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  • 1
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    Seasonal Forecasts, Climatic Change and Human Health : Health and Climate (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Assessment ; Malaria ; Public Health ; Scale ; Weather ; climate change ; public health policy ; temperature
    Description / Table of Contents: Awareness that many key aspects of public health are strongly influenced by climate is growing dramatically, driven by new research and experience and fears of climate change and the research needed to underpin policy developments in area is growing rapidly . This awareness has yet to translate into a practical use of climate knowledge by health policy-makers. Evidence based policy and practice is the mantra of the health sector. If climate scientists are to contribute effectively to health policy at local and global scales then careful empirical studies must be undertaken – focused on the needs of the public health policy and decision-makers. Results presented at the Wengen conference make clear that the science and art of integrating climate knowledge into the control of climate sensitive diseases on a year to year time frame as well as careful assessments of the potential impacts of climate change on health outcomes over longer time frames is advancing rapidly on many fronts. This includes advances in the empirical understanding of mechanisms, methodologies for modeling future impacts, new partnership developments between the health and climate community along with access to relevant data resources, and education and training. In a rapidly evolving field this book provides a snapshot of these emerging themes.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 232 pages)
    ISBN: 9781402068775
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6877-5
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvements to Griggs-type apparatus for mechanical testing at high pressures and temperatures (1993)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 523-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Pressure ; temperature ; stress ; measurement ; acoustic emissions ; deformation ; techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract New and improved techniques and apparatus for testing the mechanical properties of materials at high presures and temperatures are described. These include an improved Griggs-type deformation apparatus designed to operate to 5 GPa and associated servo-controlled hydraulic drive and electronics, the design of hydrostatic (molten alkali halide mixtures) pressure assemblies to measure flow stresses as low as a few MPa, the characterization of temperature gradients and friction in such assemblies, measurement of the melting curve of an alkali halide mixture used as a confining pressure medium, and the measurement of acoustic emissions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00998344
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nest structure and colony cycle of the Allegheny mound ant,Formica exsectoides Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 385-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formica exsectoides ; nests ; colony cycle ; temperature ; brood ; reproductives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nest structure and colony cycle of a population of Allegheny mound ants,Formica exsectoides, were examined in central Michigan. The dispersion pattern of mounds was random. Nest structure and presence of brood were primarily determined by excavation of twenty-three nests over three intervals from June through September. Additional excavations of five nests in 1990 and ten nests in 1991 provided further details on nest structure and colony cycle. Most galleries occurred within the mound and upper 30 cm of soil, but some activity reached depths of 100 to 270 cm. Depth of nests showed little correlation with external measurements of height and diameter. Immature stages were recovered from two strata: the upper 20 cm of nest and mound and the lowest nest depths. Alate sexual forms were found in or near the mound in July, and numerous dealate queens were collected in September from peripheral galleries near the soil surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240623
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental influences on male production and social structure inHalictus rubicundus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 40 (1993), S. 169-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Halictidae ; sociality ; demography ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several years' observations of population of a primitively social halictine bee,Halictus rubicundus, revealed the following: (1) there is a correlation between ambient temperatures during the spring provisioning phase and the sex ratio of the resulting brood, such that warmer temperatures are associated with an increase in male bias; (2) over the course of the season, the degree of male bias of eggs laid appears to correspond with photoperiod; and (3) increasing male bias in the first brood is associated with decreasing proportions of social colonies formed in the population, and this effect may be accentuated by small population size. These phenomena suggest that abiotic environmental conditions at the time of brood production may profoundly influence the demography of this population, and that the demography in turn determines the degree to which sociality is expressed. These findings are related to hypotheses dealing with caste determination in temperate halictine bees, viewed in the context of the evolution and maintenance of sociality, and it is proposed that these phenomena reveal a mechanism by which social behavior (the occurrence of a “worker” caste, in particular) is facultatively “fine-tuned” to suit the characteristics of the environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240705
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of the dependence of structural parameters of the middle atmosphere on the intensity of photochemical and dynamical processes (1988)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 127 (1988), S. 381-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Middle atmosphere ; temperature ; neutral and ion composition ; turbulent transfer ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a numerical model for temperature and neutral and ion composition behaviour at middle atmospheric heights, an analysis has been made of the dependence of atmospheric structural parameters on temperature, solar activity, and on turbulent transfer intensity. For mesospheric heights, an inverse dependence of the nitric oxide density on the temperature has been found. It is thus possible to explain experimentally obtained temperature variations over a cyclc of solar activity at mesospheric and lower thermospheric heights. Numerical simulation results indicate that the temperature in the height range ∼75–120 km depends considerably on both the absolute values of turbulent transfer coefficients and their vertical gradients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879818
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of industrial and high-resolution thermal data in a sedimentary basin (1990)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 133 (1990), S. 251-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Heat flow ; sediments ; temperature ; gradients ; conductivity ; industrial data ; scientific data ; hydrodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Temperature, temperature gradient and heat flow, derived from four wells in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin have been compared with similar quantities derived from maps constructed from industrial data. Individual industrial temperature data may differ from the high-resolution temperature log by up to 30 K, but linear regression of the collected data agrees within 10 K at all points observed. Some evidence suggests that measured conductivities, using drill-cuttings, are biased toward average values. Derived heat flows show agreement of heat flow within 10% within the Mesozoic section. In the Paleozoic section differences are greater, and more varied, with insufficient data for general conclusions. Both styles of measurement provide opportunities for interpretation, each contributing to thermal analysis of sedimentary basins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877162
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nest architecture in the western harvester ant,Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Cresson) (1994)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 41 (1994), S. 401-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Nest structure ; temperature ; brood movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and thermal environment produced by the nest cones of the western harvester ant,Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, are investigated. The nest cone is oriented so that the longest slope faces towards the southeast ad the nest entrance faces the southeast. The temperature of the soil was monitored at thirty-six locations within the nest in order to measure the daily temperature change as a function of depth, aspect and radial distance from the center of peak of the cone. The occupancy of the nest cone by workers and by brood was assessed by core samples taken at different times of day in different portions of the cone. The brood are only present during the midmorning sample and are present in greatest numbers on the eastern side of the cone. The adult workers are present in the cone in highest numbers during the midmorning, virtually absent from the cone during mid-afternoon and returning in smaller numbers at dusk, apparently spending the night near the surface on the eastern side of the mound. The eastern and southern portions of the cone are occupied most frequently while the western side of the cone is nearly vacant. The nest cone is an adaptation which magnifies the amplitude of daily temperature fluctation. By moving to appropriate areas of the nest cone, the ants can take advantage of the increased range of temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240643
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature and sliding rate on frictional strength of granite (1986)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 124 (1986), S. 445-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Shear strength ; temperature ; deformation rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Layers of artificial granite gouge have been deformed on saw-cut granite surfaces inclined 30° to the sample axes. Samples were deformed at a constant confining pressure of 250 MPa and temperatures of 22 to 845°C. The velocity dependence of the steady-state coefficient of friction (μss) was determined by comparing sliding strengths at different sliding rates. The results of these measurements are consistent with those reported bySolberg andByerlee (1984) at room temperature andStesky (1975) between 300 and 400°C. Stesky found that the slip-rate dependence of (μss) increased above 400°C. In the present study, however, the velocity dependence of (μss) was nearly independent of temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877211
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrothermal studies in a new diamond anvil cell up to 10 GPa and from −190°C to 1200°C (1993)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 487-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Pressure ; temperature ; hydrothermal ; H2O ; equation of state ; diamond anvil cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The new hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) has been designed for optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction at pressures up to 10 GPa and temperatures between −190°C and 1200°C. Laser light reffected from the top and bottom anvil faces and the top and bottom solid sample faces produce interference fringes that provide a very sensitive means of monitoring the volume of sample chamber and for observing volume and refractive index changes in solid samples due to transitions and reactions. Synchrotron radiation has been used to make X-ray diffraction patterns of samples under hydrothermal conditions. Individual heaters and individual thermocouples provide temperature control with an accuracy of ±0.5°C. Liquid nitrogen directly introduced into the HDAC has been used to reduce the sample temperature to −190°C. The α-β phase boundary of quartz has been used to calculate the transition pressures from measured transition temperatures. With this method we have redetermined 5 isochores of H2O up to 850°C and 1.2 GPa at which the solution rate of the quartz became so rapid that the quartz dissolved completely before the α-β transition could be observed. When silica solutions were cooled, opal spherules and rods formed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00998341
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The significance of temperature and barometric pressure changes for the snow surface activity ofIsotoma hiemalis (Collembola) (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1369-1372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Collembola ; snow ; activity ; temperature ; barometric pressure changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Temperature is limiting for the snow surface activity ofIsotoma hiemalis: values below a threshold of −2.5° to −3°C are avoided. Changing barometric pressure leads to increased surface activity, thus being responsible for mass appearances. These experiments provide the first evidence for sensitivity to and reaction to barometric pressure changes in insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951894
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of temperature on ATPase activity and force generation in skinned muscle fibers from the Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1532-1533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Marlin ; muscle ; mechanics ; ATPase activity ; temperature ; skinned fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary ATPase activity and force generation have been measured simultaneously in isolated, demembranated muscle fibers of the Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) between 0 and 30°C. Tension generation is relatively independent of temperature above 15°C and falls with a Q10 of 〈1.5 on decreasing the temperature to 0°C. In contrast, the Q10 for ATPase activity is 2.2 over the range 0–30°C. The results are interpreted in terms of the cross bridge theory of contraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964791
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1179-1182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Extreme environments ; environmental stress ; temperature ; pH ; radiation ; toxic elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946387
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of neurotransmitter release in the antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 414-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junction ; quantal content ; antarctic fish ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The quantal contents of endplate potentials from extraocular muscles of an antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki were measured over a range of temperatures. Quantal release was maximal at about 5°C but showed little dependence on temperature between −2°C and 10°C. Above 10°C quantal content declined until release ceased about 18°C. In view of the fact that the ambient temperature at which these fish live is constant at −1.9°C, the results suggest thatPagothenia borchgrevinki is only partially adapted to its environment despite 25 million years acclimatization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118635
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of homogenization temperature upon the apparent cellular compartmentalization of unoccupied estrogen receptor (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 171-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Estrogen receptor ; homogenization ; temperature ; nucleus ; uterus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Homogenization of rat uterus at elevated temperatures results in an increased nuclear localization of unoccupied estrogen receptor. This is a nonlinear effect which is accounted for by an increased population of KCl-resistant nuclear binding sites at the elevated homogenization temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954864
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal instability of red blood cell membrane bilayers: Temperature dependence of hemolysis (1988)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 101 (1988), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hemolysis ; membrane ; erythrocyte ; pyrexia ; phospholipid ; phase transition ; unilamellar ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Rates of human red blood cell hemolysis were measured as a function of temperature. Three distinct temperature intervals for hemolysis were noted: a) At temperatures equal to or less than 37°C no hemolysis was observed for the duration of the incubation (30 hr). b) For temperatures exceeding 45°C hemolysis rates are rapid and are accompanied by gross changes in cellular morphology. The activation energy for hemolysis is 80 kcal/mole; this value is characteristic of protein denaturation and enzyme inactivation suggesting that these processes contribute to hemolysis at these high temperatures. c) Between 38 and 45°C the energy of activation is 29 kcal/mole, indicating that a fundamentally different process than protein inactivation is responsible for hemolysis at these relatively low temperatures. A mechanism based on the concept of the critical bilayer assembly temperature of cell membranes (N.L. Gershfeld,Biophys. J. 50:457–461, 1986) accounts for hemolysis at these relatively mild temperatures: The unilamellar state of the membrane is stable at 37°C, but is transformed to a multibilayer when the temperature is raised; hemolysis results because formation of the multibilayer requires exposing lipid-free areas of the erythrocyte surface. An analysis of the activation energy for hemolysis is presented that is consistent with the proposed unilamellar-multibilayer transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01872821
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficiency, Na+/K+ selectivity and temperature dependence of ion transport through lipid membranes by (221)C10-Cryptand, an ionizable mobile carrier (1987)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 97 (1987), S. 79-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; Na+ selectivity ; temperature ; ionizable mobile carrier ; nonactin ; cation transport kinetics ; lipid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of Na+ and K+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were determined at two pH's when transport was induced by (221)C10-cryptand (diaza-1,10-decyl-5-pentaoxa-4,7,13,16,21-bicyclo [8.8.5.] tricosane) at various temperatures, and by nonactin at 25°C and (222)C10-cryptand at 20 and 25°C. The rate of Na+ and K+ transport by (221)C10 saturated with the cation and carrier concentrations. Transport was noncooperative and exhibited selectivity for Na+ with respect to K+. The apparent affinity of (221)C10 for Na+ was higher and less pH-dependent than that for K+, and seven times higher than that of (222)C10 for K+ ions (20.5vs. 1.7 kcal·mole−). The efficiency of (221)C10 transport of Na+ was pH-and carrier concentration-dependent, and was similar to that of nonactin; its activation energy was similar to that for (222)C10 transport of K+ (35.5 and 29.7 kcal · mole−1, respectively). The reaction orders in cationn(S) and in carrierm(M), respectively, increased and decreased as the temperature rose, and were both independent of carrier or cation concentrations; in most cases they varied slightly with the pH.n(S) varied with the cation at pH 8.7 and with the carrier for Na+ transport only, whilem(M) always depended on the type of cation and carrier. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01869415
