes. These two major scaffolding modules assemble in multiple copies into an eight-fold rotationally symmetric structure that fuses the inner and outer nuclear membranes to form a central channel of ~60 nm in diameter. The scaffold is decorated with transport-channel Nups that often contain phenylalanine-repeat sequences and mediate the interaction with cargo complexes. Although the architectural arrangement of parts of the Y complex has been elucidated, it is unclear how exactly it oligomerizes in situ. Here we combine cryo-electron tomography with mass spectrometry, biochemical analysis, perturbation experiments and structural modelling to generate, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive architectural model of the human nuclear pore complex to date. Our data suggest previously unknown protein interfaces across Y complexes and to inner-ring complex members. We show that the transport-channel Nup358 (also known as Ranbp2) has a previously unanticipated role in Y-complex oligomerization. Our findings blur the established boundaries between scaffold and transport-channel Nups. We conclude that, similar to coated vesicles, several copies of the same structural building block--although compositionally identical--engage in different local sets of interactions and conformations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉von Appen, Alexander -- Kosinski, Jan -- Sparks, Lenore -- Ori, Alessandro -- DiGuilio, Amanda L -- Vollmer, Benjamin -- Mackmull, Marie-Therese -- Banterle, Niccolo -- Parca, Luca -- Kastritis, Panagiotis -- Buczak, Katarzyna -- Mosalaganti, Shyamal -- Hagen, Wim -- Andres-Pons, Amparo -- Lemke, Edward A -- Bork, Peer -- Antonin, Wolfram -- Glavy, Joseph S -- Bui, Khanh Huy -- Beck, Martin -- 1R21AG047433-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 1;526(7571):140-3. doi: 10.1038/nature15381. Epub 2015 Sep 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 507 River St., Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA. ; Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Spemannstrasse 39, 72076 Tubingen, Germany. ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Chaperones/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; Nuclear Pore/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Stability
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2015-07-30
    Description: DNA replication in eukaryotes is strictly regulated by several mechanisms. A central step in this replication is the assembly of the heterohexameric minichromosome maintenance (MCM2-7) helicase complex at replication origins during G1 phase as an inactive double hexamer. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy, we report a near-atomic structure of the MCM2-7 double hexamer purified from yeast G1 chromatin. Our structure shows that two single hexamers, arranged in a tilted and twisted fashion through interdigitated amino-terminal domain interactions, form a kinked central channel. Four constricted rings consisting of conserved interior beta-hairpins from the two single hexamers create a narrow passageway that tightly fits duplex DNA. This narrow passageway, reinforced by the offset of the two single hexamers at the double hexamer interface, is flanked by two pairs of gate-forming subunits, MCM2 and MCM5. These unusual features of the twisted and tilted single hexamers suggest a concerted mechanism for the melting of origin DNA that requires structural deformation of the intervening DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Ningning -- Zhai, Yuanliang -- Zhang, Yixiao -- Li, Wanqiu -- Yang, Maojun -- Lei, Jianlin -- Tye, Bik-Kwoon -- Gao, Ning -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 13;524(7564):186-91. doi: 10.1038/nature14685. Epub 2015 Jul 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; 1] Division of Life Science, Hong Kong Universityof Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China [2] Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. ; 1] Division of Life Science, Hong Kong Universityof Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China [2] Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26222030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Chromatin/chemistry ; Conserved Sequence ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/chemistry/ultrastructure ; G1 Phase ; Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Multienzyme Complexes/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Nucleic Acid Denaturation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/*chemistry/metabolism ; Replication Origin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2015-08-19
    Description: Dysfunction of the intramembrane protease gamma-secretase is thought to cause Alzheimer's disease, with most mutations derived from Alzheimer's disease mapping to the catalytic subunit presenilin 1 (PS1). Here we report an atomic structure of human gamma-secretase at 3.4 A resolution, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Mutations derived from Alzheimer's disease affect residues at two hotspots in PS1, each located at the centre of a distinct four transmembrane segment (TM) bundle. TM2 and, to a lesser extent, TM6 exhibit considerable flexibility, yielding a plastic active site and adaptable surrounding elements. The active site of PS1 is accessible from the convex side of the TM horseshoe, suggesting considerable conformational changes in nicastrin extracellular domain after substrate recruitment. Component protein APH-1 serves as a scaffold, anchoring the lone transmembrane helix from nicastrin and supporting the flexible conformation of PS1. Ordered phospholipids stabilize the complex inside the membrane. Our structure serves as a molecular basis for mechanistic understanding of gamma-secretase function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568306/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568306/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bai, Xiao-chen -- Yan, Chuangye -- Yang, Guanghui -- Lu, Peilong -- Ma, Dan -- Sun, Linfeng -- Zhou, Rui -- Scheres, Sjors H W -- Shi, Yigong -- MC_UP_A025_101/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_A025_1013/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 10;525(7568):212-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14892. Epub 2015 Aug 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. ; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26280335" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Amyloid Precursor Protein ; Secretases/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Binding Sites ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Presenilin-1/*chemistry/genetics/*ultrastructure ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/genetics/metabolism
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: micro-Opioid receptors (microORs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by a structurally diverse spectrum of natural and synthetic agonists including endogenous endorphin peptides, morphine and methadone. The recent structures of the muOR in inactive and agonist-induced active states (Huang et al., ref. 2) provide snapshots of the receptor at the beginning and end of a signalling event, but little is known about the dynamic sequence of events that span these two states. Here we use solution-state NMR to examine the process of muOR activation using a purified receptor (mouse sequence) preparation in an amphiphile membrane-like environment. We obtain spectra of the muOR in the absence of ligand, and in the presence of the high-affinity agonist BU72 alone, or with BU72 and a G protein mimetic nanobody. Our results show that conformational changes in transmembrane segments 5 and 6 (TM5 and TM6), which are required for the full engagement of a G protein, are almost completely dependent on the presence of both the agonist and the G protein mimetic nanobody, revealing a weak allosteric coupling between the agonist-binding pocket and the G-protein-coupling interface (TM5 and TM6), similar to that observed for the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Unexpectedly, in the presence of agonist alone, we find larger spectral changes involving intracellular loop 1 and helix 8 compared to changes in TM5 and TM6. These results suggest that one or both of these domains may play a role in the initial interaction with the G protein, and that TM5 and TM6 are only engaged later in the process of complex formation. The initial interactions between the G protein and intracellular loop 1 and/or helix 8 may be involved in G-protein coupling specificity, as has been suggested for other family A G-protein-coupled receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sounier, Remy -- Mas, Camille -- Steyaert, Jan -- Laeremans, Toon -- Manglik, Aashish -- Huang, Weijiao -- Kobilka, Brian K -- Demene, Helene -- Granier, Sebastien -- DA036246/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R37 DA036246/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008294/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 20;524(7565):375-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14680. Epub 2015 Aug 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR-5203 INSERM U1191, University of Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France. ; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. ; Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048-INSERM 1054- University of Montpellier, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26245377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Morphinans/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation/drug effects ; Pyrroles/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Single-Chain Antibodies/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2015-06-23
    Description: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is conserved in all eukaryotes and introduces the first double bond into saturated fatty acyl-CoAs. Because the monounsaturated products of SCD are key precursors of membrane phospholipids, cholesterol esters and triglycerides, SCD is pivotal in fatty acid metabolism. Humans have two SCD homologues (SCD1 and SCD5), while mice have four (SCD1-SCD4). SCD1-deficient mice do not become obese or diabetic when fed a high-fat diet because of improved lipid metabolic profiles and insulin sensitivity. Thus, SCD1 is a pharmacological target in the treatment of obesity, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. SCD1 is an integral membrane protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum, and catalyses the formation of a cis-double bond between the ninth and tenth carbons of stearoyl- or palmitoyl-CoA. The reaction requires molecular oxygen, which is activated by a di-iron centre, and cytochrome b5, which regenerates the di-iron centre. To understand better the structural basis of these characteristics of SCD function, here we crystallize and solve the structure of mouse SCD1 bound to stearoyl-CoA at 2.6 A resolution. The structure shows a novel fold comprising four transmembrane helices capped by a cytosolic domain, and a plausible pathway for lateral substrate access and product egress. The acyl chain of the bound stearoyl-CoA is enclosed in a tunnel buried in the cytosolic domain, and the geometry of the tunnel and the conformation of the bound acyl chain provide a structural basis for the regioselectivity and stereospecificity of the desaturation reaction. The dimetal centre is coordinated by a unique spacial arrangement of nine conserved histidine residues that implies a potentially novel mechanism for oxygen activation. The structure also illustrates a possible route for electron transfer from cytochrome b5 to the di-iron centre.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689147/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689147/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bai, Yonghong -- McCoy, Jason G -- Levin, Elena J -- Sobrado, Pablo -- Rajashankar, Kanagalaghatta R -- Fox, Brian G -- Zhou, Ming -- P41 GM103403/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41GM103403/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK088057/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM098878/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL086392/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01DK088057/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01GM050853/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM098878/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01HL086392/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094584/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM094584/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM095315/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 13;524(7564):252-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14549. Epub 2015 Jun 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. ; NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyl Coenzyme A/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytochromes b5/chemistry/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Histidine/chemistry/metabolism ; Iron/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Static Electricity ; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2015-10-06
    Description: Na(+)-activated K(+) channels are members of the Slo family of large conductance K(+) channels that are widely expressed in the brain, where their opening regulates neuronal excitability. These channels fulfil a number of biological roles and have intriguing biophysical properties, including conductance levels that are ten times those of most other K(+) channels and gating sensitivity to intracellular Na(+). Here we present the structure of a complete Na(+)-activated K(+) channel, chicken Slo2.2, in the Na(+)-free state, determined by cryo-electron microscopy at a nominal resolution of 4.5 angstroms. The channel is composed of a large cytoplasmic gating ring, in which resides the Na(+)-binding site and a transmembrane domain that closely resembles voltage-gated K(+) channels. In the structure, the cytoplasmic domain adopts a closed conformation and the ion conduction pore is also closed. The structure reveals features that can explain the unusually high conductance of Slo channels and how contraction of the cytoplasmic gating ring closes the pore.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hite, Richard K -- Yuan, Peng -- Li, Zongli -- Hsuing, Yichun -- Walz, Thomas -- MacKinnon, Roderick -- GM43949/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043949/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 12;527(7577):198-203. doi: 10.1038/nature14958. Epub 2015 Oct 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rockefeller University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26436452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; *Chickens ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Electric Conductivity ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Transport ; Models, Molecular ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sodium/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2015-10-13
