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  • Springer  (3,531,814)
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  • 101
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    Modelling the Influence of Erosive Fluidization on the Morphology of Fluid Flow and Escape Structures (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Focused fluid flow through sub-seafloor pipes and chimneys, and their seafloor manifestations as pockmarks, are ubiquitous. However, the dynamics of flow localization and evolution of fluid escape structures remain poorly understood. Models based on geomechanical mechanisms like hydro-fracturing and porosity wave propagation offer some useful insights into fluid flow and escape dynamics, but face limitations in capturing features like mobilized granular matter, especially in the upper sediment layers where the link between fracture and pockmark is not always clear. Here, we propose a mathematical model based on the multiphase theory of porous media, where changes in subsurface and seafloor morphology are resolved through seepage-induced erosion, fluidization, transport, and re-deposition of granular material. Through simulation of an idealized scenario of gas escape from overpressured shallow gas reservoir, we demonstrate that our model can capture flow localization and formation of pipes, chimneys, and pockmarks. Our simulations show (1) formation of conical focused-flow conduits with a brecciated core and annular gas channels; (2) pockmarks of W and ring shapes; and (3) pulsed release of gas. Sediment erodibility and flow anisotropy control the morphology of focused fluid flow and escape structures, while permeability shows negligible impact. While the geological setting for this study is theoretical, we show that our results have real-world analogs.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 102
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    Population genetic differentiation of the ubiquitous brooding coral Pocillopora acuta along Phuket Island reefs in the Andaman Sea, Thailand (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Background: The widespread Indo-Pacific coral species Pocillopora acuta Lamarck, 1816 displays varying levels of asexual versus sexual reproduction, with strong repercussions on genetic diversity, connectivity and genetic structuring within and among populations. For many geographic regions, baseline information on genetic diversity is still lacking, particularly in the Andaman Sea. The region suffered a massive heat-induced bleaching event in 2010 with high coral cover loss of branching coral species such as P. acuta. A subsequent bleaching in 2016, however, revealed a mild bleaching response in pocilloporids compared to other coral taxa in the region, suggesting that rare, heat tolerant genotypes had been selected by the 2010 bleaching event. In order to test whether this potential ‘evolutionary rescue’ event has led to a low genetic diversity, we conducted a population genetic survey covering a total of nine different P. acuta populations (336 individuals) along a 50 km coastal stretch around Phuket Island, Thailand. We used six microsatellite markers to assess genotypic diversity and to determine the prevalent mode of reproduction (i.e. sexual or asexual recruitment). Results: In contrast to other Indian Ocean P. acuta populations, the majority of corals in this study adopted a sexual reproduction mode (75% across all populations). At the same time, substantial regional gene flow was observed around Phuket Island with strong genetic differentiation as indicated by three genetic clusters that were separated by only a few kilometers. Patterns of isolation by distance over 0.7 – 40 km suggest small-scale genetic barriers, such as changing currents throughout each monsoonal season, potentially contributing to locally restricted dispersal of P. acuta larvae. Conclusions: The occurrence of distinct genetic clusters within short coastal stretches suggests that the 2010 bleaching event has not led to extreme genetic impoverishment. While more in-depth genomic analyses are necessary to investigate changes in genetic diversity following extreme bleaching events, our results will help guide conservation efforts to maintain genetic diversity of a coral species that likely will be dominant in future, warmer Andaman Sea reefs.