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of gating current in myelinated nerve fibers (1989)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 112 (1989), S. 277-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: myelinated nerve fiber ; gating current ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Asymmetrical displacement currents and Na currents of single myelinated nerve fibers ofXenopus laevis were studied in the temperature range from 5 to 24°C. The time constant of the on-response atE=4 mV,τ on, was strongly temperature dependent, whereas the amount of displaced charge atE=39 mV, Qon, was only slightly temperature dependent. The mean Q10 forτ on -1 was 2.54, the mean Q10 for Qon was 1.07. The time constant of charge immobilization,τ i , atE=4 mV varied significantly (α=0.001) with temperature. The mean Q10 forτ i -1 was 2.71±0.38. The time constants of immobilization of gating charge and of fast inactivation of Na permeability were similar in the temperature range from 6 to 22°C. The Qoff/Qon ratio forE=4 mV pulses of 0.5 msec duration decreased with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence of the time constant of the off-response could not be described by a single Q10 value, since the Q10 depended on the duration of the test pulse. Increasing temperature shifted Qon (E) curves to more negative potentials by 0.51 mVK −1, but shiftedP Na (E) curves andh ∞ (E) curves to more positive potentials by 0.43 and 0.57 mV K−1, respectively.h ∞ (E=−70 mV) increased monotonously with increasing temperature. The present data indicate that considerable entropy changes may occur when the Na channel molecule passes from closed through open to inactivated states.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01870958
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cl− channels in intact human T lymphocytes (1992)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 125 (1992), S. 171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: chloride channel ; cell-attached patches ; lymphocyte ; T cell ; temperature ; voltage dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary We recently described a large, multiple-conductance Cl− channel in excised patches from normal T lymphocytes. The properties of this channel in excised patches are similar to maxiCl− channels found in a number of cell types. The voltage dependence in excised patches permitted opening only at nonphysiological voltages, and channel activity was rarely seen in cell-attached patches. In the present study, we show that Cl− channels can be activated in intact cells at physiological temperatures and voltages and that channel properties change after patch excision. Maxi-Cl− channels were reversibly activated in 69% of cellattached patches when the temperature was above 32°C, whereas fewer than 2% of patches showed activity at room temperature. Upon excision, the same patches displayed large, multiple-conductance Cl− channels with characteristics like those we previously reported for excised patches. After patch excision, warm temperatures were not essential to allow channel activity; 37% (114/308) of inside-out patches had active channels at room temperature. The voltage dependence of the channels was markedly different in cell-attached recordings compared with excised patches. In cell-attached patches, Cl− channels could be open at cell resting potentials in the normal range. Channel activation was not related to changes in intracellular Ca2+ since neither ionomycin nor mitogens activated the channels in cell-attached patches, Ca2+ did not rise in response to warming and the Cl− channel was independent of Ca2+ in inside-out patches. Singlechannel currents were blocked by internal or external Zn2+ (100–200 μm), 4-acetamido-4′ isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate (SITS, 100–500 μm) and 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene 2,2′disulfonate (DIDS, 100 μm). NPPB (5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate) reversibly blocked the channels in inside-out patches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233356
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on the occluding junctions of monolayers of epithelioid cells (MDCK) (1984)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 79 (1984), S. 175-184 
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: epithelial monolayers ; MDCK cells ; occluding junctions ; intramembrane particles ; electrical resistance ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In previous works it was demonstrated that the monolayer of MDCK cells behaves as a leaky epithelium where the electrical resistance across reflects the sealing capacity of the occluding junction. In the present work we study whether this sealing capacity can be modified by temperature and whether this is accompanied by changes in the structure of the occluding junction. Monolayers were prepared on disks of nylon cloth coated with collagen and mounted as a flat sheet between two Lucite chambers. The changes in resistance elicited by temperature were large (306% between 3 and 37°C), fast (less than 2 sec), and reversible. An Arrhenius plot of conductance versus the inverse of temperature shows a broken curve (between 22 and 31°C), and the activation energies calculated (3.2 and 4.0 kcal·mol−1) fall within the expected values for processes of simple diffusion. The morphology of the occuluding the number of evaluated in freeze-fracture replicas by counting the number of strands and the width of the band occupied by the junction every 133 nm. In spite of the change by 306% of the electrical resistance and the phase transition, we were unable to detect any appreciable modification of the morphology of the occluding junction. Since the freeze-fracture replicas also show a density of intramembrane particles (IMP) different in the apical from that in the basolateral regions of the plasma membrane, as well as differences between faceE and faceP, we also investigated whether this is modified by temperature. Cold increases the population of IMP, but does not affect their polarization with the incubation time it takes to elicit changes in electrical resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01872121
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  • 20
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    Effects of anisosmotic medium on cell volume, transmembrane potential and intracellular K+ activity in mouse hepatocytes (1987)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 100 (1987), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hepatocyte ; cell volume ; K+ conductance ; temperature ; quinine HCl ; intracellular K+ activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mouse hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture (4 hr) were exposed for 10 min at 37°C to anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration. Hepatocytes maintained constant relative cell volume (experimental volume/control volume) as a function of external medium relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm), ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. In contrast, the relative cell volume fit a predicted Boyle-Van't Hoff plot when the experiment was done at 4°C. Mouse liver slices were used for electrophysiologic studies, in which hepatocyte transmembrane potential (V m ) and intracellular K+ activity (a K i ) were recorded continuously by open-tip and liquid ion-exchanger ion-sensitive glass microelectrodes, respectively. Liver slices were superfused with control and then with anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration.V m increased (hyperpolarized) with hypoosmotic medium and decreased (depolarized) with hyperosmotic medium, and ln [10(experimentalV m /controlV m )] was a linear function of relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm) in the range 0.8–1.5. Thea K i did not change when medium osmolality was decreased 40–70 mOsm from control of 280 mOsm. Similar hypoosmotic stress in the presence of either 60mm K+ or 1mm quinine HCl or at 27°C resulted in no change inV m compared with a 20-mV increase inV m without the added agents or at 37°C. We conclude that mouse hepatocytes maintain their volume anda K i in response to anisosmotic medium; however,V m behaves as an osmometer under these conditions. Also, increases inV m by hypoosmotic stress were abolished by conditions or agents that inhibit K+ conductance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02209140
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  • 21
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    Involvement of photosynthesis in the action of temperature on plasmalemma transport inNitella (1988)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 103 (1988), S. 149-158 
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: H+ pump ; K+ channel ; light ; Nitella ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary At membrane potentials different fromE K, the temperature effect on membrane potential ofNitella consists of two components. One of them changes its sign atE K, the other one does not. This leads to the assignment of these components to changes in the K+ channel and in the H+ pump, respectively. It is shown that the fast time constant (3 to 30 sec) of the temperature effect on the H+ pump measured as a change in membrane potential and that of the temperature effect on the K+ channel measured as a change in resistance (having about twice the value of that of the pump) are sensitive to light intensity. Both time constants measured inNitella become smaller if light intensity increases from 0 to 15 Wm−2. This supports the suggestion of Fisahn and Hansen (J. Exp. Bot. 37:440–460, 1986) that temperature acts on plasmalemma transport via photosynthesis via the same mechanism as light does.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01870945
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    Effects of divalent cations, temperature, osmotic pressure gradient, and vesicle curvature on phosphatidylserine vesicle fusion (1984)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 77 (1984), S. 265-275 
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: vesicle fusion ; surface energy ; divalent cations ; osmotic pressure gradient ; temperature ; membrane curvature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles induced by divalent cations, temperature and osmotic pressure gradients across the membrane was studied with respect to variations in vesicle size. Vesicle fusion was followed by two different methods: 1) the Tb/DPA fusion assay, whereby the fluorescent intensity upon mixing of the internal aqueous contents of fused lipid vesicles was monitored, and 2) measurement of the changes in turbidity of the vesicle suspension due to vesicle fusion. It was found that the threshold concentration of divalent cations necessary to induce vesicle fusion depended on the size of vesicles; as the diameter of the vesicle increased, the threshold value increased and the extent of fusion became less. For the osmotic pressure-induced vesicle fusion, the larger the diameter of vesicles, the smaller was the osmotic pressure gradient required to induce membrane fusion. Divalent cations, temperature increase and vesicle membrane expansion by osmotic pressure gradient all resulted in increase in surface energy (tension) of the membrane. The degree of membrane fusion correlated with the corresponding surface energy changes of vesicle membranes due to the above fusion-inducing agents. The increase in surface energy of 9.5 dyn/cm from the reference state corresponded to the threshold point of phosphatidylserine membrane fusion. An attempt was made to explain the factors influencing fusion phenomena on the basis of a single unifying theory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01870574
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    I/V-Curve studies of the control of a K+ transporter inNitella by temperature (1987)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 98 (1987), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: control ; curve fitting ; I/V curves ; K+ transporter ; Nitella ; lazy state ; reaction-kinetic model ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary InNitella, current-voltage relationships were measured at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. Sets of theseI/V curves were subject to curve fitting on the basis of a cyclic reaction scheme (Class I model). Different hypotheses of the mode of action of temperature on theI/V curve were tested, including changes in reaction constants in the transport cycle and deactivation of transport molecules. It was found that models assuming an influence of temperature on pairs of rate constants of the transport cycle gave very bad fits. Good fits were obtained with models implying that temperature influences the number of active transporters. The lazy-state model (the exchange of an inactive state with a stateN 3 in the transport cycle is influenced by temperature) gave a slightly better fit than the assumption of an unspecific inactivation (independent of the state of the transport molecule). According to the lazy-state analysis, the inactive state is kinetically closer toN o , the state in which the transport molecule is open to the outside substrate than toN i , the state in which it is open to the inside substrate. The two inactivation models imply that temperature does not act directly on the properties of the plasmamembrane, but that temperature-sensitive metabolic processes in the cell send signals which control the activation and deactivation of the transporter.
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    Pressure dependence of the sodium currents of squid giant axon (1982)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 69 (1982), S. 23-34 
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: axon ; hydrostatic pressure ; Na currents ; kinetics ; temperature ; activation volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The effects of hydrostatic pressures up to 62 MPa upon the voltage-clamp currents of intact squid giant axons were measured using mineral oil as the pressure transmitting medium. The membrane resistance and capacitance were not appreciably affected over the whole range of pressures explored. The predominant effect of pressure is to slow the overall kinetics of the voltage-clamp currents. Both the early (Na) currents and the delayed (K) ones were slowed down by approximately the same time scale factor, which was in the range of 2 to 3 when pressure was increased from atmospheric to 62 MPa. Finer details of the effects, most evident at moderate depolarizations, are: the apparent initial delay in the turn-on of Na currents is increased by pressureless than is the phase of steepest time variation, and the later decay is slowedmore than is the rising phase. The initial time course of the currents at high pressures can be made to overlap with that at normal pressure by a constant time compression factor, Θm, together with a small, voltage-dependent delay. In a given axon, Θm was fairly independent of voltage, and it increased exponentially with pressure according to an apparent activation volume, ΔV∓, ranging between 32 and 40 cm3/mole. ΔV∓ tended to decrease with increasing temperature. Contrary to what is observed for moderate or large depolarizations, the kinetics of Na inactivation produced by conditioning prepulses of −50 or −60 mV was little affected over the whole range of pressures explored. Inferences about the pressure dependence of the steady-state Na activation were made from the comparison of the plots of early peak currents,I p, versus membrane potential,E. The Na reversal potential,E Na, and the slope of the plots nearE Na did not change significantly with pressure, but the peak Na conductancevs. E relationship was shifted by about +9 mV upon increasing pressure to 62 MPa. Steady-state Na inactivation,h ∞, was slightly affected by pressure. At 62 MPa the midpoint potential of theh ∞ (E) curve,E h, was shifted negatively by about 4 mV, while the slope atE h decreased by about 38%. Under the tentative assumption that pressure directly affects the gating of Na channels, the Na activation data follows a simple Hodgkin-Huxley scheme if the opening of anm gate involves an activation volume of about 58 Å3 and a net volume increase of about 26 Å3. However, a self-consistent description of the totality of the effects of pressure on Na inactivation cannot be obtained within a similar simple context.
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    Response of chloride efflux from skeletal muscle ofRana pipiens to changes of temperature and membrane potential and diethylpyrocarbonate treatment (1991)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 123 (1991), S. 223-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: skeletal muscle ; Cl− efflux ; Cl− channel ; pH ; muscle membrane ; temperature ; diethylpyrocarbonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Efflux of36Cl− from frog sartorius muscles equilibrated in two depolarizing solutions was measured. Cl− efflux consists of a component present at low pH and a pH-dependent component which increases as external pH increases. For temperatures between 0 and 20°C, the measured activation energy is 7.5 kcal/mol for Cl− efflux at pH 5 and 12.6 kcal/mol for the pH-dependent Cl− efflux. The pH-dependent Cl− efflux can be described by the relationu=1/(1+10n(pK a -pH)), whereu is the Cl− efflux increment obtained on stepping from pH 5 to the test pH, normalized with respect to the increment obtained on stepping from pH 5 to 8.5 or 9.0. For muscles equilibrated in solutions containing 150mm KCl plus 120mm NaCl (internal potential about −15 mV), the apparent pK a is 6.5 at both 0 and 20°C, andn=2.5 for 0°C and 1.5 for 20°C. For muscles equilibrated in solutions containing 7.5mm KCl plus 120mm NaCl (internal potential about −65 mV), the apparent pK a at 0°C is 6.9 andn is 1.5. The voltage dependence of the apparent pK a suggests that the critical pH-sensitive moiety producing the pH-dependent Cl− efflux is sensitive to the membrane electric field, while the insensitivity to temperature suggests that the apparent heat of ionization of this moiety is zero. The fact thatn is greater than 1 suggests that cooperativity between pH-sensitive moieties is involved in determining the Cl− efflux increment on raising external pH. The histidine-modifying reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) applied at pH 6 reduces the pH-dependent Cl− efflux according to the relation, efflux=exp(−k·[DEPC]·t), wheret is the exposure time (min) to DEPC at a prepared initial concentration of [DEPC] (mm). At 17°C,k −1=188mm·min. For temperatures between 10 and 23°C,k has an apparent Q10 of 2.5. The Cl− efflux inhibitor SCN− at a concentration of 20mm substantially retards the reduction of the pH-dependent Cl− efflux by DEPC. The findings that the apparent pK a is 6.5 in depolarized muscles, that DEPC eliminates the pH-dependent Cl− efflux, and that this action is retarded by SCN− supports the notion that protonation of histidine groups associated with Cl− channels is the controlling reaction for the pH-dependent Cl− efflux.