    Description: Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs) are ubiquitous ion channels responsible for cytosolic Ca(2+) signalling and essential for a broad array of cellular processes ranging from contraction to secretion, and from proliferation to cell death. Despite decades of research on InsP3Rs, a mechanistic understanding of their structure-function relationship is lacking. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, near-atomic (4.7 A) resolution electron cryomicroscopy structure of the tetrameric mammalian type 1 InsP3R channel in its apo-state. At this resolution, we are able to trace unambiguously approximately 85% of the protein backbone, allowing us to identify the structural elements involved in gating and modulation of this 1.3-megadalton channel. Although the central Ca(2+)-conduction pathway is similar to other ion channels, including the closely related ryanodine receptor, the cytosolic carboxy termini are uniquely arranged in a left-handed alpha-helical bundle, directly interacting with the amino-terminal domains of adjacent subunits. This configuration suggests a molecular mechanism for allosteric regulation of channel gating by intracellular signals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fan, Guizhen -- Baker, Matthew L -- Wang, Zhao -- Baker, Mariah R -- Sinyagovskiy, Pavel A -- Chiu, Wah -- Ludtke, Steven J -- Serysheva, Irina I -- P41 GM103832/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41GM103832/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM072804/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM079429/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM080139/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM072804/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM079429/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM080139/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R21 AR063255/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R21 GM100229/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R21AR063255/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R21GM100229/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S10 OD016279/OD/NIH HHS/ -- S10OD016279/OD/NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 19;527(7578):336-41. doi: 10.1038/nature15249. Epub 2015 Oct 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology Imaging Center, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26458101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; Apoproteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Cytosol/chemistry/metabolism ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Ion Channel Gating ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Rats ; Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2015-06-18
    Description: Ubiquinone (also known as coenzyme Q) is a ubiquitous lipid-soluble redox cofactor that is an essential component of electron transfer chains. Eleven genes have been implicated in bacterial ubiquinone biosynthesis, including ubiX and ubiD, which are responsible for decarboxylation of the 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate precursor. Despite structural and biochemical characterization of UbiX as a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-binding protein, no decarboxylase activity has been detected. Here we report that UbiX produces a novel flavin-derived cofactor required for the decarboxylase activity of UbiD. UbiX acts as a flavin prenyltransferase, linking a dimethylallyl moiety to the flavin N5 and C6 atoms. This adds a fourth non-aromatic ring to the flavin isoalloxazine group. In contrast to other prenyltransferases, UbiX is metal-independent and requires dimethylallyl-monophosphate as substrate. Kinetic crystallography reveals that the prenyltransferase mechanism of UbiX resembles that of the terpene synthases. The active site environment is dominated by pi systems, which assist phosphate-C1' bond breakage following FMN reduction, leading to formation of the N5-C1' bond. UbiX then acts as a chaperone for adduct reorientation, via transient carbocation species, leading ultimately to formation of the dimethylallyl C3'-C6 bond. Our findings establish the mechanism for formation of a new flavin-derived cofactor, extending both flavin and terpenoid biochemical repertoires.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, Mark D -- Payne, Karl A P -- Fisher, Karl -- Marshall, Stephen A -- Parker, David -- Rattray, Nicholas J W -- Trivedi, Drupad K -- Goodacre, Royston -- Rigby, Stephen E J -- Scrutton, Nigel S -- Hay, Sam -- Leys, David -- BB/K017802/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/M017702/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 25;522(7557):502-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14559. Epub 2015 Jun 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK. ; Innovation/Biodomain, Shell International Exploration and Production, Westhollow Technology Center, 3333 Highway 6 South, Houston, Texas 77082-3101, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/chemistry/metabolism ; Aspergillus niger/enzymology/genetics ; *Biocatalysis ; Carboxy-Lyases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cycloaddition Reaction ; Decarboxylation ; Dimethylallyltranstransferase/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Flavin Mononucleotide/metabolism ; Flavins/biosynthesis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*enzymology/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquinone/*biosynthesis
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2015-09-08
    Description: To contend with hazards posed by environmental fluoride, microorganisms export this anion through F(-)-specific ion channels of the Fluc family. Since the recent discovery of Fluc channels, numerous idiosyncratic features of these proteins have been unearthed, including strong selectivity for F(-) over Cl(-) and dual-topology dimeric assembly. To understand the chemical basis for F(-) permeation and how the antiparallel subunits convene to form a F(-)-selective pore, here we solve the crystal structures of two bacterial Fluc homologues in complex with three different monobody inhibitors, with and without F(-) present, to a maximum resolution of 2.1 A. The structures reveal a surprising 'double-barrelled' channel architecture in which two F(-) ion pathways span the membrane, and the dual-topology arrangement includes a centrally coordinated cation, most likely Na(+). F(-) selectivity is proposed to arise from the very narrow pores and an unusual anion coordination that exploits the quadrupolar edges of conserved phenylalanine rings.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stockbridge, Randy B -- Kolmakova-Partensky, Ludmila -- Shane, Tania -- Koide, Akiko -- Koide, Shohei -- Miller, Christopher -- Newstead, Simon -- 102890/Z/13/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- K99 GM111767/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- K99-GM-111767/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM107023/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM107023/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM087519/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54-GM087519/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 24;525(7570):548-51. doi: 10.1038/nature14981. Epub 2015 Sep 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26344196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anions/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fluorides/chemistry/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Ion Channels/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Phenylalanine/metabolism ; Protein Conformation
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2015-11-03
    Description: DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are involved in DNA demethylation through iteratively oxidizing 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Here we show that human TET1 and TET2 are more active on 5mC-DNA than 5hmC/5fC-DNA substrates. We determine the crystal structures of TET2-5hmC-DNA and TET2-5fC-DNA complexes at 1.80 A and 1.97 A resolution, respectively. The cytosine portion of 5hmC/5fC is specifically recognized by TET2 in a manner similar to that of 5mC in the TET2-5mC-DNA structure, and the pyrimidine base of 5mC/5hmC/5fC adopts an almost identical conformation within the catalytic cavity. However, the hydroxyl group of 5hmC and carbonyl group of 5fC face towards the opposite direction because the hydroxymethyl group of 5hmC and formyl group of 5fC adopt restrained conformations through forming hydrogen bonds with the 1-carboxylate of NOG and N4 exocyclic nitrogen of cytosine, respectively. Biochemical analyses indicate that the substrate preference of TET2 results from the different efficiencies of hydrogen abstraction in TET2-mediated oxidation. The restrained conformation of 5hmC and 5fC within the catalytic cavity may prevent their abstractable hydrogen(s) adopting a favourable orientation for hydrogen abstraction and thus result in low catalytic efficiency. Our studies demonstrate that the substrate preference of TET2 results from the intrinsic value of its substrates at their 5mC derivative groups and suggest that 5hmC is relatively stable and less prone to further oxidation by TET proteins. Therefore, TET proteins are evolutionarily tuned to be less reactive towards 5hmC and facilitate the generation of 5hmC as a potentially stable mark for regulatory functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hu, Lulu -- Lu, Junyan -- Cheng, Jingdong -- Rao, Qinhui -- Li, Ze -- Hou, Haifeng -- Lou, Zhiyong -- Zhang, Lei -- Li, Wei -- Gong, Wei -- Liu, Mengjie -- Sun, Chang -- Yin, Xiaotong -- Li, Jie -- Tan, Xiangshi -- Wang, Pengcheng -- Wang, Yinsheng -- Fang, Dong -- Cui, Qiang -- Yang, Pengyuan -- He, Chuan -- Jiang, Hualiang -- Luo, Cheng -- Xu, Yanhui -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 5;527(7576):118-22. doi: 10.1038/nature15713. Epub 2015 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. ; Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China. ; Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China. ; Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. ; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA. ; Theoretical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Methylcytosine/metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytosine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; DNA/*chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Protein Binding ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2015-11-10
    Description: At least 120 non-olfactory G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome are 'orphans' for which endogenous ligands are unknown, and many have no selective ligands, hindering the determination of their biological functions and clinical relevance. Among these is GPR68, a proton receptor that lacks small molecule modulators for probing its biology. Using yeast-based screens against GPR68, here we identify the benzodiazepine drug lorazepam as a non-selective GPR68 positive allosteric modulator. More than 3,000 GPR68 homology models were refined to recognize lorazepam in a putative allosteric site. Docking 3.1 million molecules predicted new GPR68 modulators, many of which were confirmed in functional assays. One potent GPR68 modulator, ogerin, suppressed recall in fear conditioning in wild-type but not in GPR68-knockout mice. The same approach led to the discovery of allosteric agonists and negative allosteric modulators for GPR65. Combining physical and structure-based screening may be broadly useful for ligand discovery for understudied and orphan GPCRs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Xi-Ping -- Karpiak, Joel -- Kroeze, Wesley K -- Zhu, Hu -- Chen, Xin -- Moy, Sheryl S -- Saddoris, Kara A -- Nikolova, Viktoriya D -- Farrell, Martilias S -- Wang, Sheng -- Mangano, Thomas J -- Deshpande, Deepak A -- Jiang, Alice -- Penn, Raymond B -- Jin, Jian -- Koller, Beverly H -- Kenakin, Terry -- Shoichet, Brian K -- Roth, Bryan L -- GM59957/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM71896/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL114471/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA017204/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA027170/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH104974/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U19MH082441/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U54 HD079124/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):477-83. doi: 10.1038/nature15699. Epub 2015 Nov 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA. ; National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, USA. ; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, USA. ; Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery (CICBDD), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7363, USA. ; Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities (CIDD), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7146, USA. ; Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. ; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26550826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation/drug effects ; Allosteric Site ; Animals ; Anti-Anxiety Agents/analysis/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Benzyl Alcohols/analysis/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Conditioning, Classical ; *Drug Discovery ; Fear ; Female ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lorazepam/analysis/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Male ; Memory/drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Models, Molecular ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/deficiency/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Triazines/analysis/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2015-10-28