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  • 103
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    Bioactivity profile of dissolved organic matter and its relation to molecular composition (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Dissolved organic matter (DOM) occupies a huge and uncharted molecular space. Given its properties, DOM can be presented as a promising biotechnological resource. However, research into bioactivities of DOM is still in early stages. In this study, the biotechnological potential of terrestrial and marine DOM, its molecular composition and their relationships are investigated. Samples were screened for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antioxidant activities. Antibacterial activity was detected against Staphylococcus aureus in almost all DOM samples, with freshwater DOM showing the lowest IC50 values. Most samples also inhibited Staphylococcus epidermidis, and four DOM extracts showed up to fourfold higher potency than the reference drug. Antifungal activity was limited to only porewater DOM towards human dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. No significant in vitro anticancer activity was observed. Low antioxidant potential was exerted. The molecular characterization by FT-ICR MS allowed a broad compositional overview. Three main distinguished groups have been identified by PCoA analyses. Antibacterial activities are related to high aromaticity content and highly-unsaturated molecular formulae (O-poor). Antifungal effect is correlated with highly-unsaturated molecular formulae (O-rich). Antioxidant activity is positively related to the presence of double bonds and polyphenols. This study evidenced for the first time antibacterial and antifungal activity in DOM with potential applications in cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical and aquaculture industry. The lack of cytotoxicity and the almost unlimited presence of this organic material may open new avenues in future marine bioprospecting efforts. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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  • 104
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    Sequential host-bacteria and bacteria-bacteria interactions determine the microbiome establishment of Nematostella vectensis (2023)
    Biomed Central | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Background: The microbiota of multicellular organisms undergoes considerable changes during host ontogeny but the general mechanisms that control community assembly and succession are poorly understood. Here, we use bacterial recolonization experiments in Nematostella vectensis as a model to understand general mechanisms determining bacterial establishment and succession. We compared the dynamic establishment of the microbiome on the germfree host and on inert silicone tubes. Results: Following the dynamic reconstruction of microbial communities on both substrates, we show that the initial colonization events are strongly influenced by the host but not by the silicone tube, while the subsequent bacteria-bacteria interactions are the main driver of bacterial succession. Interestingly, the recolonization pattern on adult hosts resembles the ontogenetic colonization succession. This process occurs independently of the bacterial composition of the inoculum and can be followed at the level of individual bacteria. To identify potential metabolic traits associated with initial colonization success and potential metabolic interactions among bacteria associated with bacterial succession, we reconstructed the metabolic networks of bacterial colonizers based on their genomes. These analyses revealed that bacterial metabolic capabilities reflect the recolonization pattern, and the degradation of chitin might be a selection factor during early recolonization of the animal. Concurrently, transcriptomic analyses revealed that Nematostella possesses two chitin synthase genes, one of which is upregulated during early recolonization. Conclusions: Our results show that early recolonization events are strongly controlled by the host while subsequent colonization depends on metabolic bacteria-bacteria interactions largely independent of host ontogeny.
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  • 105
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    Greenhouse-gas forced changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and related worldwide sea-level change (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The effect of anthropogenic climate change in the ocean is challenging to project because atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) respond differently to forcing. This study focuses on changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), ocean heat content (Δ OHC), and the spatial pattern of ocean dynamic sea level (Δ ζ). We analyse experiments following the FAFMIP protocol, in which AOGCMs are forced at the ocean surface with standardised heat, freshwater and momentum flux perturbations, typical of those produced by doubling CO 2. Using two new heat-flux-forced experiments, we find that the AMOC weakening is mainly caused by and linearly related to the North Atlantic heat flux perturbation, and further weakened by a positive coupled heat flux feedback. The quantitative relationships are model-dependent, but few models show significant AMOC change due to freshwater or momentum forcing, or to heat flux forcing outside the North Atlantic. AMOC decline causes warming at the South Atlantic-Southern Ocean interface. It does not strongly affect the global-mean vertical distribution of Δ OHC, which is dominated by the Southern Ocean. AMOC decline strongly affects Δ ζ in the North Atlantic, with smaller effects in the Southern Ocean and North Pacific. The ensemble-mean Δ ζ and Δ OHC patterns are mostly attributable to the heat added by the flux perturbation, with smaller effects from ocean heat and salinity redistribution. The ensemble spread, on the other hand, is largely due to redistribution, with pronounced disagreement among the AOGCMs.
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  • 106
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    Stable isotope analysis in food web research: Systematic review and a vision for the future for the Baltic Sea macro-region (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Food web research provides essential insights into ecosystem functioning, but practical applications in ecosystem-based management are hampered by a current lack of knowledge synthesis. To address this gap, we provide the first systematic review of ecological studies applying stable isotope analysis, a pivotal method in food web research, in the heavily anthropogenically impacted Baltic Sea macro-region. We identified a thriving research field, with 164 publications advancing a broad range of fundamental and applied research topics, but also found structural shortcomings limiting ecosystem-level understanding. We argue that enhanced collaboration and integration, including the systematic submission of Baltic Sea primary datasets to stable isotope databases, would help to overcome many of the current shortcomings, unify the scattered knowledge base, and promote future food web research and science-based resource management. The effort undertaken here demonstrates the value of macro-regional synthesis, in enhancing access to existing data and supporting strategic planning of research agendas.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 107
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    Caught in the middle: bottom-up and top-down processes impacting recruitment in a small pelagic fish (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Understanding the drivers behind fluctuations in fish populations remains a key objective in fishery science. Our predictive capacity to explain these fluctuations is still relatively low, due to the amalgam of interacting bottom-up and top-down factors, which vary across time and space among and within populations. Gaining a mechanistic understanding of these recruitment drivers requires a holistic approach, combining field, experimental and modelling efforts. Here, we use the Western Baltic Spring-Spawning (WBSS) herring (Clupea harengus) to exemplify the power of this holistic approach and the high complexity of the recruitment drivers (and their interactions). Since the early 2000s, low recruitment levels have promoted intense research on this stock. Our literature synthesis suggests that the major drivers are habitat compression of the spawning beds (due to eutrophication and coastal modification mainly) and warming, which indirectly leads to changes in spawning phenology, prey abundance and predation pressure. Other factors include increased intensity of extreme climate events and new predators in the system. Four main knowledge gaps were identified related to life-cycle migration and habitat use, population structure and demographics, life-stage specific impact of multi-stressors, and predator–prey interactions. Specific research topics within these areas are proposed, as well as the priority to support a sustainable management of the stock. Given that the Baltic Sea is severely impacted by warming, eutrophication and altered precipitation, WBSS herring could be a harbinger of potential effects of changing environmental drivers to the recruitment of small pelagic fishes in other coastal areas in the world.