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    Outwardly rectifying chloride channels in lymphocytes (1992)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 127 (1992), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: chloride channel ; lymphocyte ; outward rectification ; temperature ; regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Outwardly rectifying Cl− channels in cultured human Jurkat T-lymphocytes were activated by excising a patch of membrane using the inside-out (i/o) patch-clamp configuration and holding at depolarized voltages for prolonged periods of time (1–6 min at +80 mV, 20°C). The single-channel current at +80 mV was 4.5 ± 0.3 pA and at −80 mV, it was 1.0 ± 0.4 pA. After activation, the probability of being open (P 0)for the lymphocyte channel was voltage independent. Activation of the Cl− channel in lymphocytes was temperature dependent. Nineteen percent of i/o recordings from lymphocytes made at 20°C exhibited Cl− channel activity. In contrast, 49% of recordings made at 30°C showed channel activity. The number of channels in an active patch was not significantly different at the two temperatures. Channel activation in excised, depolarized patches also occurred 20-fold faster at 30°C than at 20°C. There was no marked change in the single-channel conductance at 30°C. Open-channel conductance was blocked by 200 μm indanyloxyacetic acid (IAA) or 1 mm SITS when applied to the intracellular side of the patch. The characteristics of this channel are similar to epithelial outwardly rectifying Cl− channels thought to be involved in fluid secretion
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    Desulforhopalus vacuolatus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new moderately psychrophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium with gas vacuoles isolated from a temperate estuary (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 166 (1996), S. 160-168 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Anaerobic sulfate reduction ; Incomplete ; propionate oxidation ; Marine environment ; Low ; temperature ; Psychrophilic bacteria ; Growth yields ; Desulforhopalus vacuolatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new type of gas-vacuolated, sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated at 10° C from reduced mud (E0 〈 0) obtained from a temperate estuary with thiosulfate and lactate as substrates. The strain was moderately psychrophilic with optimum growth at 18–19° C and a maximum growth temperature of 24° C. Propionate, lactate, and alcohols served as electron donors and carbon sources. The organism grew heterotrophically only with hydrogen as electron donor. Propionate and lactate were incompletely oxidized to acetate; traces of lactate were fermented to propionate, CO2, and possibly acetate in the presence of sulfate. Pyruvate was utilized both with and without an electron acceptor present. The strain did not contain desulfoviridin. The G+C content was 48.4 mol%. The differences in the 16S rRNA sequence of the isolate compared with that of its closest phylogenetic neighbors, bacteria of the genus Desulfobulbus, support the assignment of the isolate to a new genus. The isolate is described as the type strain of the new species and genus, Desulforhopalus vacuolatus.
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    Towards a Predictive Design Methodology Based on the Physical Modelling of the Fracture of Fiber Composites (1998)
    Springer
    Applied composite materials 5 (1998), S. 69-94 
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    ISSN: 1573-4897
    Keywords: modelling ; notch strength ; damage ; fatigue ; environment ; temperature ; prediction ; design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A predictive design methodology based on modelling the fracture stress (notched tensile strength) and post-fatigue residual strength of laminated fiber composites is presented. The approach is based explicitly on the development of models of the physical processes by which damage accumulates at a notch-tip and the application of these models to cross-ply laminates for a variety of material systems, including thermosetting and thermoplastic matrices containing carbon, glass and Kevlar fiber reinforcements. The effects of temperature and humidity on composite fracture can also be examined in the context of this modelling strategy. A pre-requisite of the model is that it has to be calibrated for each material system by performing tensile tests on notched and unnotched cross-ply laminate. From this initial calibration, which takes relatively little time, it is possible to apply the model to a prediction of the dependence of fracture stress on notch size; to an understanding of the effects of laminate stacking sequence (within the same cross-ply family) on fracture stress; and to provide insight into the effects of thermal or load cycling history on fatigue damage-growth and residual or fatigue strength. The advantages and deficiencies of this modelling strategy are assessed, as well as the applicability of such a physical modelling approach to the predictive design and failure of composite materials in general.
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    Measurement by LASER-Generated Ultrasound of Four Stiffness Coefficients of an Anisotropic Material at Elevated Temperatures (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 16 (1997), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: LASER ultrasound ; anisotropic material ; group velocity ; stiffness coefficients ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic waves are generated through a composite material by means of a noncontact technique. It uses a Nd:Yag LASER for the generation and an interferometric probe for the detection of acoustic waveforms. From a suitable set of experimental data, an inversion scheme is used for the recovering of four stiffness coefficients. They characterize the elasticity in a principal plane of symmetry of the material which exhibits an orthorhombic symmetry. The measurements are performed at various temperatures, elevated by steps up to 300°C for two specimen. The sensitivity of the method appears convenient to measure the temperature induced stiffness changes. The anisotropic degradation of the material properties are then pointed out.
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    Effect of temperatures during pure culture fermentation of Kinema (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 847-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Kinema ; soybean ; Bacillus subtilis KK2:B10 ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Kinema was prepared by fermenting whole cooked soybeans with pure culture of Bacillus subtilis KK2:B10 (MTCC 2756) strain at 35°C, 40°C and 45°C for 24h. Temperature, mesophilic plate counts, relative viscosity, water-soluble nitrogen, formal nitrogen contents and reducing sugars of fermenting soybeans were investigated during fermentation. At higher temperatures the growth rate of B. subtilis KK2:B10 was faster. A remarkable increase in the relative viscosity of kinema was observed at 40°C during fermentation. Water-soluble nitrogen and formol nitrogen to total nitrogen contents increased throughout the 24h of fermentation. Reducing sugars increased during the log phase and then decreased sharply. Kinema matured below 10°C for 1 day after the desired fermentation showed a significant increase in relative viscosity. The quality of kinema was maintained with pure culture fermentation by B. subtilis KK2:B10 at 40°C for 20h and matured at 5°C for 1 day.
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    Rubber stoppers used with sulphidic media: a note of caution (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 571-572 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobes ; hydrogen sulphide ; rubber stoppers ; sulphate reduction ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Common black rubber stoppers, made from natural rubber and styrene–butadiene, may cause a loss of hydrogen sulphide from aqueous media and impede the growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria under thermophilic conditions.
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    Effects of temperature, water activity and gas atmosphere on mycelial growth of tempe fungi Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and R. microsporus var. oligosporus (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 853-858 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Carbondioxide ; fungi ; oxygen ; Rhizopus ; solid-substrate fermentation SSF ; tempe modelling ; temperature ; water activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and var. oligosporus are used in the manufacture of various Asian fermented foods (tempe, black oncom, sufu). In view of solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) control, mycelial growth of strains of both varieties was tested for sensitivity to fluctuations of temperature, water activity and interstitial gas composition. This was achieved by measuring radial growth as well as biomass dry weight of pre-germinated microcolonies on defined media. The optimum conditions were temperature 40 °C, a w 0.995 and a gas composition of air for the growth of both strains on a model medium. Whereas radial growth rates of var. microsporus and var. oligosporus were similar, biomass growth rates of var. oligosporus were higher than those of var. microsporus under optimum conditions. The temperature-dependent growth of Rhizopus spp. at a w 〉 0.98 could be described by the Ratkowsky Equation. Carbon dioxide (5–10% v/v) inhibited the growth of Rhizopus spp. at non-limiting levels of oxygen. The two strains were able to grow at low (0.5% v/v) oxygen levels, but the mycelial density was rather low. No interrelation of water activity and gas composition was observed, but at high water activity the fungi were more sensitive to changes of temperature. The implications for process control are discussed.
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    Fate of bacterial pathogens in cattle dung slurry subjected to anaerobic digestion (1999)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 335-338 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic digestion ; biogas ; pathogens ; survival ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The survival of certain pathogenic bacteria was studied in anaerobic batch digesters at room temperature (18–25 °C) as well as at 35 °C under laboratory conditions. The survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi at room temperature was upto 20 days whereas at 35 °C it was only upto 10 days. Shigella dysenteriae was found to be the most sensitive organism which could survive upto 10 days at room temperature and upto 5 days at 35 °C. The longest survival was observed in case of Streptococcus faecalis which could survive upto 35 days at room temperature and 15 days at 35 °C. The survival time of Salmonella typhi increased when the solid contents of the digester were elevated from 9% to 15%.
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    Studies on anaerobic proteolytic bacteria of Leh, India (2000)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 297-301 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic bacteria ; growth ; protease ; psychrotrophs ; temperature ; volatile fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Five anaerobic proteolytic bacteria were isolated from water bodies of Leh, India, where the ambient temperature varies from −25 to 25 °C. Isolates showed growth at all temperatures ranging from 5 to 37 °C except SPL-4 and SPL-5 which showed no growth at 5 °C. The cultures could grow and produce proteases on various protein substrates and the yield varied with the substrates. Two of the cultures showed the presence of spores. Acetate was the dominant VFA during hydrolysis of protein substrates.
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    Patulin and aflatoxin in brown rot lesion of apple fruits and their regulation (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 607-612 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; apple ; fruit oils ; fungi ; patulin ; sodium hypochlorite ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most frequently isolated fungi from healthy apple fruits. Alternaria alternata was the most common organism of rotten apple fruits, followed by A. niger, A. flavus, P. expansum and R. stolonifer. The prevalent type of decay, brown rot lesion, is caused by R. stolonifer followed by A. flavus, A. niger, A. alternata and P. expansum. Sodium hypochlorite had good curative properties against fruit rots. The main natural mycotoxins produced in rotten apple were patulin and aflatoxins. The optimum temperature for patulin production by P. expansum was 15 °C after 15 days. Complete inhibition of patulin formation was attained using 0.2% lemon oil and 〉 90% inhibition using 0.05% lemon and 0.2% orange oils. Also significant inhibition (〉 90%) of aflatoxin production was observed with 0.2% lemon oil.
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    Plasticity of flower longevity in Corydalis ambigua (1998)
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    Ecological research 13 (1998), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Corydalis ambigua ; flower longevity ; plasticity ; pollination ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We investigated the longevity of individual flowers of Corydalis ambigua Cham. et Schlecht. during different periods of pollinator activity and at different temperatures. To measure potential (unpollinated) flower longevity of C. ambigua, this study was conducted at forest islands where pollinator visits were scarce. The longevity of individual flowers of C. ambigua indicated high plasticity. The longevity of unpollinated flowers in natural pollination ranged from 2 to 25 days and continuously decreased with the date of flower opening. The temperature increased as the flowering season progressed. Furthermore, the greenhouse transplanting experiment showed that higher temperatures shorten the life span of flowers. The longevity of pollinated flowers subjected to hand pollination of newly opened flowers was shorter than that of unpollinated flowers in natural pollination regardless of the date of flower opening. These results showed that not only high temperature but also pollination shortens flower longevity. We discuss the role of plasticity in flower longevity for C. ambigua in relation to pollination success and reduction in the maintenance cost of the flowers.
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    Effect of lighting conditions on circadian rhythm of rectal temperature in mice (1988)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 106 (1988), S. 1337-1340 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: temperature ; natural conditions ; continuois light ; circadian rhythm ; segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00834513
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    Effect of streptozocin on temperature variations in rats (1990)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 110 (1990), S. 1330-1333 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: streptozocin ; temperature ; diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00842276
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    Temperature effects on egg size and their fitness consequences in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria (2000)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 14 (2000), S. 627-643 
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    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: adaptation ; Bergmann's rule ; clutch size ; egg size ; physiological constraint ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Organisms and parts of an organism like eggs or individual cells developing in colder environments tend to grow bigger. A unifying explanation for this Bergmann's rule extended to ectotherms has not been found, and whether this is an adaptive response or a physiological constraint is debated. The dependence of egg and clutch size on the mother's temperature environment were investigated in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria. Smaller eggs were laid at warmer temperatures in the field and the laboratory, where possible confounding variables were controlled for. As clutch size at the same time was unaffected by temperature, this effect was not due to a trade-off between egg size and number. Temperature-dependent egg sizes even persisted within individuals: when females were transferred to a cooler (warmer) environment, they laid third-clutch eggs that were larger (smaller) than their first-clutch eggs. The fitness consequences of these temperature-mediated egg sizes were further investigated in two laboratory experiments. Neither egg and pre-adult survivorship nor larval growth rate were maximized, nor was development time minimized, at the ambient temperature corresponding to the mother's temperature environment. This does not support the beneficial acclimation hypothesis. Instead, this study yielded some, but by no means conclusive indications of best performance by offspring from eggs laid at intermediate temperatures, weakly supporting the optimal temperature hypothesis. In one experiment the smaller eggs laid at 24°C had reduced survivorship at all ambient temperatures tested. Smaller eggs thus generally performed poorly. The most parsimonious interpretation of these results is that temperature-mediated variation in egg size is a maternal physiological response (perhaps even a constraint) of unclear adaptive value.