    Description: Negative-sense RNA viruses, such as influenza, encode large, multidomain RNA-dependent RNA polymerases that can both transcribe and replicate the viral RNA genome. In influenza virus, the polymerase (FluPol) is composed of three polypeptides: PB1, PB2 and PA/P3. PB1 houses the polymerase active site, whereas PB2 and PA/P3 contain, respectively, cap-binding and endonuclease domains required for transcription initiation by cap-snatching. Replication occurs through de novo initiation and involves a complementary RNA intermediate. Currently available structures of the influenza A and B virus polymerases include promoter RNA (the 5' and 3' termini of viral genome segments), showing FluPol in transcription pre-initiation states. Here we report the structure of apo-FluPol from an influenza C virus, solved by X-ray crystallography to 3.9 A, revealing a new 'closed' conformation. The apo-FluPol forms a compact particle with PB1 at its centre, capped on one face by PB2 and clamped between the two globular domains of P3. Notably, this structure is radically different from those of promoter-bound FluPols. The endonuclease domain of P3 and the domains within the carboxy-terminal two-thirds of PB2 are completely rearranged. The cap-binding site is occluded by PB2, resulting in a conformation that is incompatible with transcription initiation. Thus, our structure captures FluPol in a closed, transcription pre-activation state. This reveals the conformation of newly made apo-FluPol in an infected cell, but may also apply to FluPol in the context of a non-transcribing ribonucleoprotein complex. Comparison of the apo-FluPol structure with those of promoter-bound FluPols allows us to propose a mechanism for FluPol activation. Our study demonstrates the remarkable flexibility of influenza virus RNA polymerase, and aids our understanding of the mechanisms controlling transcription and genome replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hengrung, Narin -- El Omari, Kamel -- Serna Martin, Itziar -- Vreede, Frank T -- Cusack, Stephen -- Rambo, Robert P -- Vonrhein, Clemens -- Bricogne, Gerard -- Stuart, David I -- Grimes, Jonathan M -- Fodor, Ervin -- 075491/Z/04/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 092931/Z/10/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G1000099/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1100138/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MR/K000241/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 5;527(7576):114-7. doi: 10.1038/nature15525. Epub 2015 Oct 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK. ; Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. ; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation and University Grenoble Alpes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-EMBL Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France. ; Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science &Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK. ; Global Phasing Ltd, Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26503046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Apoenzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Endonucleases/chemistry/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Influenzavirus C/*enzymology ; Models, Molecular ; Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA Caps/metabolism ; RNA Replicase/*chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins/chemistry
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2015-03-25
    Description: Visualizing the physical basis for molecular behaviour inside living cells is a great challenge for biology. RNAs are central to biological regulation, and the ability of RNA to adopt specific structures intimately controls every step of the gene expression program. However, our understanding of physiological RNA structures is limited; current in vivo RNA structure profiles include only two of the four nucleotides that make up RNA. Here we present a novel biochemical approach, in vivo click selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation and profiling experiment (icSHAPE), which enables the first global view, to our knowledge, of RNA secondary structures in living cells for all four bases. icSHAPE of the mouse embryonic stem cell transcriptome versus purified RNA folded in vitro shows that the structural dynamics of RNA in the cellular environment distinguish different classes of RNAs and regulatory elements. Structural signatures at translational start sites and ribosome pause sites are conserved from in vitro conditions, suggesting that these RNA elements are programmed by sequence. In contrast, focal structural rearrangements in vivo reveal precise interfaces of RNA with RNA-binding proteins or RNA-modification sites that are consistent with atomic-resolution structural data. Such dynamic structural footprints enable accurate prediction of RNA-protein interactions and N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) modification genome wide. These results open the door for structural genomics of RNA in living cells and reveal key physiological structures controlling gene expression.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376618/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376618/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spitale, Robert C -- Flynn, Ryan A -- Zhang, Qiangfeng Cliff -- Crisalli, Pete -- Lee, Byron -- Jung, Jong-Wha -- Kuchelmeister, Hannes Y -- Batista, Pedro J -- Torre, Eduardo A -- Kool, Eric T -- Chang, Howard Y -- F30 CA189514/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F30CA189514/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG007735/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50HG007735/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004361/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01HG004361/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009302/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32AR007422/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 26;519(7544):486-90. doi: 10.1038/nature14263. Epub 2015 Mar 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acylation ; Adenosine/analogs & derivatives ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Survival ; Click Chemistry ; Computational Biology ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Genome/genetics ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA/*chemistry/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid/genetics ; Ribosomes/metabolism ; Transcriptome/genetics
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2015-08-25
    Description: The mechanochemical protein dynamin is the prototype of the dynamin superfamily of large GTPases, which shape and remodel membranes in diverse cellular processes. Dynamin forms predominantly tetramers in the cytosol, which oligomerize at the neck of clathrin-coated vesicles to mediate constriction and subsequent scission of the membrane. Previous studies have described the architecture of dynamin dimers, but the molecular determinants for dynamin assembly and its regulation have remained unclear. Here we present the crystal structure of the human dynamin tetramer in the nucleotide-free state. Combining structural data with mutational studies, oligomerization measurements and Markov state models of molecular dynamics simulations, we suggest a mechanism by which oligomerization of dynamin is linked to the release of intramolecular autoinhibitory interactions. We elucidate how mutations that interfere with tetramer formation and autoinhibition can lead to the congenital muscle disorders Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy and centronuclear myopathy, respectively. Notably, the bent shape of the tetramer explains how dynamin assembles into a right-handed helical oligomer of defined diameter, which has direct implications for its function in membrane constriction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reubold, Thomas F -- Faelber, Katja -- Plattner, Nuria -- Posor, York -- Ketel, Katharina -- Curth, Ute -- Schlegel, Jeanette -- Anand, Roopsee -- Manstein, Dietmar J -- Noe, Frank -- Haucke, Volker -- Daumke, Oliver -- Eschenburg, Susanne -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 17;525(7569):404-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14880. Epub 2015 Aug 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Biophysikalische Chemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. ; Max-Delbruck-Centrum fur Molekulare Medizin, Kristallographie, Robert-Rossle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany. ; Institut fur Mathematik, Freie Universitat Berlin, Arnimallee 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany. ; Leibniz-Institut fur Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rossle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany. ; Forschungseinrichtung Strukturanalyse, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. ; Institut fur Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26302298" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dynamins/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Markov Chains ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Mutant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation/genetics ; Myopathies, Structural, Congenital ; Nucleotides ; *Protein Multimerization/genetics ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2015-11-05
    Description: It is estimated that more than 170 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide. Clinical trials have demonstrated that, for the first time in human history, the potential exists to eradicate a chronic viral disease using combination therapies that contain only direct-acting antiviral agents. HCV non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) is a multifunctional protein required for several stages of the virus replication cycle. NS5A replication complex inhibitors, exemplified by daclatasvir (DCV; also known as BMS-790052 and Daklinza), belong to the most potent class of direct-acting anti-HCV agents described so far, with in vitro activity in the picomolar (pM) to low nanomolar (nM) range. The potency observed in vitro has translated into clinical efficacy, with HCV RNA declining by ~3-4 log10 in infected patients after administration of single oral doses of DCV. Understanding the exceptional potency of DCV was a key objective of this study. Here we show that although DCV and an NS5A inhibitor analogue (Syn-395) are inactive against certain NS5A resistance variants, combinations of the pair enhance DCV potency by 〉1,000-fold, restoring activity to the pM range. This synergistic effect was validated in vivo using an HCV-infected chimaeric mouse model. The cooperative interaction of a pair of compounds suggests that NS5A protein molecules communicate with each other: one inhibitor binds to resistant NS5A, causing a conformational change that is transmitted to adjacent NS5As, resensitizing resistant NS5A so that the second inhibitor can act to restore inhibition. This unprecedented synergistic anti-HCV activity also enhances the resistance barrier of DCV, providing additional options for HCV combination therapy and new insight into the role of NS5A in the HCV replication cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Jin-Hua -- O'Boyle, Donald R 2nd -- Fridell, Robert A -- Langley, David R -- Wang, Chunfu -- Roberts, Susan B -- Nower, Peter -- Johnson, Benjamin M -- Moulin, Frederic -- Nophsker, Michelle J -- Wang, Ying-Kai -- Liu, Mengping -- Rigat, Karen -- Tu, Yong -- Hewawasam, Piyasena -- Kadow, John -- Meanwell, Nicholas A -- Cockett, Mark -- Lemm, Julie A -- Kramer, Melissa -- Belema, Makonen -- Gao, Min -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 12;527(7577):245-8. doi: 10.1038/nature15711. Epub 2015 Nov 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA. ; Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA. ; Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA. ; Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA. ; Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26536115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation/drug effects ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology ; Biphenyl Compounds/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Drug Resistance, Viral/*drug effects ; Drug Synergism ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Hepacivirus/*drug effects/*genetics/metabolism ; Hepatitis C/virology ; Hepatocytes/transplantation ; Humans ; Imidazoles/*pharmacology ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation/drug effects ; Protein Multimerization/drug effects ; Protein Structure, Quaternary/drug effects ; Reproducibility of Results ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Virus Replication/drug effects
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2015-11-03
    Description: Cas9 is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease that targets foreign DNA for destruction as part of a bacterial adaptive immune system mediated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Together with single-guide RNAs, Cas9 also functions as a powerful genome engineering tool in plants and animals, and efforts are underway to increase the efficiency and specificity of DNA targeting for potential therapeutic applications. Studies of off-target effects have shown that DNA binding is far more promiscuous than DNA cleavage, yet the molecular cues that govern strand scission have not been elucidated. Here we show that the conformational state of the HNH nuclease domain directly controls DNA cleavage activity. Using intramolecular Forster resonance energy transfer experiments to detect relative orientations of the Cas9 catalytic domains when associated with on- and off-target DNA, we find that DNA cleavage efficiencies scale with the extent to which the HNH domain samples an activated conformation. We furthermore uncover a surprising mode of allosteric communication that ensures concerted firing of both Cas9 nuclease domains. Our results highlight a proofreading mechanism beyond initial protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) recognition and RNA-DNA base-pairing that serves as a final specificity checkpoint before DNA double-strand break formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sternberg, Samuel H -- LaFrance, Benjamin -- Kaplan, Matias -- Doudna, Jennifer A -- T32GM007232/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 5;527(7576):110-3. doi: 10.1038/nature15544. Epub 2015 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Base Pairing ; Binding Sites ; CRISPR-Associated Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Catalytic Domain ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; *DNA Cleavage ; Endonucleases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; *Genetic Engineering ; Models, Molecular ; RNA, Guide/chemistry/metabolism ; Streptococcus pyogenes
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Activation of the mu-opioid receptor (muOR) is responsible for the efficacy of the most effective analgesics. To shed light on the structural basis for muOR activation, here we report a 2.1 A X-ray crystal structure of the murine muOR bound to the morphinan agonist BU72 and a G protein mimetic camelid antibody fragment. The BU72-stabilized changes in the muOR binding pocket are subtle and differ from those observed for agonist-bound structures of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) and the M2 muscarinic receptor. Comparison with active beta2AR reveals a common rearrangement in the packing of three conserved amino acids in the core of the muOR, and molecular dynamics simulations illustrate how the ligand-binding pocket is conformationally linked to this conserved triad. Additionally, an extensive polar network between the ligand-binding pocket and the cytoplasmic domains appears to play a similar role in signal propagation for all three G-protein-coupled receptors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639397/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639397/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Weijiao -- Manglik, Aashish -- Venkatakrishnan, A J -- Laeremans, Toon -- Feinberg, Evan N -- Sanborn, Adrian L -- Kato, Hideaki E -- Livingston, Kathryn E -- Thorsen, Thor S -- Kling, Ralf C -- Granier, Sebastien -- Gmeiner, Peter -- Husbands, Stephen M -- Traynor, John R -- Weis, William I -- Steyaert, Jan -- Dror, Ron O -- Kobilka, Brian K -- R01GM083118/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 DA036246/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R37DA036246/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008294/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 20;524(7565):315-21. doi: 10.1038/nature14886. Epub 2015 Aug 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. ; Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany. ; Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR-5203 INSERM U1191, University of Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France. ; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. ; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26245379" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Morphinans/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Stability/drug effects ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Pyrroles/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Receptor, Muscarinic M2/chemistry ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Single-Chain Antibodies/chemistry/pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2015-02-06