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  • 108
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    Yam Seep at Four-Way Closure Ridge: a prominent active gas seep system at the accretionary wedge SW offshore Taiwan (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Hydroacoustic surveys at the accretionary wedge southwest of Taiwan reveal a confined active hydrocarbon seepage area of ~ 49,000 m 2 in ~ 1350 m water depth on the northern crest of the Four-Way Closure Ridge, which we call Yam Seep. In this study, multibeam and side-scan sonar data acquired during surveys with an autonomous underwater vehicle during an expedition with R/V Ocean Researcher I in 2017 showed that the area is characterized by rough topography and high seafloor backscatter. Seafloor observations with a video sled and sediment sampling with gravity corers and the MeBo seafloor drill rig during an expedition with R/V SONNE in 2018 revealed that the area is almost entirely covered by intensely fractured methane-derived carbonates, which indicate that seepage has been ongoing for thousands of years. Hydroacoustic anomalies (‘flares’) in the water column indicated the presence of several gas bubble emission sites mostly at the center and eastern flank of the area in 2019. Drilling through massive carbonates in the northwestern part of Yam Seep induced free gas escape from a depth of ~ 5.1 m. This suggests the presence of gas hydrates in the subsurface as the seep area is located well within the gas hydrate stability zone. The inter-disciplinary investigations of the Yam Seep demonstrate that upward migration of light hydrocarbons and seafloor discharge has a considerable influence on the seabed properties.
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  • 109
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    The evolving volcano-ice interactions of Crater Glacier, Mount St. Helens, Washington (USA) (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Interactions between volcanoes and glaciers provide insight to the evolution of a volcanic edifice and may be an indicator for renewed volcanic activity. At Mount St. Helens, Crater Glacier, which has formed in the volcanic crater after the eruption in 1980, is one of the world’s last expanding glaciers and provides a unique opportunity to characterize the evolution of a glacier expanding onto an area of significant thermal flux. We combine photographic documentation and glaciovolcanic cave surveys with remote sensing data from Google Earth, UAS, and LiDAR to analyze the present state of Crater Glacier and reconstruct its development since the emplacement of the 2004–2008 lava dome. Our results show that snow accumulation has caused Crater Glacier to grow from 2009 to 2019 by approximately 13.8 × 106 m3, during which time the glacier toe advanced by several hundred meters. The glacier-dome interface shift toward higher elevations against the 2004–2008 lava dome and subsequent encroachment onto thermally active areas led to glacier modification via extensive subglacial cave system formation. Analysis of subglacial tephra layers revealed the existence of juvenile material from the 2004–2008 eruption cycle, providing insights about glacier subsidence of ~ 40 m since 2004/2005 in spite of net growth. Although the lava dome is cooling, the glacier-dome interface seems to have become increasingly stable in the past few years. Our results suggest that glacier development in the accumulation area adjacent to the dome is now being affected by the thermal characteristics of the lava dome itself, making monitoring internal glacier development via tracking glaciovolcanic cave expansion a potentially important volcano monitoring tool. Zusammenfassung Die Interaktionen von Vulkanen und Gletschern tragen häufig zum Verständnis über die Entwicklung eines vulkanischen Systems bei und können als Indikator für wiederkehrende vulkanische Aktivität dienen. Crater Glacier, der nach der Eruption 1980 im Krater des Mount St. Helens entstanden ist, ist einer der letzten wachsenden Gletscher weltweit und bietet somit eine einmalige Chance, die Entwicklung eines Gletschers in Verbindung mit erheblichen Wärmeflüssen zu charakterisieren. Neben einer fotografischen Dokumentation des Gletschers machen wir uns die Kartierung vulkanischer Gletscherhöhlen zu Nutze. Diese kombinieren wir mit Fernerkundungsdaten von Google Earth sowie Drohnen- und LiDAR-Daten, um den aktuellen Zustand des Gletschers zu charakterisieren und seine Entwicklung seit dem letzten Lavadomwachstum zwischen 2004 und 2008 zu rekonstruieren. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die ausreichende Akkumulation von Schnee zum Wachstum des Gletschers mit einem Massenzuwachs von ca. 13,8 x 106 m3 zwischen 2009 und 2019 geführt hat. Neben dem Voranschreiten der Gletscherzunge um mehrere hundert Meter hat sich das Wachstum ebenfalls rund um den neuen Lavadom bemerkbar gemacht. Durch die Verschiebung der Kontaktzone von Gletscher und Lavadom hin zu höheren Bereichen des Doms und der damit verbundenen Interaktion zwischen Gletscher und geothermaler Aktivität ist es zu einer deutlichen Veränderung des Gletschers durch die Ausbildung subglazialer Höhlensysteme gekommen. Analysen von im Gletscher eingebetteten Tephraschichten, die vermutlich der letzten Aktivität zwischen 2004 und 2008 zuzuordnen sind, deuten trotz des allgemeinen Wachstums auf eine Setzung des Gletschers um etwa 40 m seit 2004/05 hin. Obwohl der Lavadom an Hitze verliert, scheint die Kontaktzone von Gletscher und Dom in den letzten Jahren zunehmend konstant geworden zu sein. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass der Gletscher in diesem Bereich derzeit vor allem durch die thermalen Eigenschaften des Lavadoms beeinflusst wird. Dadurch kommt dem Monitoring interner Gletscherstrukturen mittels Beobachtung vulkanischer Gletscherhöhlen eine potenziell wichtige Bedeutung bei der Vulkanüberwachung zu.