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    Micellization of triblock copoly(ethyleneoxide/tetrahydrofuran/ethylene oxide) (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 275 (1997), S. 467-473 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Block copolymers ; micelle ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The association behaviour of triblock copoly(ethylene oxide/tetrahydrofuran/ethylene oxide), in particular E100T27E100, in aqueous solutions has been investigated by means of static and dynamic light scattering, nuclear magnetic reso-nance (NMR) and surface tension techniques. On raising the polymer concentration at room temperature, the copolymer aggregates to form micelles with an aggregation number of about 105 (R G, mic≈15 nm and R H, mic≈13 nm, as revealed by light scattering and FT-PGSE NMR measurements, respectively). The micelles are kinetically quite stable, the micellar lifetime is shown to be more than 1 h. The residence time of a single unimer in a micelle is more than 140 ms. The apparent radius of gyration R G, mic is fairly independent of concentration, but large effects are observed on varying the temperature. Raising the temperature initially results in an increase of the apparent micellar size, followed by a maximum at an intermediate temperature (≈45 °C). At higher temperatures a contraction of the micelles is observed. The shape of the micelles also appear to vary in this temperature interval. The interactions responsible for these phenomena are discussed in terms of, e.g., the temperature-dependent solubility of the alkylene oxide segments in water and polydispersity effects.
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    The adaptation of biological membranes to temperature and pressure: Fish from the deep and cold (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 21 (1989), S. 115-135 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Membrane fluidity ; fish membranes ; homeoviscous adaptation ; temperature ; hydrostatic pressure ; acclimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The homoeostatic regulation of bilayer order is a property of functional importance. Arguably, it is best studied in those organisms which experience and must overcome disturbances in bilayer order which may be imposed by variations in temperature of hydrostatic pressure. This article reviews our recent work on the adaptations of order in brain membranes of those fish which acclimate to seasonal changes in temperature or which have evolved in extreme thermal or abyssal habitats. The effects of temperature and pressure upon hydrocarbon order and phase state are reviewed to indicate the magnitude of the disturbances experienced by animals in their environments over the seasonal or evolutionary timescale. Acclimation of fish to altered temperature leads to a partial correction of order, while comparison of fish from extreme cold environments with those from temperate or tropical waters reveals a more complete adaptation. Fish from the deep sea also display adaptations of bilayer order which largely overcome the ordering effects of pressure.
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    Heat-induced testicular apoptosis occurs independently of hormonal depletion (1998)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 3 (1998), S. 281-288 
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    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Androgen ; apoptosis ; heat stress ; hormone ; temperature ; testis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that testicular germ cell apoptosis can be induced both by heat stress and by withdrawal of androgens and gonadotrophins. To investigate whether heat-induced germ cell apoptosis occurs independently of the altered levels of hormones that occur with heat exposure, mouse testicular apoptosis was studied using an in vitro system with controlled levels of testosterone, FSH and LH. It was observed that cells underwent apoptosis sooner in the absence of hormones at the same temperature. Apoptosis also occurred earlier at abdominal temperature compared to scrotal temperature with the same hormonal levels. No somatic tissues studied underwent apoptosis at 37°C under the same culture conditions. These results suggest that heat stress may independently activate an apoptotic pathway in the testis, and that hormone deprivation may induce apoptosis via a separate mechanism.
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    The Effect of Ultrasound on the in Vitro Penetration of Ibuprofen Through Human Epidermis (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 6 (1989), S. 697-701 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: ultrasound ; phonophoresis ; temperature ; ibuprofen ; human skin ; in vitro percutaneous absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to develop an in vitro method to investigate the effect of ultrasound on the in vitro absorption of ibuprofen from a propylene glycol/water vehicle through human epidermis. A diffusion cell was modified so ultrasound could be applied to the vehicle and skin. Since ultrasound can increase the temperature underneath the area of application, control representing temperature effects ran concurrently to the ultrasound experiment. The results demonstrate that ultrasound can increase the penetration of ibuprofen through human skin. This increase in diffusion was greater than for controls where an equivalent increase in temperature was utilized. The results also indicate that evaporation of vehicle components may alter the skin/vehicle partition coefficient, decreasing the effects of ultrasound on the penetration of ibuprofen through the skin.
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    Metabolism of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyric Acid in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes Cultivated at Different Temperatures (2000)
    Springer
    Microbiology 69 (2000), S. 652-654 
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    ISSN: 1608-3237
    Keywords: poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ; Listeria monocytogenes ; temperature ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative investigation of the intracellular content of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid showed that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains accumulated, on the average, lower amounts of this reserve substance than Listeria monocytogenes strains. The intracellular pool of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid was responsible for the growth of the bacteria at low temperatures (4–6°C) in the absence of any exogenous carbon and energy source.
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    Optimization of Maintenance Conditions for Some Microforms of Red Algae in Collections (2000)
    Springer
    Russian journal of plant physiology 47 (2000), S. 779-785 
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    ISSN: 1608-3407
    Keywords: red microalgae ; collection of algae ; maintenance conditions ; darkness ; temperature ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; phycobiliproteins ; viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of light and temperature conditions on the maintenance of some red microalgae (order Porphyridiales) in collections were studied. Periodical subculturing on solid and liquid media was used for maintenance. Halophilic species P. aeruginosa, P. cruentum, and P. sordidum were lost in 2.5 months if kept in darkness. The viability of algae in the dim light slightly declined in 4–5 months and was species-dependent. The results were compared with earlier obtained data on mesophilic Chlorococcales. For the green algae, darkness proved to be the optimal condition, while their viability markedly decreased at light. It was suggested that this discrepancy was caused by the presence of phycobiliproteins in the cells of red algae. Dim light conditions are optimal for the synthesis of phycobiliproteins, which are rapidly destroyed in darkness, thus leading to cell death.
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    Functional response ofTelenomus reynoldsi [Hym.: Scelionidae] at five constant temperatures and in an artificial plant arena (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 3-10 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Telenomus reynoldsi ; functional response ; Holling disc equation ; random parasite equation ; temperature ; Telenomus reynoldsi ; réponse fonctionnelle ; équation de Holling ; équation de la recherche au hasard de l'hôte ; température
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La réponse fonctionnelle deTelenomus reynoldsi Gordh et Coker à l'augmentation de la densité des œufs deGeocoris punctipes (Say) a été déterminée à 5 températures constantes en utilisant des boîtes de Pétri. Les courbes obtenues à toutes les températures étaient de Type II. Les durées du parasitisme (Th) et les taux de recherche de l'hôte (a) ont été estimés et comparés en utilisant l'équation «disc» de Holling. Le taux maximum du parasitisme (1/Th) s'est accru linéairement de 9 à 15 hôtes/jour avec l'accroissement de la température. La meilleure représentation de la relation entre le taux de recherche de l'hôte et la température a été obtenue par une équation quadratique. Le taux de recherche de l'hôte variait de 205 à 888 cm2/jour; il était maximum à 32° C. En utilisant l'équation du «random parasite» (parasite recherchant son hôte au hasard), l'analyse de la réponse fonctionnelle dans un terrain plus complexe contenant une plante artificielle, a conduit à des estimations plus précises du taux de recherche de l'hôte et du taux maximum du parasitisme, qui peuvent être utilisées pour décrire ces activités dans la nature. Le taux de la recherche de l'hôte était de 6680 cm2/jour, tandis que le taux maximum du parasitisme était de 13 hôtes/jour.
    Notes: Abstract The functional response ofTelenomus reynoldsi Gordh & Coker was determined at 5 constant temperatures using a dish arena. Functional response curves at all temperatures were of Holling's Type II. Handling rate increased linearly with increasing temperature, whereas the relationship of search rate to temperature was best described by a quadratic model. Search rate was highest at 32°C. Using Rogers' random parasite equation, analysis of the functional response in a more complex arena containing an artificial plant provided estimates of search and handling rates that may be more appropriate in the field environment. Search rate was 6,680 cm2/day. Handling rate was 13 hosts/day.
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    Progeny production and adult longevity of the mealybug parasitoidsAnagyrus pseudococci, Leptomastix dactylopii, andLeptomastidea abnormis [Hym.: Encyrtidae] in relation to temperature (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 111-120 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Anagyrus pseudococci ; Leptomastix dactylopii ; Leptomastidea abnormis ; temperature ; adult longevity ; progeny production ; Anagyrus pseudococci ; Leptomastix dactylopii ; Leptomastidea abnormis ; température ; longévité des adultes ; descendance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La descendance augmente et la longévité de l'adulte décroît quand la température augmente entre 18°C et 30°C pour les 3 parasitoïdes de pseudococcines,Anagyrus pseudococci, (Girault),Leptomastix dactylopii Howard etLeptomastidea abnormis Girault. La distribution de Weibull donnait une bonne adaptation aux courbes de suvies pour les 3 parasitoïdes et la comparaison statistique à différentes températures des paramètresb etc de Weibull permettaient des changements dans l'échelle et la forme des courbes. En général les ♀♀ des 3 espèces vivaient plus longtemps que les ♂♂, excepté aux fortes températures. Les femelles deL. abnormis avaient leur descendance maximale à 24°C et la maintenaient à ce niveau jusqu'à 34°C. Elles vivaient plus longtemps que les 2 autres espèces de parasitoïdes à 30°C et manifestaient une courbe de survie de type I dans la gamme de températures examinées.A. pseudococci etL. dactylopii réclamaient tous deux de fortes températures (30°C) pour atteindre leur descendance maximale, mais vivaient moins longtemps à cette température. A 30°C les importante de la population qui mourrait dans les tous premiers jours.L. dactylopii vivait le plus longtemps à 26°C, les femelles manifestant une courbe de survie de type I à toutes les températures, tandis que les courbes de survie des mâles passaient du type I au type II à 30°C. Les implications de ces observations dans la dynamique des populations des différents parasitoïdes sont discutées brièvement.
    Notes: Abstract Progeny production increased and adult longevity decreased with rising temperature within the range 18°C to 30°C for the 3 mealybug parasitoidsAnagyrus pseudococci (Girault),Leptomastix dactylopii Howard andLeptomastidea abnormis (Girault). The Weibull distribution gave a good fit to survival curves for the 3 parasitoids and statistical comparison of Weibullb andc parameters at different temperatures allowed changes in the scale and shape of the curves to be detected. In general, ♀♀ lived longer than ♂♂ for all 3 species, except at high temperature. FemaleL. abnormis attained their maximum progeny production at 24°C and maintained this level up to 34°C. They lived longer than the other 2 parasitoid species at 30°C and showed a type I survival curve throuhout the range of temperatures examined.A. pseudococci andL. dactylopii both required high temperatures (30°C) to attain their maximal progeny production, but werepseudococci tended towards type II, with a larger proportion of the population dying within the first few days.L. dactylopii lived longest at 26°C, with ♀♀ showing a type I survival curve at all temperatures and ♂ survival curves changing from type I to type II at 30°C. The implications of these findings for the population dynamics of the different parasitoids are briefly discussed.
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    Effect of temperature on the development of the immature stages ofBembidion lampros [Coleoptera: Carabidae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Bembidion lampros ; temperature ; development ; egg ; larva ; pupa ; Bembidion lampros ; température ; développement ; œufs ; larves ; chrysalides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la température sur la survie et le développement des stades deBembidion lampros fut examinée au laboratoire dans des conditions contrôlées. Les expériences furent réalisées aux températures suivantes: 5°C, 12°C, 17°C, 19°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C et 32°C. La durée du développement s'est montrée inversement proportionnelle à la température. Entre 12°C et 30°C il y a une différence significative dans le développement des œufs, tandis qu'aucune différence significative n'est trouvée dans le pourcentage d'œufs éclos. Les limites létales inférieures et supérieures du développement des œufs furent déterminées. Le développement de l'œuf à l'adulte comprend 3 stades larvaires et un stade nymphal. A 30°C, il s'accomplit en 20,9 jours au minimum. Entre 22°C et 30°C la survie au stade adulte fut 80%.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature on survival and development of immature stages ofBembidion lampros were examined under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The duration of development was examined at 5°C, 12°C, 17°C, 19°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C and 32°C and found to be inversely related to temperature. Between 12°C and 30°C there was a significant difference in duration of egg development, but no significant difference in percentage of eggs hatched. The upper and lower lethal limits for egg development were estimated (c 31°C and 4°C respectively). There are 3 larval instars and one pupal stage. Development of larva plus pupa required a minimum of 20.9 days at 30°C. Between 22°C and 30°C survival from larva to the adult stage was 80%.