    Description: The central dogma of gene expression (DNA to RNA to protein) is universal, but in different domains of life there are fundamental mechanistic differences within this pathway. For example, the canonical molecular signals used to initiate protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes are mutually exclusive. However, the core structures and conformational dynamics of ribosomes that are responsible for the translation steps that take place after initiation are ancient and conserved across the domains of life. We wanted to explore whether an undiscovered RNA-based signal might be able to use these conserved features, bypassing mechanisms specific to each domain of life, and initiate protein synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Although structured internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNAs can manipulate ribosomes to initiate translation in eukaryotic cells, an analogous RNA structure-based mechanism has not been observed in bacteria. Here we report our discovery that a eukaryotic viral IRES can initiate translation in live bacteria. We solved the crystal structure of this IRES bound to a bacterial ribosome to 3.8 A resolution, revealing that despite differences between bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes this IRES binds directly to both and occupies the space normally used by transfer RNAs. Initiation in both bacteria and eukaryotes depends on the structure of the IRES RNA, but in bacteria this RNA uses a different mechanism that includes a form of ribosome repositioning after initial recruitment. This IRES RNA bridges billions of years of evolutionary divergence and provides an example of an RNA structure-based translation initiation signal capable of operating in two domains of life.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4352134/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4352134/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Colussi, Timothy M -- Costantino, David A -- Zhu, Jianyu -- Donohue, John Paul -- Korostelev, Andrei A -- Jaafar, Zane A -- Plank, Terra-Dawn M -- Noller, Harry F -- Kieft, Jeffrey S -- GM-103105/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-17129/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-59140/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-81346/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-97333/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM097333/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM106105/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 5;519(7541):110-3. doi: 10.1038/nature14219. Epub 2015 Feb 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA. ; Center for Molecular Biology of RNA and Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Labs, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25652826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dicistroviridae/genetics ; Eukaryota/*genetics ; Models, Molecular ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational/genetics ; Protein Biosynthesis/*genetics ; RNA/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Ribosomes/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2015-11-03
    Description: Threats to genomic integrity arising from DNA damage are mitigated by DNA glycosylases, which initiate the base excision repair pathway by locating and excising aberrant nucleobases. How these enzymes find small modifications within the genome is a current area of intensive research. A hallmark of these and other DNA repair enzymes is their use of base flipping to sequester modified nucleotides from the DNA helix and into an active site pocket. Consequently, base flipping is generally regarded as an essential aspect of lesion recognition and a necessary precursor to base excision. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, DNA glycosylase mechanism that does not require base flipping for either binding or catalysis. Using the DNA glycosylase AlkD from Bacillus cereus, we crystallographically monitored excision of an alkylpurine substrate as a function of time, and reconstructed the steps along the reaction coordinate through structures representing substrate, intermediate and product complexes. Instead of directly interacting with the damaged nucleobase, AlkD recognizes aberrant base pairs through interactions with the phosphoribose backbone, while the lesion remains stacked in the DNA duplex. Quantum mechanical calculations revealed that these contacts include catalytic charge-dipole and CH-pi interactions that preferentially stabilize the transition state. We show in vitro and in vivo how this unique means of recognition and catalysis enables AlkD to repair large adducts formed by yatakemycin, a member of the duocarmycin family of antimicrobial natural products exploited in bacterial warfare and chemotherapeutic trials. Bulky adducts of this or any type are not excised by DNA glycosylases that use a traditional base-flipping mechanism. Hence, these findings represent a new model for DNA repair and provide insights into catalysis of base excision.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mullins, Elwood A -- Shi, Rongxin -- Parsons, Zachary D -- Yuen, Philip K -- David, Sheila S -- Igarashi, Yasuhiro -- Eichman, Brandt F -- R01 ES019625/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01CA067985/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01ES019625/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- S10RR026915/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- T32 ES007028/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- T32ES07028/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 12;527(7577):254-8. doi: 10.1038/nature15728. Epub 2015 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524531" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacillus cereus/*enzymology ; Base Pairing ; *Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA Adducts/*chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA Glycosylases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *DNA Repair ; Indoles ; Models, Molecular ; Pyrroles
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2015-04-10
    Description: Adiponectin stimulation of its receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, increases the activities of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), respectively, thereby contributing to healthy longevity as key anti-diabetic molecules. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were predicted to contain seven transmembrane helices with the opposite topology to G-protein-coupled receptors. Here we report the crystal structures of human AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 at 2.9 and 2.4 A resolution, respectively, which represent a novel class of receptor structure. The seven-transmembrane helices, conformationally distinct from those of G-protein-coupled receptors, enclose a large cavity where three conserved histidine residues coordinate a zinc ion. The zinc-binding structure may have a role in the adiponectin-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation and UCP2 upregulation. Adiponectin may broadly interact with the extracellular face, rather than the carboxy-terminal tail, of the receptors. The present information will facilitate the understanding of novel structure-function relationships and the development and optimization of AdipoR agonists for the treatment of obesity-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4477036/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4477036/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanabe, Hiroaki -- Fujii, Yoshifumi -- Okada-Iwabu, Miki -- Iwabu, Masato -- Nakamura, Yoshihiro -- Hosaka, Toshiaki -- Motoyama, Kanna -- Ikeda, Mariko -- Wakiyama, Motoaki -- Terada, Takaho -- Ohsawa, Noboru -- Hato, Masakatsu -- Ogasawara, Satoshi -- Hino, Tomoya -- Murata, Takeshi -- Iwata, So -- Hirata, Kunio -- Kawano, Yoshiaki -- Yamamoto, Masaki -- Kimura-Someya, Tomomi -- Shirouzu, Mikako -- Yamauchi, Toshimasa -- Kadowaki, Takashi -- Yokoyama, Shigeyuki -- 062164/Z/00/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 089809/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/G02325/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/G023425/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 16;520(7547):312-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14301. Epub 2015 Apr 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan [2] Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [3] Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan [4] RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. ; 1] RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan [2] RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. ; 1] Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] Department of Integrated Molecular Science on Metabolic Diseases, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. ; 1] Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] Department of Integrated Molecular Science on Metabolic Diseases, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [3] PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. ; 1] RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan [2] Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan [3] RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. ; 1] RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan [2] Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. ; RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. ; Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. ; 1] Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [2] JST, Research Acceleration Program, Membrane Protein Crystallography Project, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. ; 1] RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan [2] Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [3] JST, Research Acceleration Program, Membrane Protein Crystallography Project, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan [4] Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan. ; 1] RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan [2] Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [3] JST, Research Acceleration Program, Membrane Protein Crystallography Project, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan [4] Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK [5] Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK [6] RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan. ; RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan. ; 1] Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] Department of Integrated Molecular Science on Metabolic Diseases, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [3] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. ; 1] RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan [2] Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [3] RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25855295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Histidine/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Adiponectin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Zinc/metabolism
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2015-06-18
    Description: The anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) is a multimeric RING E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls chromosome segregation and mitotic exit. Its regulation by coactivator subunits, phosphorylation, the mitotic checkpoint complex and interphase early mitotic inhibitor 1 (Emi1) ensures the correct order and timing of distinct cell-cycle transitions. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine atomic structures of APC/C-coactivator complexes with either Emi1 or a UbcH10-ubiquitin conjugate. These structures define the architecture of all APC/C subunits, the position of the catalytic module and explain how Emi1 mediates inhibition of the two E2s UbcH10 and Ube2S. Definition of Cdh1 interactions with the APC/C indicates how they are antagonized by Cdh1 phosphorylation. The structure of the APC/C with UbcH10-ubiquitin reveals insights into the initiating ubiquitination reaction. Our results provide a quantitative framework for the design of future experiments to investigate APC/C functions in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608048/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608048/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, Leifu -- Zhang, Ziguo -- Yang, Jing -- McLaughlin, Stephen H -- Barford, David -- A8022/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_1201/6/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 25;522(7557):450-4. doi: 10.1038/nature14471. Epub 2015 Jun 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083744" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Apc1 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting ; Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Apc10 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting ; Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Apc11 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/metabolism ; Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/metabolism ; Apc8 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting ; Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cadherins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; F-Box Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Lysine/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity ; Ubiquitin/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Ubiquitination
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2015-07-15