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  • 110
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    The effect of calcium supplementation on calcium and bone metabolism during load carriage in women: protocol for a randomised controlled crossover trial (2023)
    Springer | BioMed Central
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Military field exercises are characterised by high volumes of exercise and prolonged periods of load carriage. Exercise can decrease circulating serum calcium and increase parathyroid hormone and bone resorption. These disturbances to calcium and bone metabolism can be attenuated with calcium supplementation immediately before exercise. This randomised crossover trial will investigate the effect of calcium supplementation on calcium and bone metabolism, and bone mineral balance, during load carriage exercise in women. Methods Thirty women (eumenorrheic or using the combined oral contraceptive pill, intrauterine system, or intrauterine device) will complete two experimental testing sessions either with, or without, a calcium supplement (1000 mg). Each experimental testing session will involve one 120 min session of load carriage exercise carrying 20 kg. Venous blood samples will be taken and analysed for biochemical markers of bone resorption and formation, calcium metabolism, and endocrine function. Urine will be collected pre- and post-load carriage to measure calcium isotopes for the calculation of bone calcium balance. Discussion The results from this study will help identify whether supplementing women with calcium during load carriage is protective of bone and calcium homeostasis.
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  • 111
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    The microcopepod family Oncaeidae: state of knowledge and perspectives (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Since the discovery of the first oncaeid copepod described by Philippi in 1843 as Oncaea venusta, great progress has been achieved regarding the morphological/descriptive taxonomy of the microcopepod family Oncaeidae, occurring in all great oceans and all depth layers of the ocean. The species diversity of this family is still underestimated and the ecological role of oncaeids within the marine ecosystem is not yet well understood, but the life strategy appears to be fundamentally different from most other pelagic microcopepod families. The present paper aims at a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge of this microcopepod family, including taxonomic and phylogenetic issues, questions of species identification, specific morphological and molecular genetic characteristics, information on regional and vertical distribution and abundance, motion behaviour, feeding and food relationships, reproduction aspects, biomass and elemental composition, respiration and metabolic rates. Relevant open questions are highlighted, and examples are given of shortcomings and high uncertainties in results of current attempts to include oncaeid copepods in various aspects of global marine ecosystem studies. It is concluded that continued support of taxonomic research is required for Oncaeidae and other small copepod species, based on an integrated approach of morphological and molecular genetic methods and user-friendly regional identification keys, to allow an adequate consideration of oncaeids in advanced ecological studies and to achieve a better understanding of the ecological role of this abundant microcopepod family in marine ecosystems.
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  • 112
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    Jellyfish blooms challenge the provisioning of ecosystem services in the Korean coastal waters (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Temperate fisheries grounds are exposed to compound effects of jellyfish proliferations and fishing pressure, which affect local fisheries, cause economic losses, and threaten seafood supply. Here, we quantify the interlink between climate variability and jellyfish blooms and their impact on the Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), in the Korean coastal waters. We used a bioclimate dataset (2010–2019) that includes quantitative information of two major bloom-former species, Aurelia coerulea and Nemopilema nomurai, in the Korean Peninsula. We show that climate phenomena governing East Asia regions explain circa half of jellyfish variability. In turn, jellyfish blooms have a significant negative effect on anchovy interannual changes (r = -0.47, P 〈 0.01), which varies along with the bloom magnitude. Our results indicate that the intensity of jellyfish blooms, more than their duration, has a predominant effect on anchovy and coastal fisheries production. We also suggest the possibility of using climate signals for assessing and eventually predicting, interannual abundance changes of jellyfish in the Korean Peninsula. These results stress the challenge posed by jellyfish blooms to the provisioning of ecosystem services via their influence on marine harvested fish and further highlight the need for their integration into ecosystem-based management.