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    Susceptibility of the legume flower thrips to Metarhizium anisopliae on different varieties of cowpea (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 79-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: anti-fungal substances ; control ; host plant resistance ; Megalurothrips sjostedti ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The susceptibility of Megalurothrips sjostedtito Metarhizium anisopliae when reared on susceptible, tolerant, and moderately resistant varieties of cowpea at different constant temperatures was evaluated in the laboratory. Insects were exposed either to direct spray of the conidia or to fungus-treated floral tissues. Mortality was significantly higher on the moderately resistant variety at all temperatures compared to the susceptible and tolerant varieties. Correspondingly, lethal time and lethal concentration values were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, on the moderately resistant variety compared to the other varieties, thus indicating that the two control methods are compatible as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Thrips raised on the tolerant variety incurred an exceptionally low level of mortality when the inoculum was sprayed directly on the insects or when the insects were exposed tofungus-treated floral tissues. Observations on the effects of airborne volatiles and crude extracts of this variety revealed an inhibitory effect on fungal germination, colony forming units and growth. This suggests the existence of anti-fungal substances in the tolerant variety.
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    The effect of temperature on development and fecundityof Scymnus levaillanti (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 453-462 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: development ; fecundity ; functional response ; reproductive numerical response ; temperature ; Coccinellidae ; Aphis gossypii ; Scymnus levaillanti
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Development and fecundity of Scymnus levaillanti(Mulsant) were recorded at fiveconstant temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 ± 1 °C in 5 °C increments, 60 ± 5% RHand 16 h of artificial light (5000 Lux). Developmentaltime (egg to adult) of S. levaillantisignificantly decreased with increasing temperatures,ranging from 63.9 days at 15 °C to 11.1 days at35 °C. Development from egg to adult required305.2 DD above a developmental threshold estimated as11.7 °C. Oviposition periods lasted 86.5, 76.1,47.2, and 31.5 days at 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C,respectively. No eggs were deposited at 15 °C.Higher temperatures resulted in shorter generationtimes (TO) and in decreased net reproductiverates (RO) of the coccinellid. S.levaillanti kept at 30 °C produced 0.151females/female/day, the highest per capita rate ofpopulation growth (rm). The `functional response'of larvae and adults of S. levaillanti matcheswell that described by Holling (1959) as Type 2.Daily number of eggs deposited by females increased toa plateau with increasing prey density. Resultsobtained here provide information about the biology ofS. levaillanti, and its feeding capacityindicates that it may act as an important control agent.
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    Relationship between frequency and amplitude of myocardial contractions in rats adapted to heat (1976)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 82 (1976), S. 1458-1460 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: myocardium ; relationship between frequency and amplitude of contractions ; adaptation to heat ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After preliminary adaptation of rats to heat (for 3 h daily at 35°C for 1 month) the amplitude of contractions of the isolated papillary muscles from the left ventricle at 28°C at high frequency was higher than in control animals. This difference persisted at 36°C and disappeared at 25°C. It is postulated that adaptation to heat leaves a definite structural imprint in heart muscle cells.
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    Effect of cultivation temperature on blast transformation of lymphocytes from people of different ages (1977)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 83 (1977), S. 555-557 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: blast transformation ; lymphocytes ; age ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the cultivation temperature on blast transformation of lymphocytes from persons aged 20–35 and 90–102 years induced by phytohemagglutinin was studied. Cultivation at 39°C was found to increase, but at 41°C to reduce sharply the index of blast transformation compared with the control (37°C). The effect of cultivation temperature on the blast-transformation process has certain features which depend on the donors' age.
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    Dependence of antibody formation in lymphocyte cultures on incubation temperature (1977)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 84 (1977), S. 1740-1743 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: antibody formation in culture ; antibody-forming cells ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The increase in the number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) and in the incorporation of [3H]thymidine with a rise in the incubation temperature from 2 to 37°C was studied in cultures of spleen cells from immunized and nonimmunized C57BL/6 mice. An exponential increase in the number of AFC was found with an increase in temperature, and the existence of a “critical” temperature was demonstrated, above which the rate of increase in the number of AFC rises sharply. The curves showing increased incorporation of [3H]thymidine with an increase in temperature in some cases diverged from the curves of the increase in the number of AFC. Culture of immune cells at low temperatures leads to the accumulation of factors stimulating AFC formation in the medium.
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    Effect of hypoxic and hypercapnic atmosphere and low ambient temperature on function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid system in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 97 (1984), S. 149-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: ambient atmospheric factors ; temperature ; hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid system ; physiological state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Temperature-related effects of three insects on growth ofSalvinia molesta in Brazil (1986)
    Springer
    BioControl 31 (1986), S. 19-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Salvinia ; Cyrtobagous ; Samea ; Paulinia ; Biocontrol ; temperature ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet deCyrtobagous salviniae, deSamea multiplicalis et dePaulinia acuminata sur la croissance deSalvinia molesta a été étudié en relation avec la température dans des cages implantées dans 2 situations au Brésil, un canal avec de l'eau courante et une lagune avec de l'eau stagnante. Chaque espèce réduit la croissance deS. molesta dans une gamme de températures des feuilles s'étendant de 16° à 30°C, les dégâts augmentent avec l'accroissement de la température. Il n'y a pas de différence entre les 3 espèces vis-à-vis de leur réaction à la température. Ces résultats et leur implication quant au rendement de ces insectes comme agents biologiques de lutte contreS. molesta sont discutés.
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofCyrtobagous salviniae, Samea multiplicalis, andPaulinia acuminata on the growth ofSalvinia molesta was assessed in relation to temperature in field cages at 2 sites in Brazil, a canal with running-water and a lagoon with stillwater. Each insect species reduced the growth ofS. molesta over a mean leaftemperature range of 16–30°C, causing more damage as temperature increased. There was no difference between the 3 species in response to temperature. These results and their implication to the performance of these insects as biological control agents againstS. molesta are discussed.
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    Egg laying and host stage preference at constant temperatures inEncarsia tricolor [Hym.: Aphelinidae] (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 45-53 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Encarsia tricolor ; autoparasitoid ; egg laying ; rm ; host preference ; temperature ; Encarsia tricolor ; autoparasitoïde ; fécondité ; rm ; préférence ; température
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On présente les résultats obtenus dans l'étude de la fécondité, totale et journalière, d'Encarsia tricolor et de la préférence pour les différents stades de l'hôte (larves deTrialeurodes vaporariorum) dans lesquels déposer les œufs, à différentes températures constantes. Le maximum d'œufs pondus par femelle par jour va de 6 (à 10 et 32 °C) à 21 (à 28 °C). La moyenne de la ponte totale par femelle va augmenter avec la température de 10 à 28 °C, pour atteindre le maximum de 123 œufs et retomber brusquement à 28 à 32 °C. Le taux intrinsèque de croissance d'E. tricolor fut supérieur à celui deT. vaporariorum au-dessus de 9,2 °C. La préférence pour un stade hôte particulier dans lequel déposer les œufs n'était pas toujours significative. Mais, quand elle le fût, la larve du quatrième stade a été préférée.
    Notes: Abstract Encarsia tricolor Foërster is a facultative autoparasitoid that develops on the important pestTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) in outdoor crop conditions, which makes this aphelinid species promising for biological control programs in regions where field and protected crops coexist. In this paper we report the results obtained in the study of daily and totalE. tricolor egg laying and of adult female preference for different host stages in which to lay eggs at constant temperatures in the range 10 to 32 °C. Only whitefly nymphs were present in the searching arena (tomato leaflets). The mean number of eggs laid per female in one day ranged from 4.0 (10 °C and 32 °C) to 15.2 (24 °C). The mean total number of eggs increased with temperature from 10 to 28 °C, reaching a maximum of 123 eggs per female at 28 °C, and decreased sharply from 28 to 32 °C. The relation between the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and temperature in the range 10 to 28 °C followed a straight line whose equation was rm=−0.076+0.011*T (R2=0.99). The rm ofE. tricolor was greater than the rm ofT. vaporariorum when temperature was higher than 9.2 °C. The preference for any particular host instar in which to lay eggs was not always significant. However, N4 was the host instar preferred whenever preference was statistically significant.
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    Effect of temperature on contractility of the frog myocardium (1979)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 88 (1979), S. 1245-1247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Isolated myocardium ; contractility ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the parameters of mechanical activity of the isolated frog myocardium during a change of temperature were studied. Between 0 and 35° lowering the temperature led to an increase in the force of contractions, but the velocity of contractions reached its optimum at 20°C. The velocity of contractions is a more appropriate and sensitive criterion for the study of the effect of cold on contractility than the force of contractions. It is concluded from analysis of the results that contractility of the myocardium is depressed during cooling.
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    Comparison of the strength and rate of contraction as criteria of myocardial contractility (1982)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 94 (1982), S. 853-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: isolated myocardium ; contractility ; temperature ; stretching ; frequency of contractions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00830937
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    Survival of the mosquito predator,Notonecta unifasciata[Hemiptera: Notonectidae] embryos at low thermal gradients (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Notonecta ; embryos ; temperature ; Notonecta ; embryon ; température ; Notonecta ; embriones ; temperatura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les œufs deNotonecta unifasciata Guérin à différents stades de développment embryonnaire maintenus dans l'eau à des températures variables (2,2–25 °C) et durant de 4 à 12 semaines révèlent une viabilité maximale (〉80 %) à la température la plus forte. Cependant, la viabilité optimale sans développement se situait à 14.4 °C avec des embryons âgés de 8 jours (〉35 %). Un court stockage (4 semaines) à 14.4 °C augmente d'une façon significative la viabilité de l'œuf. La survie était faible (〈20 %) aux 2 températures les plus basses. Des œufs maintenus à 14.4 °C durant 12 semaines et supportant environ 50 % de mortalité peuvent être un procédé pratique de lutte biologique.
    Abstract: Resúmen Huevecillos deNotonecta unifasciata mantenidos en varios estadios del desarrollo embrionarios y a varias temperaturas (2.2–25.6 °C) por 4–12 semanas, demostraron la mayor viabilidad (〉80 %) a la temperatura más alta. Sín embargo, la óptima viabilidad cuando no hubo desarrollo, se realizó en embriones de ocho días de edad, mantenidos a 14.4 °C. Almacenamiento de corto tiempo (cuatro semanas) a 14.4 °C se produjo un significante aumento de viabilidad. Superviviencia fué baja (〈20 %) a temperaturas menos de 8.3 °C. Se ofrece que huevecillos almacenados a 14.4 °C por 12 semanas, cuales se realizan un 50 % mortalidad, puede servir en la ejecución del control biológico.
    Notes: Abstract Notonecta unifasciata Guerin eggs maintained at different stages of embryonic development in water at variable temperatures (2.2–25.6 °C) and for periods of 4–12 weeks revealed maximum viability (〉80 %) at the highest temperature. However, optimum nondevelopmental viability was at 14.4 °C with eight-day-old embryos (〉35 %). Short term (4 weeks) storage at 14.4 °C significantly increased egg viability. Survival was poor (〈20 %) at the 2 lowest temperatures. Eggs held at 14.4 °C for 12 weeks and sustainingca. 50 % mortality, may be a practical procedure for biological control.
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    Mortality fecundity and longevity of parasitoids of the spotted tentiform leafminer,Phyllonorycter blancardella [Lep.: Gracillariidae] at constant temperatures in the laboratory (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: temperature ; parasitism ; leafminer ; Pholetesor ornigis ; Eulophidae ; tempéature ; parasitisme ; mineuse des feuilles ; Pholetesor ornigis ; Eulophidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The results of laboratory tests showed that mortality of adult eulophids, primarily,Sympiesis sericeicornis (Nees),S. marylandensis Girault andPnigalio flavipes (Ashmead), was significantly (P〈0.05) lower than that of adultPholetesor ornigis (Weed) when exposed to temperatures between 20° and 36°C for 48 h. However, adultP. ornigis lived longer than those of the eulophids at 15°C, but were shorter liver at 33°C. The fecundity ofP. ornigis was little affected at temperatures of 15°, 20°, 24° and 33°C. Exposure of adultP. ornigis to 30°C for 16 h resulted in reduced longevity of both sexes but did not affect fecundity or the proportion of females ovipositing. Mortality of pupae of the eulophids was significantly lower than that of pupae ofP. ornigis at temperatures of 20°, 30° and 33°C. The sex ratio of surviving adults was not affected by temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377946
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    Development rate, number of mature oocytes at emergence and adult size ofEncarsia tricolor at constant and variable temperatures (1988)
    Springer
    BioControl 33 (1988), S. 289-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Developmental rate ; adult size ; mature oocytes ; temperature ; Encarsia tricolor ; Aphelinidae ; fr|Mots Clés ; duree de développment ; taille ; oocytes ; température ; Encarsia tricolor ; Aphelinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Encarsia tricolor Foërster est un parasitoïd deTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) qui se trouve spontanément en cultures maraîchères tout au long du littoral méditerranéen. Les objectifs du présent travail furent la détermination de l'effet des températures constantes et variables sur la durée du développement, la tailles des adultes ♂ ♂ et ♀ ♀ d'E. tricolor et sur le nombre d'oocytes et d'ovarioles des ♀ ♀ juste après l'émergence. Les ♀ ♀ se développèrent avec succès aux températures comprises entre 14 et 32°C, mais à 34°C une mortalité totale au stade nymphe est observée. Les ♂ ♂ développèrent aussi avec succès aux températures comprises entre 16 et 28°C et leur développment fut plus rapide que celui des ♀ ♀ quelles que soient les températures utilisées. A température constante, la durée du développment de l'œuf à l'adulte des ♀ ♀ et des ♂ ♂ varie de 51,1 (14°C) à 14,3 (28°C) jours et de 32,6 (16°C) à 11,8 (28°C) jours, respectivement. Les prévisions de la durée du développment à températures variables furent plus exactes en utilisant les polynômes de 2e et 3e degré plutôt que les régressions linéaires. Le nombre d'oocytes mûrs à l'émergence varie de 0,1 (30°C) à 2,2 (20°C). Les ♀ ♀ d'E. tricolor atteignent leurs tailles maximales à 20–24°C. Compte-tenu des données de la littérature, on s'aperçoit queE. tricolor se développe plus vite queT. vaporariorum, quand les températures sont supérieures à 15°C.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of the development of the aphelinidEncarsia tricolor Föerster (a parasitoid of the aleyrodidTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), adult size and number of mature oocytes at emergence were determined under constant and variable temperature regimes. Females developed successfully from 14 to 32°C, but a 100% of pupal mortality was observed at 34°C. Males developed successfully from 16 to 28°C and they developed faster than females. Female and male, egg to adult development at constant temperatures ranged from 51.1 (14°C) to 14.3 (28°C) days and from 32.6 (16°C) to 11.8 (28°C) days, respectively. Predictions of the rate of development at variable temperatures were more accurate when made from 2nd and 3rd degree polynomials than from linear regressions. The number of mature oocytes at emergence ranged from 0.1 (30°C) to 2.2 (20°C). FemaleE. tricolor attained the greatest size at 20–24°C. The comparison with literature data shows thatE. tricolor develops faster thanT. vaporariorum at temperatures above 15°C.