    Description: The E3 ubiquitin ligase PARKIN (encoded by PARK2) and the protein kinase PINK1 (encoded by PARK6) are mutated in autosomal-recessive juvenile Parkinsonism (AR-JP) and work together in the disposal of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. PINK1 is stabilized on the outside of depolarized mitochondria and phosphorylates polyubiquitin as well as the PARKIN ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain. These phosphorylation events lead to PARKIN recruitment to mitochondria, and activation by an unknown allosteric mechanism. Here we present the crystal structure of Pediculus humanus PARKIN in complex with Ser65-phosphorylated ubiquitin (phosphoUb), revealing the molecular basis for PARKIN recruitment and activation. The phosphoUb binding site on PARKIN comprises a conserved phosphate pocket and harbours residues mutated in patients with AR-JP. PhosphoUb binding leads to straightening of a helix in the RING1 domain, and the resulting conformational changes release the Ubl domain from the PARKIN core; this activates PARKIN. Moreover, phosphoUb-mediated Ubl release enhances Ubl phosphorylation by PINK1, leading to conformational changes within the Ubl domain and stabilization of an open, active conformation of PARKIN. We redefine the role of the Ubl domain not only as an inhibitory but also as an activating element that is restrained in inactive PARKIN and released by phosphoUb. Our work opens up new avenues to identify small-molecule PARKIN activators.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wauer, Tobias -- Simicek, Michal -- Schubert, Alexander -- Komander, David -- U105192732/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 20;524(7565):370-4. doi: 10.1038/nature14879. Epub 2015 Jul 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26161729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites/genetics ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Parkinsonian Disorders/genetics ; Pediculus/*chemistry ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Ubiquitin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2015-02-03
    Description: The six-electron reduction of sulfite to sulfide is the pivot point of the biogeochemical cycle of the element sulfur. The octahaem cytochrome c MccA (also known as SirA) catalyses this reaction for dissimilatory sulfite utilization by various bacteria. It is distinct from known sulfite reductases because it has a substantially higher catalytic activity and a relatively low reactivity towards nitrite. The mechanistic reasons for the increased efficiency of MccA remain to be elucidated. Here we show that anoxically purified MccA exhibited a 2- to 5.5-fold higher specific sulfite reductase activity than the enzyme isolated under oxic conditions. We determined the three-dimensional structure of MccA to 2.2 A resolution by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion. We find a homotrimer with an unprecedented fold and haem arrangement, as well as a haem bound to a CX15CH motif. The heterobimetallic active-site haem 2 has a Cu(I) ion juxtaposed to a haem c at a Fe-Cu distance of 4.4 A. While the combination of metals is reminiscent of respiratory haem-copper oxidases, the oxidation-labile Cu(I) centre of MccA did not seem to undergo a redox transition during catalysis. Intact MccA tightly bound SO2 at haem 2, a dehydration product of the substrate sulfite that was partially turned over due to photoreduction by X-ray irradiation, yielding the reaction intermediate SO. Our data show the biometal copper in a new context and function and provide a chemical rationale for the comparatively high catalytic activity of MccA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hermann, Bianca -- Kern, Melanie -- La Pietra, Luigi -- Simon, Jorg -- Einsle, Oliver -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 30;520(7549):706-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14109. Epub 2015 Feb 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lehrstuhl Biochemie, Institut fur Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. ; Microbial Energy Conversion &Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany. ; 1] Lehrstuhl Biochemie, Institut fur Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany [2] BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Schanzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25642962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Copper/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cysteine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Heme/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors/*chemistry/isolation & ; purification/metabolism ; Sulfites/metabolism ; Sulfur Dioxide/metabolism ; Wolinella/*enzymology
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2015-02-25
    Description: Single particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) has recently made significant progress in high-resolution structure determination of macromolecular complexes due to improvements in electron microscopic instrumentation and computational image analysis. However, cryo-EM structures can be highly non-uniform in local resolution and all structures available to date have been limited to resolutions above 3 A. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of the 70S ribosome from Escherichia coli in complex with elongation factor Tu, aminoacyl-tRNA and the antibiotic kirromycin at 2.65-2.9 A resolution using spherical aberration (Cs)-corrected cryo-EM. Overall, the cryo-EM reconstruction at 2.9 A resolution is comparable to the best-resolved X-ray structure of the E. coli 70S ribosome (2.8 A), but provides more detailed information (2.65 A) at the functionally important ribosomal core. The cryo-EM map elucidates for the first time the structure of all 35 rRNA modifications in the bacterial ribosome, explaining their roles in fine-tuning ribosome structure and function and modulating the action of antibiotics. We also obtained atomic models for flexible parts of the ribosome such as ribosomal proteins L9 and L31. The refined cryo-EM-based model presents the currently most complete high-resolution structure of the E. coli ribosome, which demonstrates the power of cryo-EM in structure determination of large and dynamic macromolecular complexes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fischer, Niels -- Neumann, Piotr -- Konevega, Andrey L -- Bock, Lars V -- Ficner, Ralf -- Rodnina, Marina V -- Stark, Holger -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 23;520(7548):567-70. doi: 10.1038/nature14275. Epub 2015 Feb 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉3D Electron Cryomicroscopy Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Abteilung Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut fur Mikrobiologie und Genetik, GZMB, Georg-August Universitat Gottingen, Justus-von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; 1] Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Department, B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', 188300 Gatchina, Russia [2] St Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, 195251 St Petersburg, Russia [3] Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; 1] 3D Electron Cryomicroscopy Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany [2] Department of 3D Electron Cryomicroscopy, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August Universitat, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25707802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/metabolism ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy/methods ; Escherichia coli/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Pyridones/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2015-07-07
    Description: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) allosterically activate heterotrimeric G proteins and trigger GDP release. Given that there are approximately 800 human GPCRs and 16 different Galpha genes, this raises the question of whether a universal allosteric mechanism governs Galpha activation. Here we show that different GPCRs interact with and activate Galpha proteins through a highly conserved mechanism. Comparison of Galpha with the small G protein Ras reveals how the evolution of short segments that undergo disorder-to-order transitions can decouple regions important for allosteric activation from receptor binding specificity. This might explain how the GPCR-Galpha system diversified rapidly, while conserving the allosteric activation mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flock, Tilman -- Ravarani, Charles N J -- Sun, Dawei -- Venkatakrishnan, A J -- Kayikci, Melis -- Tate, Christopher G -- Veprintsev, Dmitry B -- Babu, M Madan -- MC_U105185859/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U105197215/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 13;524(7564):173-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14663. Epub 2015 Jul 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. ; 1] Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland [2] Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8039 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26147082" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Enzyme Activation ; *Evolution, Molecular ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Genetic Engineering ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Substrate Specificity ; ras Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2015-06-19
    Description: There is an urgent need for new drugs to treat malaria, with broad therapeutic potential and novel modes of action, to widen the scope of treatment and to overcome emerging drug resistance. Here we describe the discovery of DDD107498, a compound with a potent and novel spectrum of antimalarial activity against multiple life-cycle stages of the Plasmodium parasite, with good pharmacokinetic properties and an acceptable safety profile. DDD107498 demonstrates potential to address a variety of clinical needs, including single-dose treatment, transmission blocking and chemoprotection. DDD107498 was developed from a screening programme against blood-stage malaria parasites; its molecular target has been identified as translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2), which is responsible for the GTP-dependent translocation of the ribosome along messenger RNA, and is essential for protein synthesis. This discovery of eEF2 as a viable antimalarial drug target opens up new possibilities for drug discovery.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700930/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700930/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baragana, Beatriz -- Hallyburton, Irene -- Lee, Marcus C S -- Norcross, Neil R -- Grimaldi, Raffaella -- Otto, Thomas D -- Proto, William R -- Blagborough, Andrew M -- Meister, Stephan -- Wirjanata, Grennady -- Ruecker, Andrea -- Upton, Leanna M -- Abraham, Tara S -- Almeida, Mariana J -- Pradhan, Anupam -- Porzelle, Achim -- Martinez, Maria Santos -- Bolscher, Judith M -- Woodland, Andrew -- Norval, Suzanne -- Zuccotto, Fabio -- Thomas, John -- Simeons, Frederick -- Stojanovski, Laste -- Osuna-Cabello, Maria -- Brock, Paddy M -- Churcher, Tom S -- Sala, Katarzyna A -- Zakutansky, Sara E -- Jimenez-Diaz, Maria Belen -- Sanz, Laura Maria -- Riley, Jennifer -- Basak, Rajshekhar -- Campbell, Michael -- Avery, Vicky M -- Sauerwein, Robert W -- Dechering, Koen J -- Noviyanti, Rintis -- Campo, Brice -- Frearson, Julie A -- Angulo-Barturen, Inigo -- Ferrer-Bazaga, Santiago -- Gamo, Francisco Javier -- Wyatt, Paul G -- Leroy, Didier -- Siegl, Peter -- Delves, Michael J -- Kyle, Dennis E -- Wittlin, Sergio -- Marfurt, Jutta -- Price, Ric N -- Sinden, Robert E -- Winzeler, Elizabeth A -- Charman, Susan A -- Bebrevska, Lidiya -- Gray, David W -- Campbell, Simon -- Fairlamb, Alan H -- Willis, Paul A -- Rayner, Julian C -- Fidock, David A -- Read, Kevin D -- Gilbert, Ian H -- 079838/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091625/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 100476/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- R01 AI090141/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI103058/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 18;522(7556):315-20. doi: 10.1038/nature14451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. ; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK. ; University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive 0760, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Global Health and Tropical Medicine Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory 0811, Australia. ; Department of Global Health, College of Public Health University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. ; GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus-Diseases of the Developing World, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain. ; TropIQ Health Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, Huispost 268, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands. ; Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. ; Eskitis Institute, Brisbane Innovation Park, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia. ; Malaria Pathogenesis Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia. ; Medicines for Malaria Venture, PO Box 1826, 20 route de Pre-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland. ; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. ; 1] Global Health and Tropical Medicine Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory 0811, Australia [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK. ; 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085270" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimalarials/administration & dosage/adverse ; effects/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Drug Discovery ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects ; Life Cycle Stages/drug effects ; Liver/drug effects/parasitology ; Malaria/drug therapy/*parasitology ; Male ; Models, Molecular ; Peptide Elongation Factor 2/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Plasmodium/*drug effects/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Plasmodium berghei/drug effects/physiology ; Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects/metabolism ; Plasmodium vivax/drug effects/metabolism ; Protein Biosynthesis/*drug effects ; Quinolines/administration & dosage/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology
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  • 83
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-01-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ledford, Heidi -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 15;517(7534):253-4. doi: 10.1038/517253a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25592512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/economics ; Bevacizumab ; Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals/chemistry/*economics/*supply & ; distribution/therapeutic use ; Drug Industry/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Drugs, Generic/economics ; Filgrastim ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/chemistry/economics/supply & ; distribution/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/economics/supply & distribution/therapeutic use ; Uncertainty ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2015-09-04