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  • 113
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    The impact of carbon dioxide removal on temperature parameters over West Africa (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide is being considered a suitable option for reducing the recent global rise in atmospheric temperature. The impact of the removal on some climate parameters—near-surface air temperature (TAS), maximum near-surface air temperature (TASMAX), minimum near-surface air temperature (TASMIN) and surface temperature (TS) over West Africa was assessed in this paper. We used CNRM-ESM1-C1 model simulation output consisting of 1%yr−1 CO2 removal from the atmosphere which was compared with CRU observational dataset. Four climatological periods 1990–2019 (reference period), 2040–2069, 2070–2099 and 2100–2129 were considered, and hence the impacts levels in each of the two West African regions, Sahel and Guinea, were estimated in each period with respect to the reference period. The comparison with CRU demonstrated that CNRM-ESM1-C1 model captured temperature variations within major locations in Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso and Senegal with an indication of an underestimation of temperature at locations above 18° N. The value of each parameter was projected to decrease progressively the periods and much impacts were also projected in the last period for the two regions. Time of retreat to 2 °C reduction target is projected a decade before the year 2100 and will occur earlier with greater impact in the Guinea region than in Sahel region. The root mean square deviation of each ensemble member was found at RMSD 〈 0.5 with respect to the model ensemble mean per parameter, although RMSD 〉 0.5 was found with GFDL-ESM4 model for TAS and TS.
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  • 114
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    Post-spawning growth acceleration in fish as a result of reduced live weight and thus, increased food conversion efficiency (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The conventional view of spawning in iteroparous bony fish, i.e., the “reproductive drain hypothesis,” is based on the observation that somatic growth (in length) slows down noticeably at approximately the time fish attain maturity, and hence the assumption is made that investment in gonadal development slows down growth. However, when this is translated as growth in weight, the weight at first maturity (or puberty) is usually smaller than the weight at which growth rate is highest, i.e., weight growth accelerates after first maturity. We solve this conundrum, with some emphasis on female cod (Gadus morhua), by proposing the hypothesis that the substantial loss of body mass experienced by fish as a result of spawning is quickly compensated for by increased somatic growth after the spawning period, notably because of the increase in food conversion efficiency resulting from a sudden loss of body weight, which necessarily leads to a large increase in relative oxygen supply via the gills. This is consistent with the argument developed elsewhere that declining relative oxygen supply by the gills, whose surface area cannot keep up with increasing body weight, is the reason for growth rate declining with weight in adult fish.
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  • 115
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    Composition of Phenocrysts in Lamproites of Gaussberg Volcano, East Antarctica (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: This paper presents numerous new data on the geochemical composition of olivine, clinopyroxene, and leucite phenocrysts, as well as spinel inclusions in olivine and quench glass from lamproites of Gaussberg volcano (East Antarctica). Most of the olivine phenocrysts in the Gaussberg lamproites are high Mg varieties (Fo89–91) with elevated Ni contents (up to 4900 ppm) and high Ni/Co ratios. According to data of about 320 clinopyroxene analyses, two groups of diopsidic phenocrysts have been established. Group I consists mainly of high-Mg varieties (Mg#〉80), while group II clinopyroxenes are less magnesian (Mg# 52–80). The main difference between the clinopyroxenes of the two groups is the elevated contents of Al2O3, FeO and reduced TiO2, Cr2O3, and NiO in the compositions of group II compared to group I, as well as different contents of trace elements, which may reflect their crystallization from different types of primary melts. According to the study of ~550 grains of leucite phenocrysts in the Gaussberg lamproites, it was shown that they correspond to the ideal stoichiometry of leucite K[AlSi2O6] and are enriched in Na2O (0.05–0.35 wt %), but depleted in K2O (19.9–20.9 wt %) compared to leucites from lamproites of other provinces. The BaO content reaches 0.3 wt %, SrO –0.04 wt %. The iron content in most leucite phenocrysts varies within 0.7–1.2 wt % Fe2O3, but some grains have the low Fe2O3 contents (〈0.5 wt %). In leucite microlites of the groundmass and rims of phenocrysts, the Fe2O3 content can reach 2.4 wt %, which may indicate more oxidized conditions at lava eruption. Based on the study of natural samples, existing experimental data and numerical models, the order and conditions of crystallization of the Gaussberg lamproites were obtained. Crystallization proceeded in the following order: chromian spinel → chromian spinel + olivine → olivine + leucite (± chromian spinel) → olivine + leucite + clinopyroxene (± chromian spinel). The near-liquidus assemblage represented by high-Mg olivine phenocrysts with inclusions of Cr-spinel was formed in the temperature range from 1180 to 1250°C. Further crystallization of the melt with the formation of an association of olivine+leucite+clinopyroxene phenocrysts could occur at pressures below 2 GPa and temperatures of 1070–1180°C, corresponding to the presence of water in the magmatic system. Estimates of the redox conditions of crystallization of lamproites obtained using different oxybarometers vary in a wide range from QFM-0.5 to QFM+2.3. The elevated Ni contents in liquidus olivines of Gaussberg indicate the high nickel contents in the source. It is shown that the formation of ultra-alkaline magmas in the Gaussberg volcano area is likely related to melting of the continental lithosphere, which was heterogeneous and included both the peridotite mantle and hydrous pyroxenite fragments.