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    Studies on the oviposition and longevity ofIlione albiseta [Dipt.: Sciomyzidae] — Potential biological control agent of liver fluke (1988)
    Springer
    BioControl 33 (1988), S. 387-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; biological control ; Ilione albiseta ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; température ; Lymnaea truncatula ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Rémumé L'effet de 5 températures constantes (10, 14, 17, 20 et 23 °C) a été étudié sur l'oviposition et la longévité d'Ilione albiseta. La plupart des œufs furent ponndus entre 14 et 17 °C et la période d'oviposition moyenne décroissait progressivement au-dessus et au-dessous de 14 °C. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative entre les taux d'oviposition et les périodes de préoviposition à chaque température constante, mais le nombre moyen de jours entre la ponte pour chaque femelle était significativement plus grand à 10 °C qu'à 17, 20 et 23 °C et plus grand à 14 °C. qu' à 23 °C. Les adultes infertiles allait de 9,2 % à 23 °C jusqu'à 17,9% à 20 °C et ces œufs avaient tendance à être pondus au commencement comme à la fin de chaque période d'oviposition. Une corrélation possible entre le sex-ratio de l'adulte éclos et la température est discutée également.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 5 constant temperatures (10, 14, 17, 20 and 23°C) on the oviposition and longevity ofIlione albiseta was investigated. Most eggs were laid at 14–17°C and mean oviposition period declined progressively above and below 14°C. There was no significant difference between oviposition rates or preoviposition periods at each constant temperature, but the mean number of days between egg laying for each female was significantly greater at 10 °C than at 17, 20 and 23 °C than at 20 °C. The percentage of infertile eggs laid ranged from 9.2% at 23 °C to 17.9 % at 20 °C and these eggs tended to be laid at the beginning and end of each oviposition period. A possible association between sex ratio of the emergent adult and temperature is also discussed.
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    Competitive ability of the antagonists Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum at temperatures favourable for Botrytis spp. development (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 329-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis aclada ; Botrytis cinerea ; cyclamen ; ecological adaptation ; hydrangea ; lily ; onion ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum are fungal antagonists capable of suppressing sporulation of Botrytis spp. on dead plant parts. The effect of temperature (3 to 36 °C) on antagonist conidial germination and mycelial growth was assessed on agar. In addition conidial germination of U. atrum was measured on dead lily leaves. The optimum temperature of both antagonists for both conidial germination and mycelial growth was between 27 and 30 °C. U. atrum was less affected by lower temperatures than G. roseum. At optimum temperature, 50% of conidia of U. atrum and G. roseum germinated within 2.6 and 10.0 hrs, respectively. At low sub-optimal temperatures (6 °C), 50% of conidia germinated within 18 and 96 hours, respectively. In bioassays on dead onion leaves, U. atrum suppressed sporulation of B. cinerea and B. aclada at all temperatures tested (6 to 24 °C) by more than 85%. On dead cyclamen leaves, G. roseum was more efficient than U. atrum at 21 and 24 °C but, in contrast to U. atrum, showed no antagonistic activity at temperatures below 21 °C. On dead hydrangea leaves, U. atrum significantly reduced sporulation of B. cinerea at temperatures as low as 3 and 1 °C. Under Dutch growing conditions, the mean air temperature during leaf wetness periods in onion and lily fields was 15 °C with temperatures only occasionally above 20 °C. In greenhouse crops of cyclamen, the mean temperature during high humidity periods was 17 °C. It is therefore concluded that U. atrum is better adapted than G. roseum to temperatures which occur in the field, in greenhouse crops such as cyclamen, or during cold storage of plant stocks.
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    Metarhizium spp. isolates from madagascar: Morphology and effect of high temperature on growth and infectivity to the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 351-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Metarhizium anisopliae ; Metarhizium flavoviride ; morphology ; temperature ; Locusta migratoria ; Madagascar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié cinq souches deMetarhizium anisopliae et une souche deM. flavoviride isolées à Madagascar. Les blastospores de la seconde espèce apparaissent plus homogènes de taille que celles deM. anisopliae. Quatre des 5 souches de cette espèce peuvent croître à 36°C tandis que l'isolat deM. flavoviride se développe à 38°C (températures constantes). Cette souche ainsi que deux souches deM. anisopliae sont capables de croître à des températures de 40°C (pendant 8 h) alternant avec des températures de 25°C (pendant 16 h). Dans les essais d'infection de stades L3/L4 deLocusta migratoria à une température de 30°C (pendant 8 h) alternant avec une température de 25°C (pendant 16 h), les 4 souches deM. anisopliae et la souche deM. flavoviride ont toutes donné une mortalité de 50% en 5,9–8,5 jours. Dans le cas où la température est de 36° au lieu de 30°C (pendant 8 h), seule la souche deM. flavoviride et une souche deM. anisopliae isolée du sol ont donné des mortalités élevées.
    Notes: Abstract Five strains ofMetarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin and one strain ofMetarhizium flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal originally isolated in Madagascar were studied. Measurements of conidia and, for the first time, also of blastospores produced in a liquid medium were used for species and variety determination. Blastospores ofM. flavoviride were more homogenous in their size than those ofM. anisopliae. Growth at high temperatures between 25° and 40°C showed that 4 isolates ofM. anisopliae grew at 36°C andM. flavoviride grew at 38°C. Using alternating day/night temperatures (8/16 h) the three strains tested could also tolerate 40°/25°C. In bioassays, fiveMetarhizium spp. isolates were tested against third and fourth instar larvae ofLocusta migratoria (L.) at two alternating day/night temperatures of 30°/25°C and 36°/25°C. In the cooler regime, all strains caused a mortality of 50% within 5.9 to 8.5 days (median lethal time), while in the 36°/25°C treatment only the thermophilicM. flavoviride and oneM. anisopliae strain isolated from a soil sample gave comparable results with median lethal times of 6.8 and 7.3 days, respectively.
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    Storage and formulation of the entomopathogenicnematodes Heterorhabditis indica and H. bacteriophora (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 483-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: adjuvants ; attapulgite ; bentonite ; infectivity ; osmolarity ; pH ; survival ; temperature ; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ; Heterorhabditis indica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Successful control of insect pests through theapplication of entomopathogenic nematode dauerjuveniles of H. bacteriophora and H.indica can only be achieved when the nematodematerial reaches the end user in good condition.Storage and formulation techniques must provideoptimum conditions to guarantee a maximum survival andinfectivity of the nematodes. Nematode survival wastested at temperatures ranging between 5–25 °C.A maximum survival of H. indica was achieved at15 °C and the highest mortality at 5 °C.H. bacteriophora survived best at 7.5 °Cand least at 25 °C. An increase of the saltconcentration had positive effects on dauer juvenilesurvival in aqueous suspensions. Low pH between 6 and4 reduced the bacterial growth and prolonged survivalof stored dauer juveniles. Of the organic acidsascorbic, benzoic, citric and sorbic acid, onlyascorbic acid had a positive effect on H. indicasurvival. Extracts of the dried spice plants cinnamon,cloves, rosemary and oregano were tested. Enhancementof H. indica survival was recorded for cinnamonand cloves. Survival and infectivity of nematodesstored in attapulgite and bentonite clays and spongewere recorded over several weeks at different storagetemperatures. Infectivity was not influenced by thedifferent formulation materials. When stored insponge at 25 °C nematodes survived less than 1week and the formulation in clay could only prolongthis period for another week. At 5 °C thesurvival of H. bacteriophora in sponge wassuperior to that in clay, whereas H. indicasurvived less well in sponge than in clay at15 °C. Storage in aerated water at 5 °Cfor H. bacteriophora and at 15 °C for H. indica resulted in the lowest mortality. Forstorage at controlled conditions (temperature, pH andosmolarity), aerated water is superior to all othermethods tested and the addition of preservatives willincrease survival.
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    The influence of temperature, photoperiod and plant type on the predation rate of Macrolophus pygmaeus on Myzus persicae (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Macrolophus pygmaeus ; photoperiod ; predation rate ; temperature ; predator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature and photoperiod on the rate of predation of nymphs and adults of the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus was studied using Myzus persicae prey feeding on egg-plant and pepper plants. The experiments were conducted at three photoperiods (16L:8D, 12L:12D and 8L:16D), three temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C), and at 65% r.h. The rate of predation increased with temperature. Predation rate was affected by photoperiod on pepper but not on egg-plant. Females and fifth instar nymphs were the most voracious stages followed by third and fourth instar nymphs and males. First and second instar nymphs consumed far fewer aphids. Predation rate was higher on leaves of pepper than egg-plant, especially at 30 °C. Variation in the efficacy of this predator is discussed.
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    The temperature stratification and related characteristics of Chilean lakes in midsummer (1992)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 37-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chile ; monomictic lakes ; temperature ; mixing ; heat budget ; stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature profiles in summer (February/March 1990) were measured in 24 lakes along a latitudinal transect from central Chile (32° S) to Patagonia (47° S), and on Easter Island (27° S). The lakes of the temperature zone, between 47° S and 38° S, are warm monomictic with surface and deep-water temperatures ranging from 12 °C to 21 °C and from 5.5 °C to 10 °C respectively. The heat content per unit area in midsummer was found to vary with lake area. The local stability of stratification (N 2) varied by more than two orders of magnitude, declining with increasing latitude, altitude, and depth. The lakes can be classified according to morphometric and temperature characteristics, mixing depth, stability of stratification and glacial turbidity. Lago General Carrera (463 m) was found to be almost as deep as Lago Nahuel Huapi (464 m), which is considered to be the deepest lake in South America.
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    Ultraviolet Rayleigh Lidar for Wind and Temperature Measurements (2000)
    Springer
    Optical review 7 (2000), S. 555-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: lidar ; remote sensing ; Rayleigh scattering ; wind ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method of simultaneous remote sensing of atmospheric wind and temperature by a ultraviolet Rayleigh lidar is described. This technique uses two narrowband filters located at either side of the wings of the Rayleigh backscatter spectrum to analyze Rayleigh backscattering signals. These filters are selected to be greatly sensitive to both velocity and temperature. By measuring the ratio and the sum of the two normalized filtered signals, the line-of-sight wind velocity and temperature profiles can be retrieved. A lidar system is proposed for the wind velocity and temperature measurements in the middle atmosphere, and the simulation results show that the accuracies of velocity and temperature are about 1 m/s and 2 K at the height of 30 km, respectively. The influence of aerosol component has been estimated for clear weather conditions, and with an uncertainty of aerosol component of 15% the errors are about 0.1 m/s and 2 K above the troposphere, respectively.
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    A Fiber Optic Wavelength Modulation Sensor Based on Tantalum Pentoxide Coatings for Absolute Temperature Measurements (2000)
    Springer
    Optical review 7 (2000), S. 205-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: optical fibres ; temperature ; sensors ; tantalum pentoxide ; thermal optic ; thermal expansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A fiber optic low-coherence sensor based on the spectral shift of tantalum pentoxide thin films for absolute temperature sensing up to 650°C is described. A tantalum pentoxide single layer was deposited directly onto the cleaved end-face of a single mode optical fibre and was illuminated with an super luminescence diode (SLD) source through a directional coupler. Interference fringes of the film on reflection were obtained within the optical bandwidth of the SLD using an optical spectrum analyser. The spectral shift versus temperature rise showed no turning points and the output was unambiguous, linear, monotonic and gave about 0.016 nm wavelength shift in the spectrum per°C. A semi-empirical calibration procedure based on the refractive index (n) and thickness (l) of the tantalum pentoxide film for absolute thermometric measurements is described.