    Description: Biomolecular self-assemblies are of great interest to nanotechnologists because of their functional versatility and their biocompatibility. Over the past decade, sophisticated single-component nanostructures composed exclusively of nucleic acids, peptides and proteins have been reported, and these nanostructures have been used in a wide range of applications, from drug delivery to molecular computing. Despite these successes, the development of hybrid co-assemblies of nucleic acids and proteins has remained elusive. Here we use computational protein design to create a protein-DNA co-assembling nanomaterial whose assembly is driven via non-covalent interactions. To achieve this, a homodimerization interface is engineered onto the Drosophila Engrailed homeodomain (ENH), allowing the dimerized protein complex to bind to two double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecules. By varying the arrangement of protein-binding sites on the dsDNA, an irregular bulk nanoparticle or a nanowire with single-molecule width can be spontaneously formed by mixing the protein and dsDNA building blocks. We characterize the protein-DNA nanowire using fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray crystallography, confirming that the nanowire is formed via the proposed mechanism. This work lays the foundation for the development of new classes of protein-DNA hybrid materials. Further applications can be explored by incorporating DNA origami, DNA aptamers and/or peptide epitopes into the protein-DNA framework presented here.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mou, Yun -- Yu, Jiun-Yann -- Wannier, Timothy M -- Guo, Chin-Lin -- Mayo, Stephen L -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 10;525(7568):230-3. doi: 10.1038/nature14874. Epub 2015 Sep 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26331548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; *Computer Simulation ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*chemistry ; *Drug Design ; Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Molecular ; Nanotechnology ; Nanowires/*chemistry ; Protein Multimerization ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a disulfated pentapeptide that has a ubiquitous role in plant growth and development. PSK is perceived by its receptor PSKR, a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK). The mechanisms underlying the recognition of PSK, the activation of PSKR and the identity of the components downstream of the initial binding remain elusive. Here we report the crystal structures of the extracellular LRR domain of PSKR in free, PSK- and co-receptor-bound forms. The structures reveal that PSK interacts mainly with a beta-strand from the island domain of PSKR, forming an anti-beta-sheet. The two sulfate moieties of PSK interact directly with PSKR, sensitizing PSKR recognition of PSK. Supported by biochemical, structural and genetic evidence, PSK binding enhances PSKR heterodimerization with the somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases (SERKs). However, PSK is not directly involved in PSKR-SERK interaction but stabilizes PSKR island domain for recruitment of a SERK. Our data reveal the structural basis for PSKR recognition of PSK and allosteric activation of PSKR by PSK, opening up new avenues for the design of PSKR-specific small molecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Jizong -- Li, Hongju -- Han, Zhifu -- Zhang, Heqiao -- Wang, Tong -- Lin, Guangzhong -- Chang, Junbiao -- Yang, Weicai -- Chai, Jijie -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 10;525(7568):265-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14858. Epub 2015 Aug 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. ; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26308901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation/drug effects ; Arabidopsis/*chemistry ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*agonists/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Peptide Hormones/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Plant Growth Regulators/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Multimerization/drug effects ; Protein Stability ; Protein Structure, Secondary/drug effects ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/drug effects ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*agonists/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2015-09-01
    Description: In all domains of life, DNA synthesis occurs bidirectionally from replication origins. Despite variable rates of replication fork progression, fork convergence often occurs at specific sites. Escherichia coli sets a 'replication fork trap' that allows the first arriving fork to enter but not to leave the terminus region. The trap is set by oppositely oriented Tus-bound Ter sites that block forks on approach from only one direction. However, the efficiency of fork blockage by Tus-Ter does not exceed 50% in vivo despite its apparent ability to almost permanently arrest replication forks in vitro. Here we use data from single-molecule DNA replication assays and structural studies to show that both polarity and fork-arrest efficiency are determined by a competition between rates of Tus displacement and rearrangement of Tus-Ter interactions that leads to blockage of slower moving replisomes by two distinct mechanisms. To our knowledge this is the first example where intrinsic differences in rates of individual replisomes have different biological outcomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elshenawy, Mohamed M -- Jergic, Slobodan -- Xu, Zhi-Qiang -- Sobhy, Mohamed A -- Takahashi, Masateru -- Oakley, Aaron J -- Dixon, Nicholas E -- Hamdan, Samir M -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 17;525(7569):394-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14866. Epub 2015 Aug 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia. ; Centre for Medical &Molecular Bioscience, Illawarra Health &Medical Research Institute and University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26322585" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding, Competitive ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *DNA Replication ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/chemistry/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Movement ; Multienzyme Complexes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/*genetics ; Surface Plasmon Resonance ; Time Factors
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2015-12-23
    Description: Two-pore channels (TPCs) contain two copies of a Shaker-like six-transmembrane (6-TM) domain in each subunit and are ubiquitously expressed in both animals and plants as organellar cation channels. Here we present the crystal structure of a vacuolar two-pore channel from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtTPC1, which functions as a homodimer. AtTPC1 activation requires both voltage and cytosolic Ca(2+). Ca(2+) binding to the cytosolic EF-hand domain triggers conformational changes coupled to the pair of pore-lining inner helices from the first 6-TM domains, whereas membrane potential only activates the second voltage-sensing domain, the conformational changes of which are coupled to the pair of inner helices from the second 6-TM domains. Luminal Ca(2+) or Ba(2+) can modulate voltage activation by stabilizing the second voltage-sensing domain in the resting state and shift voltage activation towards more positive potentials. Our Ba(2+)-bound AtTPC1 structure reveals a voltage sensor in the resting state, providing hitherto unseen structural insight into the general voltage-gating mechanism among voltage-gated channels.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4841471/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4841471/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, Jiangtao -- Zeng, Weizhong -- Chen, Qingfeng -- Lee, Changkeun -- Chen, Liping -- Yang, Yi -- Cang, Chunlei -- Ren, Dejian -- Jiang, Youxing -- GM079179/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS055293/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS074257/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM079179/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):196-201. doi: 10.1038/nature16446. Epub 2015 Dec 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26689363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*chemistry ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Barium/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytosol/metabolism ; EF Hand Motifs ; Electric Conductivity ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; Ion Transport/drug effects ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2015-07-23
    Description: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal primarily through G proteins or arrestins. Arrestin binding to GPCRs blocks G protein interaction and redirects signalling to numerous G-protein-independent pathways. Here we report the crystal structure of a constitutively active form of human rhodopsin bound to a pre-activated form of the mouse visual arrestin, determined by serial femtosecond X-ray laser crystallography. Together with extensive biochemical and mutagenesis data, the structure reveals an overall architecture of the rhodopsin-arrestin assembly in which rhodopsin uses distinct structural elements, including transmembrane helix 7 and helix 8, to recruit arrestin. Correspondingly, arrestin adopts the pre-activated conformation, with a approximately 20 degrees rotation between the amino and carboxy domains, which opens up a cleft in arrestin to accommodate a short helix formed by the second intracellular loop of rhodopsin. This structure provides a basis for understanding GPCR-mediated arrestin-biased signalling and demonstrates the power of X-ray lasers for advancing the frontiers of structural biology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521999/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521999/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kang, Yanyong -- Zhou, X Edward -- Gao, Xiang -- He, Yuanzheng -- Liu, Wei -- Ishchenko, Andrii -- Barty, Anton -- White, Thomas A -- Yefanov, Oleksandr -- Han, Gye Won -- Xu, Qingping -- de Waal, Parker W -- Ke, Jiyuan -- Tan, M H Eileen -- Zhang, Chenghai -- Moeller, Arne -- West, Graham M -- Pascal, Bruce D -- Van Eps, Ned -- Caro, Lydia N -- Vishnivetskiy, Sergey A -- Lee, Regina J -- Suino-Powell, Kelly M -- Gu, Xin -- Pal, Kuntal -- Ma, Jinming -- Zhi, Xiaoyong -- Boutet, Sebastien -- Williams, Garth J -- Messerschmidt, Marc -- Gati, Cornelius -- Zatsepin, Nadia A -- Wang, Dingjie -- James, Daniel -- Basu, Shibom -- Roy-Chowdhury, Shatabdi -- Conrad, Chelsie E -- Coe, Jesse -- Liu, Haiguang -- Lisova, Stella -- Kupitz, Christopher -- Grotjohann, Ingo -- Fromme, Raimund -- Jiang, Yi -- Tan, Minjia -- Yang, Huaiyu -- Li, Jun -- Wang, Meitian -- Zheng, Zhong -- Li, Dianfan -- Howe, Nicole -- Zhao, Yingming -- Standfuss, Jorg -- Diederichs, Kay -- Dong, Yuhui -- Potter, Clinton S -- Carragher, Bridget -- Caffrey, Martin -- Jiang, Hualiang -- Chapman, Henry N -- Spence, John C H -- Fromme, Petra -- Weierstall, Uwe -- Ernst, Oliver P -- Katritch, Vsevolod -- Gurevich, Vsevolod V -- Griffin, Patrick R -- Hubbell, Wayne L -- Stevens, Raymond C -- Cherezov, Vadim -- Melcher, Karsten -- Xu, H Eric -- DK071662/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- EY005216/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY011500/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- GM073197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM077561/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM095583/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM097463/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM102545/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM103310/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM104212/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM108635/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30EY000331/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103310/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41GM103393/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41RR001209/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM073197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM073210/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK066202/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK071662/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY011500/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM087413/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM109955/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR027270/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094586/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094599/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094618/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 30;523(7562):561-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14656. Epub 2015 Jul 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. ; Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. ; Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. ; 1] Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. ; The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, USA. ; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA. ; Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. ; Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. ; 1] Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] BioXFEL, NSF Science and Technology Center, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA. ; 1] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA [2] Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. ; 1] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA [2] Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Haidian District, Beijing 10084, China. ; 1] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA [2] Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA. ; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China. ; Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. ; Swiss Light Source at Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. ; School of Medicine and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. ; 1] BioXFEL, NSF Science and Technology Center, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA [2] Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research at Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. ; Department of Biology, Universitat Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany. ; Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. ; 1] Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany [2] Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada [2] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; 1] Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA [3] iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China. ; 1] Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA [2] VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26200343" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arrestin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Disulfides/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Lasers ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rhodopsin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; X-Rays
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2015-05-15