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  • 116
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    Early investigations of the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation of South Africa (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: A.G. Bain (1797–1864) was probably the first to describe the deposits of the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation of South Africa in 1844, but still attributed their formation to a volcanic origin. It was not until P.C. Sutherland (1822–1908) in 1868 and 1870 that the series was recognised as a glacial formation. J. E. Dunn (1844–1937) named this deposit the Dwyka Series or Dwyka Conglomerate after the Dwyka River near Prince Albert in South Africa in 1886. This series contains scratched boulders and varved sediments, and the basement is characterised by rounded boulders and striated surfaces as evidence of glaciation.
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  • 117
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    A New Water-Based 87Sr/86Sr Isoscape Map of Central and NE Germany, with Special Emphasis on Mountainous Regions (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: In this study, we present a new 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isoscape map of Central and NE Germany. This area is characterized by an alternation of sedimentary basins and mountainous regions with a very variable lithology. Since lithology and rock age have a major impact on the isotopic composition of biologically available strontium, Central and NE Germany should reveal highly variable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios. From lithological characteristics, particularly high ratios are expected in the mountainous regions of the Erzgebirge/Fichtelgebirge and the Harz Mountains. In contrast to these predictions, published 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isoscape maps of Central and NE Germany record rather uniform and low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios. From this observation, we suspected that existing isoscape maps might be computed from an insufficient database, with mountainous regions being underrepresented. Our goal was to gather 87 Sr/ 86 Sr baselines for each major lithology of Central and NE Germany and to produce an accurate isoscape map of Central and NE Germany. In the first step, we evaluated the suitability of stream water and groundwater as a proxy for biologically available strontium. In a selected watershed, we present mixing relationships and a stream network model. We show that groundwater is prone to very local geologic and anthropogenic influences and should thus be avoided. Instead, we focussed our further sampling on stream water. Altogether, we used 119 new measurements of groundwater and stream water and a set of 23 auxiliary variables as a database for our new isoscape map of Central and NE Germany. Due to a sampling strategy that focussed on covering each major lithology, our measurements and the final isoscape map show a clear contrast between sedimentary basins and mountainous regions. For regions that have been sufficiently sampled, a direct comparison of the isoscape map with published and new data shows good agreement. Although Central and NE Germany were part of published isoscape maps, our new map is the first that predicts 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios in mountainous regions with high accuracy.
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    Ocean Governance - Knowledge Systems, Policy Foundations and Thematic Analyses (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: This Open Access book on Ocean Governance examines sustainability challenges facing our oceans today. The book is organized into three sections: knowledge systems, policy foundations and thematic analyses. The knowledge produced in the book was catalyzed by the scientific outcomes within the European-funded Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) network “Ocean Governance for Sustainability – Challenges, Options and the Role of Science”. This network brings together scientists, policy-makers and civil society representatives from 28 nation states to cooperate on ocean governance research. This book offers a compilation of new research material including focused case studies, broad policy syntheses and reflective chapters on the history and current status of knowledge production systems on ocean governance. New research material is presented, although some chapters draw on secondary sources. The book starts with synthetic review chapters from the editors, outlining past and present knowledge systems, addressing how and why ocean governance for sustainability is where it currently stands with critical reflections on existing narratives, path dependencies and colonialist histories. This is followed by chapters addressing, synthesizing and analyzing different legal and policy frameworks for ocean governance both regionally and internationally. At the core of the book are the thematic analyses, which provide focused case studies with detailed contextual information in support of different ocean governance challenges and sustainability pathways around the world. The book concludes with a chapter explicitly targeting students, researchers and policy-makers with key take-away messages compiled by the editors.