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    Oxygen patchiness in a lake (1995)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 57 (1995), S. 325-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Oxygen ; temperature ; patchiness ; microscale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The presence and extent of small scale vertical structure in dissolved oxygen were investigated in a tropical Australian lake. At a 9 m deep site an extremely high oxygen patch appeared near the bottom boundary. Light levels reaching the bottom boundary during the life of the patch exceeded 10 µEinst m−2 s−1. The patch remained for 1.5 h before gradually reaching ambient oxygen levels. The patch's disappearance coincided with decreasing light levels during the late afternoon. Differences in the extent of oxygen vertical patchiness between deep (16 m) and shallow (9 m) sites were also observed. At the deep site, the distribution of oxygen steps over the water column coincided largely with the distribution of temperature steps. This indicates the dominance of physical processes at that site. At the shallow site, marked vertical patchiness in oxygen was observed with no similar patchiness in temperature. This indicates the prevalence of biological and chemical processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878396
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    Temperature effect on shear induced transition in surfactant solution (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 105 (1997), S. 322-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Rheology ; surfactant solutions ; micelles ; phase transition ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Aqueous solutions of cationic surfactant with binding counterions exhibit a transition under shear. In this paper the steady shear properties of semidilute aqueous micellar solutions (cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium salicylate in brine) are presented as a function of concentration and temperature. The shear thinning behavior of this system could be described by the Carreau model at low shear rate and by a power law at higher shear rate. The temperature dependence of the zero shear viscosity follows an Arrhenius relationship. The critical shear rate at which the viscosity departs from its zero shear value is found to increase with temperature indicating the influence of this parameter on transition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188972
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    Temperature dependence of liquid epoxy resin impregnation through polyester non-woven fabric (1983)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 834-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Impregnation ; capillary ; liquid ; fabric ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The temperature dependence of liquid epoxy resin impregnation under atmospheric pressure was measured under the condition that the impregnation was through polyester non-woven fabric sheets, sandwiched between two circular glass plates. It was expected that impregnation would take place to a small extent, because the pressure in the sheet increases to more than atmospheric pressure in the course of impregnation from the perimeter of the circular sheet toward its center, but the liquid resin impregnates to a great extent and impregnating velocity increases with a rise in temperature. This phenomenon can be analyzed by the Kozeny-Carman equation improved by the introduction of the theoretically calculated capillary force in the modeled fiber bed structure and a parameter to postulate gas solubility and diffusion into the liquid resin. An increase in the impregnating velocity with the temperature rise is caused by decrease in the resin viscosity, by increase of the capillary force pressure and by decrease in the gas pressure corrected by a parameter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421437
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    The modification of the triple helical structure of gelatin in aqueous solution I. The influence of anionic surfactants, pH-value, and temperature (1988)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 266 (1988), S. 1061-1067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Circular dichroism ; gelatin ; sodium alkyl sulphates ; aqueousgelatinsolutions ; secondary structure ; pH ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The modification of the triple helical structure in aqueous gelatin solutions by changing pH and adding alkyl sulphates at 298 K and after rechilling the solution to 283 K was investigated by CD-measurement. At 298 K the triple helical content at the IEP of the gelatin has its maximum value. It is only weakly affected by adding sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDDS) at concentrations 〈10−4 M/dm3. The unfolding of the triple helix affected by pH and SDDS is reversible by rechilling the solution. The triple helical content of gelatin solutions decreases at SDDS concentrations higher than 10−4 M/dm3. In all cases the decrease of the amount of triple helical structure is connected with an increase of the cis-configuration in single chains and leads to chain reversals. At sufficiently high SDDS concentrationsβ-sheets are formed. These changes are thermally irreversible. Sodium decyl sulphate (SDS) has a more minor influence than SDDS except in the range of the c.m.c. of SDS. At sufficiently high SDS concentrations,β-turns appear.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01428818
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    Temperature dependence of the non-Newtonian viscosity of elongated micellar solutions (1992)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 270 (1992), S. 1035-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Elongated micelles ; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) ; non-Newtonianviscosity ; shearrate ; concentration ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We report in this work new results of the study on the non-Newtonian viscosity of aqueous micellar solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the presence of potassium bromide (KBr), in the concentration range where the elongated micelles overlap. The experiments have been performed as a function of the surfactant concentration, temperature and shear rate by use of a Couette-viscosimeter. In the non-Newtonian range, at relatively low surfactant concentration (≲0.25 M/l), our results show that the flow curves obtained at different temperatures converge to a single liner curve with a characteristic slope varying with the surfactant concentration. These same data can be superposed on a master curve when appropriate reduced variables are used. The shape of the flow curves obtained at different temperatures for a sufficiently high surfactant concentration is similar to that obtained for monodisperse polymer solutions at different molecular weights. The slope obtained of about −1 is also predicted by Graessley's model in the theory of microviscoelasticity based on the concept of entanglement for polymer solutions. However, at surfactant concentration higher than 0.25 M/l our results show an unusual behavior. Above some critical shear rate it is possible to obtain an increase of the apparent viscosity with temperature. One possible explanation of this effect can be found in the increase of the entanglement with concentration coupled with the temperature and direct now effects on scission and recombination rate of the micelles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00655973
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    PGSE-NMR studies of solvent diffusion in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) colloidal microgels (1995)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 273 (1995), S. 405-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: NMR diffusion ; solvent diffusion ; hydrogels ; microgels ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The solvent self-diffusion coefficient has been studied in thermoshrinking poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) microgel dispersions by the pulsed-gradient spin-echo PGSE-NMR technique, as a function of temperature and mass fraction. After suitable corrections for the temperature, the H2O/D2O ratio and the relative volume fractions, all the self-diffusion data obtained over a temperature range of approximately 40 °C and mass fraction (2–12 % wt/wt) could be superimposed with the volume fraction as the universal factor. The observed reduction in the solvent self-diffusion coefficient with volume fraction was greater than that predicted by simple obstruction theory. After correction for-, and the subsequent removal of the obstruction effect, the diffusion of the solvent through the core of the particle is elucidated. As found for other polymer-solvent systems, there were no specific binding effects. The diffusion of the solvent in these dispersions over such temperature and mass fraction ranges could be rationalised assuming a constant solvent self-diffusion coefficient in the core of the particles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652357
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    Kinetic studies on void formation during liquid epoxy resin impregnation through polyester non-woven fabric (1985)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 454-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Impregnation ; void ; liquid ; fabric ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Under the condition that liquid epoxy resin impregnation was through polyester non-woven fabric sheets, sandwiched between two circular glass plates, the increase in gas pressure caused by decrease in the volume of non-impregnating area was not as much as expected according to Boyle's law. Hence, the quantity of the gas consumed by dissolution and diffusion into the liquid resin and the polyester fibers, as well as by the void formation in the impregnating area of liquid resin, was calculated. According to the results, the quantities of gas decreased by dissolution and diffusion from the non-impregnating area into the impregnating liquid resin and into the polyester fiber are found to be so small that the deviation from Boyle's law mostly depends on the gas consumption due to the void formation in the impregnating area. Observing the impregnating region with a microscope, many voids were found in the area between the non-impregnating area and the completely impregnated area. The number and size of voids are theoretically estimated by assuming the non-uniformity of the fiber distribution in the polyester non-woven fabric.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01458335
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    Temperature-controlled alternative respiration and outgrowth rate from conidia ofNeurospora crassa (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1441-1443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Conidia ; Neurospora crassa ; temperature ; respiration ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Incubation of conidia of wild typeNeurospora crassa at temperatures ranging from 25 to 46°C modulates their respiratory type. Between 37 and 41°C, the transient activity of the cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway parallels, with a maximal extrusion of protons into the medium, the optimal rate of germ tube outgrowth.
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    The growth of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) myosatellite cells in culture at two different temperatures (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 260-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Salmon ; satellite cells ; cell culture ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Temperature is known to affect fish growth, and in Atlantic salmon there is an influence on muscle cellularity. Primary muscle cell culture makes it possible to investigate direct effects of temperature on myogenic cells. Salmon myosatellite cells were cultured for the first time in this study. The cells were cultured at either 5°C or 11°C. Increased temperature led to an increase in differentiation rate and especially hypertrophic growth (Q10=4.0). No nuclear proliferation was evident in the satellite cell population isolated at either temperature. This may be due to the presence of different subpopulations of myogenic cells at different developmental ages or the presence of indirect factors in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01931109
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    Effects of photoperiod, temperature and testosterone-treatment on plasma T3 and T4 levels in the Djungarian hamster,Phodopus sungorus (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 102-103 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Djungarian hamster ; photoperiod ; temperature ; T3 ; T4 ; testosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of photoperiod, temperature and testosterone treatment on plasma T3 and T4 levels were investigated in the Djungarian hamster. Plasma T3 level was affected by temperature (25°C〈7°C) but not by photoperiod. Plasma T4 level was affected by photoperiod (short day 〈 long day) at 25°C. Administration of testosterone increased plasma T4 level under short photoperiod at 25°C. Thus, higher plasma T4 level under long photoperiod at 25°C might be induced by testosterone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990462
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    Inhibition of temperature-induced spermatogenic proliferation by a brain factor in hibernatingHelix aspersa (Mollusca) (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 349-351 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; temperature ; brain ; hibernation ; Helix aspersa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ablation of the brain from hibernatingHelix aspersa maintained at 25°C causes a significant increase in the proliferation of male cells in the gonad, whereas the ablation of the optic tentacles has no effect. The brain, therefore, produces a factor which specifically inhibits the multiplication of spermatogonia and spermatocytes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957474
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    The induction of secondary seed dormancy by oxygen deficiency in a barnyard grassEchinochloa crus-galli (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 904-906 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Barnyard grass ; Echinochloa crus-galli ; oxygen deficiency ; seed dormancy ; soil seed bank ; stratification ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract At 25°C, secondary dormancy was induced in seeds ofE. crus-galli exposed for 100 days to oxygen deficiency. By contrast, hypoxia did not induce dormancy at 15°C or prevent dormancy termination at 7°C. Secondary dormancy was terminated after 2 months stratification at 7°C. Oxygen deficiency may increase the proportion of dormant seeds in the soil, and affect the dynamics of the barnyard-grass soil seed bank.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118432
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    Juvenile hormone and reproduction in the cricket. II. Effect of rearing temperature on corpus allatum activity (in vitro) in adult females (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 758-759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Crickets ; corpus allatum activity ; juvenile hormone III ; temperature ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the Mediterranean field cricket,Gryllus bimaculatus, reproduction is controlled by temperature and the corpus allatum (CA) hormone JH III. In CA of females reared at 24°∶12°C(16∶8 h) (high reproduction rate) a first peak in JH III synthesis is reached about 4 days earlier than in those of 20°C females (low reproduction rate). Furthermore, in 20°C animals CA activity is low during the entire oviposition period, whereas at 24°∶12°C high CA activity is found during this period of adult life. The results indicate a stimulation of CA activity and reproduction by thermoperiods around a constant low temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02012583
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    Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1192-1197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Psychrophily ; psychrotrophy ; microorganisms ; temperature ; physiology ; activities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms have the ability to grow at 0°C. Psychrotrophic microorganisms have a maximum temperature for growth above 20°C and are widespread in natural environments and in foods. Psychrophilic microorganisms have a maximum temperature for growth at 20°C or below and are restricted to permanently cold habitats. This ability to grow at low temperature may be correlated with a lower temperature characteristic than that of the mesophiles, an increasing proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the lipid phase of the cell membrane, which makes it more fluid, and a protein conformation functional at low temperature. The relatively low maximum temperature of growth for these microorganisms is often considered to be due to the thermolability of one or more essential cellular components, particularly enzymes, while some degradative activities are enhanced, resulting in an exhaustion of cell energy, a leakage of intracellular substances or complete lysis. Psychrotrophic microorganisms are well-known for their degradative activities in foods. Some are pathogenic or toxinogenic for man, animals or plants. However in natural microbial ecosystems psychrotrophic and psychrophilic microorganisms can play a large role in the biodegradation of organic matter during cold seasons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946390
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    Serotonin levels in fish brain: Effects of hydrostatic pressure and water temperature (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1429-1430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fish ; serotonin ; hydrostatic pressure ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The contents of serotonin (5 HT) and its metabolite 5 hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) have been measured (HPLC technique) in the brains of eels exposed to different conditions of hydrostatic pressure and temperature (HP=1 or 101 ATA in winter, Tw=14°C, and in summer, Tw=19°C). It appears that an increase of Tw induces a significant increase of the 5 HT/5 HIAA ratio. In contrast, eels exposed at 101 ATA of HP for 1 h do not exhibit any modification in the 5 HT/5 HIAA brain ratio at a given temperature. The involvement of 5 HT under the conditions studied is discussed.