    Description: Na(+)/Cl(-)-coupled biogenic amine transporters are the primary targets of therapeutic and abused drugs, ranging from antidepressants to the psychostimulants cocaine and amphetamines, and to their cognate substrates. Here we determine X-ray crystal structures of the Drosophila melanogaster dopamine transporter (dDAT) bound to its substrate dopamine, a substrate analogue 3,4-dichlorophenethylamine, the psychostimulants d-amphetamine and methamphetamine, or to cocaine and cocaine analogues. All ligands bind to the central binding site, located approximately halfway across the membrane bilayer, in close proximity to bound sodium and chloride ions. The central binding site recognizes three chemically distinct classes of ligands via conformational changes that accommodate varying sizes and shapes, thus illustrating molecular principles that distinguish substrates from inhibitors in biogenic amine transporters.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469479/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469479/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Kevin H -- Penmatsa, Aravind -- Gouaux, Eric -- F32 MH093120/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 DA018165/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P50DA018165/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R37 MH070039/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 21;521(7552):322-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14431. Epub 2015 May 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; 1] Vollum Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25970245" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/chemistry/*metabolism ; Chlorides/metabolism ; Cocaine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dextroamphetamine/chemistry/metabolism ; Dopamine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*chemistry ; Ligands ; Methamphetamine/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Neurotransmitter Agents/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phenethylamines/metabolism ; Protein Stability ; Sodium/metabolism
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Protein aggregates are the hallmark of stressed and ageing cells, and characterize several pathophysiological states. Healthy metazoan cells effectively eliminate intracellular protein aggregates, indicating that efficient disaggregation and/or degradation mechanisms exist. However, metazoans lack the key heat-shock protein disaggregase HSP100 of non-metazoan HSP70-dependent protein disaggregation systems, and the human HSP70 system alone, even with the crucial HSP110 nucleotide exchange factor, has poor disaggregation activity in vitro. This unresolved conundrum is central to protein quality control biology. Here we show that synergic cooperation between complexed J-protein co-chaperones of classes A and B unleashes highly efficient protein disaggregation activity in human and nematode HSP70 systems. Metazoan mixed-class J-protein complexes are transient, involve complementary charged regions conserved in the J-domains and carboxy-terminal domains of each J-protein class, and are flexible with respect to subunit composition. Complex formation allows J-proteins to initiate transient higher order chaperone structures involving HSP70 and interacting nucleotide exchange factors. A network of cooperative class A and B J-protein interactions therefore provides the metazoan HSP70 machinery with powerful, flexible, and finely regulatable disaggregase activity and a further level of regulation crucial for cellular protein quality control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nillegoda, Nadinath B -- Kirstein, Janine -- Szlachcic, Anna -- Berynskyy, Mykhaylo -- Stank, Antonia -- Stengel, Florian -- Arnsburg, Kristin -- Gao, Xuechao -- Scior, Annika -- Aebersold, Ruedi -- Guilbride, D Lys -- Wade, Rebecca C -- Morimoto, Richard I -- Mayer, Matthias P -- Bukau, Bernd -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 13;524(7564):247-51. doi: 10.1038/nature14884. Epub 2015 Aug 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany. ; Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. ; 1] Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118 Heidelberg, Germany [2] Heidelberg Graduate School of Mathematical and Computational Methods for the Sciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; 1] Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland [2] Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. ; 1] Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2] Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118 Heidelberg, Germany [3] Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26245380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*metabolism ; HSP110 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; *Protein Aggregates ; Protein Aggregation, Pathological/metabolism/prevention & control ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Static Electricity
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2015-05-07
    Description: Fundamental to all living organisms is the capacity to coordinate cell division and cell differentiation to generate appropriate numbers of specialized cells. Whereas eukaryotes use cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases to balance division with cell fate decisions, equivalent regulatory systems have not been described in bacteria. Moreover, the mechanisms used by bacteria to tune division in line with developmental programs are poorly understood. Here we show that Caulobacter crescentus, a bacterium with an asymmetric division cycle, uses oscillating levels of the second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) to drive its cell cycle. We demonstrate that c-di-GMP directly binds to the essential cell cycle kinase CckA to inhibit kinase activity and stimulate phosphatase activity. An upshift of c-di-GMP during the G1-S transition switches CckA from the kinase to the phosphatase mode, thereby allowing replication initiation and cell cycle progression. Finally, we show that during division, c-di-GMP imposes spatial control on CckA to install the replication asymmetry of future daughter cells. These studies reveal c-di-GMP to be a cyclin-like molecule in bacteria that coordinates chromosome replication with cell morphogenesis in Caulobacter. The observation that c-di-GMP-mediated control is conserved in the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens suggests a general mechanism through which this global regulator of bacterial virulence and persistence coordinates behaviour and cell proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lori, C -- Ozaki, S -- Steiner, S -- Bohm, R -- Abel, S -- Dubey, B N -- Schirmer, T -- Hiller, S -- Jenal, U -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 9;523(7559):236-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14473. Epub 2015 May 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Focal area of Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. ; Focal area of Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25945741" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Caulobacter crescentus/cytology ; Cell Cycle/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Division/genetics/physiology ; Chromosomes/*genetics ; Conserved Sequence ; Cyclic GMP/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Cyclins/metabolism ; DNA Replication/*genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism ; Phosphotransferases/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2015-03-04
    Description: Signalling by Wnt proteins is finely balanced to ensure normal development and tissue homeostasis while avoiding diseases such as cancer. This is achieved in part by Notum, a highly conserved secreted feedback antagonist. Notum has been thought to act as a phospholipase, shedding glypicans and associated Wnt proteins from the cell surface. However, this view fails to explain specificity, as glypicans bind many extracellular ligands. Here we provide genetic evidence in Drosophila that Notum requires glypicans to suppress Wnt signalling, but does not cleave their glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. Structural analyses reveal glycosaminoglycan binding sites on Notum, which probably help Notum to co-localize with Wnt proteins. They also identify, at the active site of human and Drosophila Notum, a large hydrophobic pocket that accommodates palmitoleate. Kinetic and mass spectrometric analyses of human proteins show that Notum is a carboxylesterase that removes an essential palmitoleate moiety from Wnt proteins and thus constitutes the first known extracellular protein deacylase.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376489/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376489/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kakugawa, Satoshi -- Langton, Paul F -- Zebisch, Matthias -- Howell, Steven A -- Chang, Tao-Hsin -- Liu, Yan -- Feizi, Ten -- Bineva, Ganka -- O'Reilly, Nicola -- Snijders, Ambrosius P -- Jones, E Yvonne -- Vincent, Jean-Paul -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 294523/European Research Council/International -- A10976/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C375/A10976/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- G0900084/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U117584268/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U117584268/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- WT093378MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- WT099197MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 12;519(7542):187-92. doi: 10.1038/nature14259. Epub 2015 Feb 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC's National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK. ; Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. ; Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. ; Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK. ; Cancer Research UK, Clare Hall Laboratories, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25731175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acylation ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Carboxylesterase/chemistry/*metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Esterases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/metabolism ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; Glypicans/metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Mass Spectrometry ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Wnt Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Wnt Signaling Pathway
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2015-01-13
    Description: Dengue disease is caused by four different flavivirus serotypes, which infect 390 million people yearly with 25% symptomatic cases and for which no licensed vaccine is available. Recent phase III vaccine trials showed partial protection, and in particular no protection for dengue virus serotype 2 (refs 3, 4). Structural studies so far have characterized only epitopes recognized by serotype-specific human antibodies. We recently isolated human antibodies potently neutralizing all four dengue virus serotypes. Here we describe the X-ray structures of four of these broadly neutralizing antibodies in complex with the envelope glycoprotein E from dengue virus serotype 2, revealing that the recognition determinants are at a serotype-invariant site at the E-dimer interface, including the exposed main chain of the E fusion loop and the two conserved glycan chains. This 'E-dimer-dependent epitope' is also the binding site for the viral glycoprotein prM during virus maturation in the secretory pathway of the infected cell, explaining its conservation across serotypes and highlighting an Achilles' heel of the virus with respect to antibody neutralization. These findings will be instrumental for devising novel immunogens to protect simultaneously against all four serotypes of dengue virus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rouvinski, Alexander -- Guardado-Calvo, Pablo -- Barba-Spaeth, Giovanna -- Duquerroy, Stephane -- Vaney, Marie-Christine -- Kikuti, Carlos M -- Navarro Sanchez, M Erika -- Dejnirattisai, Wanwisa -- Wongwiwat, Wiyada -- Haouz, Ahmed -- Girard-Blanc, Christine -- Petres, Stephane -- Shepard, William E -- Despres, Philippe -- Arenzana-Seisdedos, Fernando -- Dussart, Philippe -- Mongkolsapaya, Juthathip -- Screaton, Gavin R -- Rey, Felix A -- 095541/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 2;520(7545):109-13. doi: 10.1038/nature14130. Epub 2015 Jan 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Institut Pasteur, Departement de Virologie, Unite de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. ; 1] Institut Pasteur, Departement de Virologie, Unite de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [3] Universite Paris-Sud, Faculte des Sciences, 91405 Orsay, France. ; Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK. ; Institut Pasteur, Proteopole, CNRS UMR 3528, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. ; Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. ; Institut Pasteur, Departement de Virologie, Unite des Interactions Moleculaires Flavivirus-Hotes, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. ; Institut Pasteur, Departement de Virologie, Unite de Pathogenie Virale, INSERM U1108, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. ; Institut Pasteur de Guyane, BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana. ; 1] Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK [2] Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. ; 1] Institut Pasteur, Departement de Virologie, Unite de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [2] CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France [3] Institut Pasteur, Proteopole, CNRS UMR 3528, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Neutralizing/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; Cross Reactions/immunology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dengue Virus/*chemistry/classification/*immunology ; Epitopes/chemistry/immunology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation/genetics ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Multimerization ; Solubility ; Species Specificity ; Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry/immunology
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2015-10-28
    Description: Bacteria and archaea generate adaptive immunity against phages and plasmids by integrating foreign DNA of specific 30-40-base-pair lengths into clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci as spacer segments. The universally conserved Cas1-Cas2 integrase complex catalyses spacer acquisition using a direct nucleophilic integration mechanism similar to retroviral integrases and transposases. How the Cas1-Cas2 complex selects foreign DNA substrates for integration remains unknown. Here we present X-ray crystal structures of the Escherichia coli Cas1-Cas2 complex bound to cognate 33-nucleotide protospacer DNA substrates. The protein complex creates a curved binding surface spanning the length of the DNA and splays the ends of the protospacer to allow each terminal nucleophilic 3'-OH to enter a channel leading into the Cas1 active sites. Phosphodiester backbone interactions between the protospacer and the proteins explain the sequence-nonspecific substrate selection observed in vivo. Our results uncover the structural basis for foreign DNA capture and the mechanism by which Cas1-Cas2 functions as a molecular ruler to dictate the sequence architecture of CRISPR loci.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4662619/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4662619/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nunez, James K -- Harrington, Lucas B -- Kranzusch, Philip J -- Engelman, Alan N -- Doudna, Jennifer A -- AI070042/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI070042/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):535-8. doi: 10.1038/nature15760. Epub 2015 Oct 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Center for RNA Systems Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26503043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptive Immunity ; Bacteriophage M13/genetics/immunology ; Base Sequence ; CRISPR-Associated Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/*genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Viral/chemistry/*genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/enzymology/genetics/immunology/virology ; Integrases/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; *Virus Integration/genetics/immunology