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    Evolution of double vortices induce tropical cyclogenesis of Seroja over Flores, Indonesia (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Over one hundred years of vigorous progress in tropical cyclone (TC) research, the genesis of the cyclone (hereafter, tropical cyclogenesis) is remarkable as a doubtful subject. Furthermore, predicting tropical cyclogenesis, particularly in the lesser latitude, remains a significant challenge. Therefore, understanding the complex interactions in developing tropical cyclogenesis over the region is vital to improving tropical cyclogenesis forecasting. Hence, the Indonesia Maritime Continent is a tropical cyclone-free region due to decreasing the Coriolis effect. However, Seroja TC hit Flores (8.6° S, 120° E), east Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, on 4 April 2021, and was recorded as the first TC that occurred over the mainland, which brought a catastrophic disaster in the region. This study investigated the tropical cyclogenesis of Seroja by using observational and numerical studies. The results indicate that a marine heatwave and double vortices were favorable conditions that produced preconditions for developing tropical cyclogenesis over the Maluku Sea. Thus, tropical cyclogenesis is formed by the breakdown of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) associated with synoptic-scale wave train driven under the interaction of the Madden Julian oscillation (MJO) and equatorial Rossby waves. Moreover, our finding suggested that an extensive background cyclonic vorticity under the cold pool mechanisms is responsible for maintaining tropical cyclogenesis into a persistent Seroja TC.
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    A review of megafauna diversity and abundance in an exploration area for polymetallic nodules in the eastern part of the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (North East Pacific), and implications for potential future deep-sea mining in this area (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) is an abyssal region in the north-east Pacific that is currently being explored for metal-rich polymetallic nodules, but also harbors a highly diverse megabenthic community. This community is influenced by multiple environmental gradients including bathymetric structures as well as differences in habitat and food availability. This study focuses on the benthic megafauna investigated in an exploration area positioned in the very east of the CCZ, which exhibits the lowest water depths (mean: 4200 m) and the highest flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) of the CCZ. Case studies using seafloor images for the detection of megafauna have revealed differences between seamounts and abyssal hills compared to nodule fields, as well as differences in the community composition between areas with and without nodule coverage and rock outcrop. Extrapolations suggest a richness of more than 300 morphotypes in the study area, including multiple invertebrate groups such as corals, sponges, echinoderms, and crustaceans as well as fish. Focusing on sampled specimens, diversities of Ophiuroidea, Porifera, and Bryozoa are high and more species are likely to be discovered in the study area. This also applies for the taxon Ophiuroidea, which is among the taxa investigated in the greatest detail so far. In the context of deep-sea mining, megafauna has been in the focus of a variety of environmental studies including baseline analyses, disturbance experiments, and/or testing of mining components or systems. These studies identify and address key factors responsible for the observed natural and impacted distribution patterns and thereby help to constrain expected anthropogenic impacts to the deep-sea environment in the context of deep-sea mining. Specifically in the area of focus of this study, 10 years of megafauna analyses have shown that the biodiversity in the selected preservation reference zone (PRZ) is not as similar to that of the impact reference zone (IRZ) as originally hypothesized based mainly on geological parameters. We suggest that recent area-wide habitat classifications and faunal mapping exercises (e.g., Uhlenkott et al. 2020, 2022) are used to designate a new PRZ that is more similar to the IRZ to meet its purpose, but that the current PRZ is maintained for scientific and conservation purposes.
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    Future climate conditions alter biomass of salt marsh plants in the Wadden Sea (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Understanding how the salt marsh vegetation will evolve under future climate conditions is essential for predicting the role of marsh ecosystem services in a warmer climate with higher CO 2 -concentrations. In a mesocosm experiment in the northern Wadden Sea, the impact of increased temperature (+ 3 °C) and CO 2 (800 ppm) on salt marsh vegetation was investigated, assessing biomass production in the pioneer zone and low marsh. The pioneer zone, which was dominated by Spartina anglica and exposed to natural tidal inundations , demonstrated a differentiated response between belowground and aboveground biomass. Aboveground biomass increased in response to enhanced CO 2 availability, and belowground biomass increased in response to raised temperatures. Other plant species accounted for less than 18% of the aboveground biomass, and their biomass was suppressed under high CO 2 availability. Increased biomass by Spartina anglica may improve resilience toward sea level rise. Hence, the pioneer zone is expected to maintain its coastal protection and blue carbon storage capacity under future climate conditions. The low marsh, which was dominated by Elymus athericus , was exposed to higher than usual tidal inundations and resembled a scenario with increased sea level. The low marsh showed no response in biomass to increased CO 2 or temperature, which may be due to the increased flooding. The positive response of Spartina anglica (C 4 plant) and the lack of response in Elymus athericus (C 3 plant) counter the notion that C 3 plants are more productive under future climate conditions and demonstrate that C 4 plants can also thrive in future salt marshes.