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    Thermoelastic contact problem of two rotating bodies with frictional heat generation in annular region (1998)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 68 (1998), S. 128-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words frictional heating ; temperature ; contact pressure ; punch indentation ; thermoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary An axisymmetric contact problem with frictional heating is considered in which a parabolic annular punch is pressed into a plane surface and rotates about its axis of symmetry at constant speed. The problem is formulated in terms of one governing equation with unknown pressure. This equation is solved numerically. The change of the geometry of the contact region and pressure has been investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004190050150
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    Effect of time-dependent speed on frictional heat generation and wear in transient axisymmetrical contact of sliding (1997)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 67 (1997), S. 331-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words frictional heating ; wear ; contact pressure ; temperature ; brake system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A transient contact problem with frictional heating and wear for two nonuniform sliding half-spaces is considered. One of the two half-spaces is assumed to be slightly curved to give a Hertzian initial pressure distribution: the other is a rigid nonconductor. Under the assumption that the contact pressure distribution could be described by Hertz formulas during all the process of interaction, the problem is formulated in terms of one integral equation of Volterra type with unknown radius of contact area. A numerical solution of this equation is obtained using a piecewise-constant presentation of an unknown function. The influence of operating parameters on the contact temperature and the radius of the contact area is studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004190050121
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    Density of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC 141b) as a function of temperature and pressure (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 551-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; HCFC 141b ; pressure ; temperature ; Tait equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The density of HCFC 141b has been measured at several temperatures between 260 and 320 K, Mid pressures up to 20 MPa, with a mechanical oscillator densimeter. The densimeter was calibrated with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, whose density was obtained from a correlating cyuation with 0.3% uncertainty. The density data obtained for HCFC 14H) hits a reproducibility of 0.05% and an uncertainty of 0.3%. The data obtained were fitted to a Tait-type equation. which reproduced the experimental densities within 0.11 % and were compared with the data obtained in other works.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01441502
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    Measurement of thermal stress in graphite intercalated with bromine (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 279-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: bromine ; exfoliation ; graphite ; intercalation ; phase transition ; stress ; temperature ; thermal stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal stress of graphite intercalated with bromine was found to increase from zero at about 100°C to about 1.3 MPa at 200°C. The effect was reversible with hysteresis. The thermal stress increase had a sharp temperature dependence due to its association with the exfoliation phase transition.
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    Thermophysical properties of liquid platinum (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 409-416 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; electrical resistivity ; enthalpy ; platinum ; pulse heating ; sound velocity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Material properties of liquid metals are inherently difficult to measure. Static measurements are difficult to make on most metals because of the typically high values of critical temperature and pressure, problems with sample-container contamination, and physical strength limits of high-pressure vessels. Data on thermophysical properties of metals are needed for a variety of applications, and measurements on most liquid metals are performed using dynamic techniques. Dynamic pulse heating experiments are typically performed on nanosecond to millisecond timescales, providing data that would not otherwise be obtainable. We use a resistive pulse heating method to reach high-temperature expanded liquid-metal states at a constant pressure. This technique can be used for a variety of metals and allows accurate data to be obtained over a wide range of temperature. Metallic wire-shaped samples (1×25 mm) are resistively heated in an inert gas atmosphere for a period of about 10−4 s by an almost-square current pulse (∼15×l03 A). Samples expand along an isobaric path, with remote diagnostics providing data on current, voltage, temperature, volume, and sound speed. These basic quantities are then used to calculate several derivative quantities. We report measurements of enthalpy, temperature, volume, electrical resistivity, and sound velocity of liquid platinum for temperatures from the melting point up to ∼5100 K.
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    In situ high temperature and high pressure exafs studies of Pt/Al2O3 Catalysts. Part II: Carbon removal (1991)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 8 (1991), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: EXAFS ; Pt/Al2O3 catalyst ; temperature ; pressure ; carbon deposition ; carbon removal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract EXAFS has been used to follow in situ the structural evolution of a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst during removal of carbon by hydrogenation, after reduction and carbon deposition. After reduction at 350 °C, the total hydrogen pressure was raised to 3 atm. and n-heptane was injected over the sample. EXAFS measurements at the Pt edge were carried out with simultaneous on-line EXAFS analysis of the spectra. After observing the rapid formation of a carbon-platinum bond which is unmodified with time, we stopped the heptane flow, raised the temperature to 450 °C, and maintained hydrogen flow at 3 atm. The disappearance of the platinum-carbon bond during heat treatment in hydrogen was monitored via on-line analysis. No sintering of the metal particles was observed. EXAFS is thus proven to be an efficient tool to study not just structural changes of a catalyst during a hydrocarbon reaction [1], but also to use it as a technique to study other catalytic phenomena as well.
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    Electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder Part II: Process conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cupric oxide ; powder ; current density ; temperature ; sodium sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrosynthesis of cupric oxide powder was carried out on a laboratory scale in an electrochemical cell under various experimental conditions. The electrolysis was appraised in terms of the particle size of the cupric oxide product and the anodic dissolution of the copper electrode. Using a previously determined pH value of 7.50, the other optimum electrolysis operating conditions established were a current density of 4000Am−2, temperature of 353K, and Na2SO4 concentration of 0.5m. The optimum values of current efficiency, cell voltage and specific energy consumption for the electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder were determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003464914657
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    Effect of temperature on performanceof LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode’ (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1328-1332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: metal hydride ; capacity ; temperature ; performance ; enthalpy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on the performance of a LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode was investigated in the temperature range of 0 to 50°C. The electrode showed a maximum discharge capacity at 25°C. The total resistance increases with a decrease of temperature from 50°C to 0°C. The apparent activation enthalpies at different states of charge were determined by evaluating the polarization resistance at different temperatures. It was found that the apparent activation enthalpy is an indicator of the relative reaction rate of the charge-transfer reaction and hydrogen absorption.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018460709968
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    Assessment of freshwater diatoms as quantitative indicators of past climatic change in the Yukon and Northwest Territories, Canada (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 13 (1995), S. 21-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; temperature ; climatic change ; paleoclimate proxies ; canonical correspondence analysis ; weighted-averaging ; Yukon ; Northwest Territories
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We identified, enumerated, and interpreted the diatom assemblages preserved in the surface sediments of 59 lakes located between Whitehorse in the Yukon and Tuktoyaktuk in the Northwest Territories (Canada). The lakes are distributed along a latitudinal gradient that includes several ecoclimatic zones. It also spans large gradients in limnological variables. Thus, the study lakes are ideal for environmental calibration of modern diatom assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis, with forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation tests, showed that maximum lake depth and summer surface-water temperature were the two environmental variables that accounted for most of the variance in the diatom data. The concentrations of sodium and calcium were also important explanatory variables. Using weighted-averaging regression and calibration techniques, we developed a predictive statistical model to infer lake surface-water temperature, and we evaluated the feasibility of using diatoms as paleoclimate proxies. This model may be used to derive paleotemperature inferences from fossil diatom assemblages at appropriate sites in the western Canadian Arctic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678109
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  • 94
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    The dependence of transport properties ofin situ rocks on pore fluid composition and temperature (1996)
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 17 (1996), S. 289-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Effective properties ; pore fluids ; cracked rock ; permeability ; stress ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluids saturating cracked rocks within the crust can vary widely in composition and physical properties, which depend greatly on pressure and temperature. External non-hydrostatic stress applied to a cracked medium may result in a significant change of crack volume (and hence, for the undrained regime, pore-fluid pressure) due to the processes of crack closure (opening), and thus lead to a drastic change of the overall physical parameters of a rock. The purpose of the study is to estimate theoretically, using the effective-medium theory, the macroscopic seismic and transport parameters (such as permeability) of cracked rocks (granites) saturated with hydrocarbon gases, oils, brines and water. Variations of crack geometry and fluid parameters in the closed system (at constant fluid mass) under uniaxial compression are considered as well. The results show that composition of a saturating fluid as well as fluid temperature greatly influence the effective permeability and shear velocities of a rock mass, while thermal conductivity is not so sensitive to variations of fluid parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01904045
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  • 95
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    Nitrogen fertilizer value of activated sewage derived protein: Effect of environment and nitrification inhibitor on NO 3 - release, soil microbial activity and yield of summer cabbage (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 33 (1992), S. 47-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium ; cabbage ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; nitrification inhibitor ; organic fertilizer ; soil microbial activity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yield response of summer cabbage (Brassica oleracea varcapitata cv. Hispi F1) to N applied as organic (activated sewage sludge derived protein [Protox] and dried blood) and inorganic (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate and urea) fertilizers was compared in relation to the N availability characteristics of the materials. Effects of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on N release, crop yield and N status were also assessed. In addition CO2 efflux was measured from amended soil to determine effects of fertilizer application on soil microbial activity. The organic N sources were mineralized quickly on application to soil and exhibited similar patterns of NH4-N depletion and NO3-N accumulation as functions of thermal-time as with mineral fertilizers. However, the yield response to organic N was marginally smaller (though not significantly) compared with mineral forms; probably because less N was released to the crop. This was reflected in smaller total N concentrations and N recoveries in plants supplied with organic fertilizer. Applied DCD increased the thermal-time for complete nitrification of NH4-N sources and raised the total N content of the crop, but had no overall effect on crop growth. In contrast to inorganic N sources which generally reduced CO2 efflux from soil, application of protein-based fertilizers increased the rate of soil microbial activity directly by raising substrate availability. Sewage sludge derived protein provided an effective alternative to mineral fertilizers for the nutrition of summer cabbage whilst minimising stress of the soil environment which may occur following the application of conventional forms of inorganic N to the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058009
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  • 96
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    Growth and Chemical Composition of Spirulina Maxima and Spirulina Platensis Biomass at Different Temperatures (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 261-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; microalgae ; Spirulina ; Spirulina composition ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature on growth and biomass composition of two species of Spirulina, S. maxima and S. platensis used for food was studied. A 4L fermenter with temperature and agitation control was used to cultivate both species. Under continuous light, maximum cell production of 2.4 g l−1 was verified for both cultures studied at temperatures above 25 °C: S. maxima (30 °C and 35 °C) and S. platensis (25 °C and 30 °C). An accentuated lag phase was observed for all cultures at lower temperatures (15–20 °C), and a maximum biomass production of 1.5 g l−1 was achieved. It was also observed that an increase of temperature caused a marked decrease in protein content, while carbohydrate synthesis was stimulated. The concentration of γ-linolenic acid varied from 11–16% for S. maxima and from 12–14% for S. platensis, at the optimum growth temperatures. Greater culture volumes were also studied in order to compare the performance of glass and plastic containers. At optimum growth temperature, S. maxima produced the same cell growth and similar final biomass composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009233230706
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  • 97
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    Feed Intake and Growth of Juvenile Silver Trevally at the Southern Limit of Their Distribution (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feed intake ; growth ; silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009296531292
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  • 98
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    Effects of Temperature on Growth and Efficiency of Yolk Utilisation in Eggs and Pre-feeding Larval Stages of Atlantic Salmon (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: alevin ; Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; development ; egg ; temperature ; thermal tolerance ; yolk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three embryonic stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were subjected to eight constant incubation temperatures (4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 19 and 22 °C) exceeding the range usually experienced in natural conditions. A change in thermal tolerance during the embryonic and larval development was registered: pre-hatching stages showed an upper thermal limit at about 16 °C, while hatched larvae survived until 22 °C. Temperature significantly affects developmental rate, resulting in a faster development and, consequently, lower yolk weight percentage at higher temperatures. We found positive relationships between incubation temperature and body size (length and weight) in the less developed stages, in which some yolk remained, but size decreased at increasing temperatures when yolk was completely exhausted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009214804949
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  • 99
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    The effect of seawater flow and temperature on metamorphosis and postlarval development in great scallop (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 513-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: great scallop (Pecten maximus) ; hatchery ; metamorphosis ; seawater flow ; spat development ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variations in growth and survival of hatchery-reared post-metamorphicjuveniles of great scallop Pecten maximus prompted anexamination of settlement and postlarval development. The effects ofseawater flow and temperature on great scallop metamorphosis andpostlarvae were studied over a 4–5 week period. In allexperiments, and regardless of environmental conditions, great scallopmetamorphosed after a 2–3 week period with values of 35 to70%. Subsequently, spat numbers increased slightly. Spatmortality generally occurred from the third week onward and reachedlevels as high as 30% by the fifth week under standardconditions. At 20 °C, however, 60% mortality levels wererecorded. Differences in spat growth rate, ranging from 37 to 45 μmday−1, were noticed at different seawater flow ratesbut no clear tendency could be discerned. Temperature affected spatgrowth with an increase in size from 24 μm day−1 at15 °C to 35 μm day−1 at 18 °C. Conversely,growth was suppressed at 20 °C (14 μm day−1).For optimal metamorphosis and postlarval development in great scallop, aseawater flow of 4.3 L h−1 per sieve and a temperatureof 15 °C are recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009274707986
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  • 100
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    Diatom transfer-functions for quantifying past air temperature, pH and total organic carbon concentration from lakes in northern Sweden (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 24 (2000), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; climate change ; temperature ; pH ; transfer functions ; lake sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relationships between diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) in surface sediments of lakes and summer air temperature, pH and total organic carbon concentration (TOC) were explored along a steep climatic gradient in northern Sweden to provide a tool to infer past climate conditions from sediment cores. The study sites are in an area with low human impact and range from boreal forest to alpine tundra. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) constrained to mean July air temperature and pH clearly showed that diatom community composition was different between lakes situated in conifer-, mountain birch- and alpine-vegetation zones. As a consequence, diatoms and multivariate ordination methods can be used to infer past changes in treeline position and dominant forest type. Quantitative inference models were developed to estimate mean July air temperature, pH and TOC from sedimentary diatom assemblages using weighted averaging (WA) and weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression. Relationships between diatoms and mean July air temperature were independent of lake-water pH, TOC, alkalinity and maximum depth. The results demonstrated that diatoms in lake sediments can provide useful and independent quantitative information for estimating past changes in mean July air temperature (R2 jack = 0.62, RMSEP = 0.86 °C; R2 and root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) based on jack-knifing), pH (R2 jack = 0.61, RMSEP = 0.30) and TOC (R2 jack = 0.49, RMSEP = 1.33 mg l-1). The paper focuses mainly on the relationship between diatom community composition and mean July air temperature, but the relationships to pH and TOC are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008128014721
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