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2015-01-23
    Description: Low-valent late transition-metal catalysis has become indispensable to chemical synthesis, but homogeneous high-valent transition-metal catalysis is underdeveloped, mainly owing to the reactivity of high-valent transition-metal complexes and the challenges associated with synthesizing them. Here we report a carbon-carbon bond cleavage at ambient conditions by a Au(i) complex that generates a stable Au(iii) cationic complex. In contrast to the well-established soft and carbophilic Au(i) catalyst, this Au(iii) complex exhibits hard, oxophilic Lewis acidity. For example, we observed catalytic activation of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes towards selective conjugate additions as well as activation of an unsaturated aldehyde-allene for a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. The origin of the regioselectivity and catalytic activity was elucidated by X-ray crystallographic analysis of an isolated Au(iii)-activated cinnamaldehyde intermediate. The concepts revealed suggest a strategy for accessing high-valent transition-metal catalysis from readily available precursors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304402/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304402/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Chung-Yeh -- Horibe, Takahiro -- Jacobsen, Christian Borch -- Toste, F Dean -- R01 GM073932/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S10-RR027172/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 22;517(7535):449-54. doi: 10.1038/nature14104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25612049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acrolein/analogs & derivatives/chemistry ; Aldehydes/chemistry ; Alkadienes/chemistry ; Carbon/chemistry ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Gold/*chemistry ; Lewis Acids/chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Structure ; Oxidation-Reduction
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) coordinate cellular adaptations to low oxygen stress by regulating transcriptional programs in erythropoiesis, angiogenesis and metabolism. These programs promote the growth and progression of many tumours, making HIFs attractive anticancer targets. Transcriptionally active HIFs consist of HIF-alpha and ARNT (also called HIF-1beta) subunits. Here we describe crystal structures for each of mouse HIF-2alpha-ARNT and HIF-1alpha-ARNT heterodimers in states that include bound small molecules and their hypoxia response element. A highly integrated quaternary architecture is shared by HIF-2alpha-ARNT and HIF-1alpha-ARNT, wherein ARNT spirals around the outside of each HIF-alpha subunit. Five distinct pockets are observed that permit small-molecule binding, including PAS domain encapsulated sites and an interfacial cavity formed through subunit heterodimerization. The DNA-reading head rotates, extends and cooperates with a distal PAS domain to bind hypoxia response elements. HIF-alpha mutations linked to human cancers map to sensitive sites that establish DNA binding and the stability of PAS domains and pockets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Dalei -- Potluri, Nalini -- Lu, Jingping -- Kim, Youngchang -- Rastinejad, Fraydoon -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 20;524(7565):303-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14883. Epub 2015 Aug 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Metabolic Disease Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA. ; Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26245371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ARNTL Transcription Factors/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator/*chemistry/metabolism ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; CLOCK Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Hypoxia/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/*chemistry/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Response Elements/genetics
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2015-03-13
    Description: Initiation of cellular DNA replication is tightly controlled to sustain genomic integrity. In eukaryotes, the heterohexameric origin recognition complex (ORC) is essential for coordinating replication onset. Here we describe the crystal structure of Drosophila ORC at 3.5 A resolution, showing that the 270 kilodalton initiator core complex comprises a two-layered notched ring in which a collar of winged-helix domains from the Orc1-5 subunits sits atop a layer of AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) folds. Although canonical inter-AAA+ domain interactions exist between four of the six ORC subunits, unanticipated features are also evident. These include highly interdigitated domain-swapping interactions between the winged-helix folds and AAA+ modules of neighbouring protomers, and a quasi-spiral arrangement of DNA binding elements that circumnavigate an approximately 20 A wide channel in the centre of the complex. Comparative analyses indicate that ORC encircles DNA, using its winged-helix domain face to engage the mini-chromosome maintenance 2-7 (MCM2-7) complex during replicative helicase loading; however, an observed out-of-plane rotation of more than 90 degrees for the Orc1 AAA+ domain disrupts interactions with catalytic amino acids in Orc4, narrowing and sealing off entry into the central channel. Prima facie, our data indicate that Drosophila ORC can switch between active and autoinhibited conformations, suggesting a novel means for cell cycle and/or developmental control of ORC functions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4368505/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4368505/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bleichert, Franziska -- Botchan, Michael R -- Berger, James M -- CA R37-30490/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM071747/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM071747/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 19;519(7543):321-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14239. Epub 2015 Mar 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25762138" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaeal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA Replication ; Drosophila melanogaster/*chemistry ; Eukaryotic Cells/*chemistry ; Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Origin Recognition Complex/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Rotation
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2015-01-28
    Description: The enzyme hydrogenase reversibly converts dihydrogen to protons and electrons at a metal catalyst. The location of the abundant hydrogens is of key importance for understanding structure and function of the protein. However, in protein X-ray crystallography the detection of hydrogen atoms is one of the major problems, since they display only weak contributions to diffraction and the quality of the single crystals is often insufficient to obtain sub-angstrom resolution. Here we report the crystal structure of a standard [NiFe] hydrogenase ( approximately 91.3 kDa molecular mass) at 0.89 A resolution. The strictly anoxically isolated hydrogenase has been obtained in a specific spectroscopic state, the active reduced Ni-R (subform Ni-R1) state. The high resolution, proper refinement strategy and careful modelling allow the positioning of a large part of the hydrogen atoms in the structure. This has led to the direct detection of the products of the heterolytic splitting of dihydrogen into a hydride (H(-)) bridging the Ni and Fe and a proton (H(+)) attached to the sulphur of a cysteine ligand. The Ni-H(-) and Fe-H(-) bond lengths are 1.58 A and 1.78A, respectively. Furthermore, we can assign the Fe-CO and Fe-CN(-) ligands at the active site, and can obtain the hydrogen-bond networks and the preferred proton transfer pathway in the hydrogenase. Our results demonstrate the precise comprehensive information available from ultra-high-resolution structures of proteins as an alternative to neutron diffraction and other methods such as NMR structural analysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogata, Hideaki -- Nishikawa, Koji -- Lubitz, Wolfgang -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 23;520(7548):571-4. doi: 10.1038/nature14110. Epub 2015 Jan 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25624102" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biocatalysis ; Carbon Monoxide/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cysteine/chemistry/metabolism ; Desulfovibrio vulgaris/*enzymology ; Hydrogen/*analysis/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrogenase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Iron/chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Weight ; Nickel/chemistry/metabolism ; Protons ; Sulfur/metabolism
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2015-03-18
    Description: Anthrax toxin, comprising protective antigen, lethal factor, and oedema factor, is the major virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis, an agent that causes high mortality in humans and animals. Protective antigen forms oligomeric prepores that undergo conversion to membrane-spanning pores by endosomal acidification, and these pores translocate the enzymes lethal factor and oedema factor into the cytosol of target cells. Protective antigen is not only a vaccine component and therapeutic target for anthrax infections but also an excellent model system for understanding the mechanism of protein translocation. On the basis of biochemical and electrophysiological results, researchers have proposed that a phi (Phi)-clamp composed of phenylalanine (Phe)427 residues of protective antigen catalyses protein translocation via a charge-state-dependent Brownian ratchet. Although atomic structures of protective antigen prepores are available, how protective antigen senses low pH, converts to active pore, and translocates lethal factor and oedema factor are not well defined without an atomic model of its pore. Here, by cryo-electron microscopy with direct electron counting, we determine the protective antigen pore structure at 2.9-A resolution. The structure reveals the long-sought-after catalytic Phi-clamp and the membrane-spanning translocation channel, and supports the Brownian ratchet model for protein translocation. Comparisons of four structures reveal conformational changes in prepore to pore conversion that support a multi-step mechanism by which low pH is sensed and the membrane-spanning channel is formed.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4519040/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4519040/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jiang, Jiansen -- Pentelute, Bradley L -- Collier, R John -- Zhou, Z Hong -- 1S10OD018111/OD/NIH HHS/ -- 1S10RR23057/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- AI022021/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI046420/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI057159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI094386/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM071940/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI094386/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM071940/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S10 OD018111/OD/NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR023057/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 28;521(7553):545-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14247. Epub 2015 Mar 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25778700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Bacillus anthracis/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ion Channels/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Phenylalanine/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Transport ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: Innate immunity serves as the first line of defence against invading pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are examples of innate immune receptors, which sense specific molecular patterns from pathogens and activate immune responses. TLR9 recognizes bacterial and viral DNA containing the cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dideoxynucleotide motif. The molecular basis by which CpG-containing DNA (CpG-DNA) elicits immunostimulatory activity via TLR9 remains to be elucidated. Here we show the crystal structures of three forms of TLR9: unliganded, bound to agonistic CpG-DNA, and bound to inhibitory DNA (iDNA). Agonistic-CpG-DNA-bound TLR9 formed a symmetric TLR9-CpG-DNA complex with 2:2 stoichiometry, whereas iDNA-bound TLR9 was a monomer. CpG-DNA was recognized by both protomers in the dimer, in particular by the amino-terminal fragment (LRRNT-LRR10) from one protomer and the carboxy-terminal fragment (LRR20-LRR22) from the other. The iDNA, which formed a stem-loop structure suitable for binding by intramolecular base pairing, bound to the concave surface from LRR2-LRR10. This structure serves as an important basis for improving our understanding of the functional mechanisms of TLR9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohto, Umeharu -- Shibata, Takuma -- Tanji, Hiromi -- Ishida, Hanako -- Krayukhina, Elena -- Uchiyama, Susumu -- Miyake, Kensuke -- Shimizu, Toshiyuki -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 30;520(7549):702-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14138. Epub 2015 Feb 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. ; 1] Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [2] Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan. ; 1] Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] U-Medico Corporation, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. ; 1] Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25686612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; CpG Islands/*immunology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Toll-Like Receptor 9/agonists/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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