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    Unveiling the hidden economic toll of biological invasions in the European Union (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Background: Biological invasions threaten the functioning of ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being by degrading ecosystem services and eliciting massive economic costs. The European Union has historically been a hub for cultural development and global trade, and thus, has extensive opportunities for the introduction and spread of alien species. While reported costs of biological invasions to some member states have been recently assessed, ongoing knowledge gaps in taxonomic and spatio-temporal data suggest that these costs were considerably underestimated. Results: We used the latest available cost data in InvaCost (v4.1)—the most comprehensive database on the costs of biological invasions—to assess the magnitude of this underestimation within the European Union via projections of current and future invasion costs. We used macroeconomic scaling and temporal modelling approaches to project available cost information over gaps in taxa, space, and time, thereby producing a more complete estimate for the European Union economy. We identified that only 259 out of 13,331 (~ 1%) known invasive alien species have reported costs in the European Union. Using a conservative subset of highly reliable, observed, country-level cost entries from 49 species (totalling US$4.7 billion; 2017 value), combined with the establishment data of alien species within European Union member states, we projected unreported cost data for all member states. Conclusions: Our corrected estimate of observed costs was potentially 501% higher (US$28.0 billion) than currently recorded. Using future projections of current estimates, we also identified a substantial increase in costs and costly species (US$148.2 billion) by 2040. We urge that cost reporting be improved to clarify the economic impacts of greatest concern, concomitant with coordinated international action to prevent and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species in the European Union and globally.
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    Can green hydrogen production be used to mitigate ocean deoxygenation? A scenario from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Ocean deoxygenation and expansion and intensification of hypoxia in the ocean are a major, growing threat to marine ecosystems. Measures currently used to protect marine biodiversity (e.g., marine protected areas) are ineffective in countering this threat. Here, we highlight the example of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in eastern Canada, where oxygen loss is not only due to eutrophication (which can be mitigated by nutrient controls) but also is a consequence of ocean circulation change and warming. Climate-related loss of oxygen will be an increasingly widespread source of risk to marine biodiversity over this century. Again using the Gulf of St. Lawrence as an example, we show that production of oxygen by the green hydrogen industry can be comparable to the loss rate of dissolved oxygen on large spatial scales, offering new possibilities for mitigation. However, this mitigation approach has rarely been considered for marine environments to date. Given confluence of increasing risk to marine ecosystems from oxygen loss and rapid emergence, worldwide, of industrial sources of pure oxygen, which are likely to be located in coastal regions, we believe this option will be proposed increasingly in coming years, including by the private sector. We argue that it is urgent for ocean scientists, engineers, and policymakers to recognize and address this emerging potential. A coordinated research effort should be established immediately in order to harness the potential of the green hydrogen industry to mitigate major impacts of climate change on marine biodiversity, and avoid any unintended negative consequences.
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    ENSO atmospheric feedbacks under global warming and their relation to mean-state changes (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Two atmospheric feedbacks play an important role in the dynamics of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), namely the amplifying zonal wind feedback and the damping heat flux feedback. Here we investigate how and why both feedbacks change under global warming in climate models participating in the 5th and 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6) under the business-as-usual scenario (RCP8.5 and SSP5-8.5, respectively). The amplifying zonal wind feedback over the western equatorial Pacific (WEP) becomes significantly stronger in two third of the models, on average by 12 +/- 7% in these models. The heat flux damping feedback over the eastern and central equatorial Pacific (EEP and CEP, respectively) increases as well in nearly all models, with the damping effect increasing on average by 18 +/- 11%. The simultaneous strengthening of the two feedbacks can be explained by the stronger warming in the EEP relative to the WEP and the off-equatorial regions, which shifts the rising branch of the Pacific Walker Circulation to the east and increases the mean convection over the CEP. This in turn leads to a stronger vertical wind response during ENSO events over the CEP that strengthens both atmospheric feedbacks. We separate the climate models into sub-ensembles with STRONG and WEAK ENSO atmospheric feedbacks, as 2/3 of the models underestimate both feedbacks under present-day conditions by more than 40%, causing an error compensation in the ENSO dynamics. The biased mean state in WEAK in 20C constrains the ENSO atmospheric feedback projection in 21C, as the models of the WEAK sub-ensemble also have weaker ENSO atmospheric feedbacks in 21C. Further, due to the more realistic dynamics and teleconnections, we postulate that one should have more confidence in the ENSO predictions with models belonging to the STRONG sub-ensemble. Finally, we analyze the relation between ENSO amplitude change and ENSO atmospheric feedback change. We find that models simulating an eastward shift of the zonal wind feedback and increasing precipitation over the EEP during Eastern Pacific El Nino events tend to predict a larger ENSO amplitude in response to global warming.
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    Separation of Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Governing Regional Variability of Arctic Sea Ice in Summer (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: In recent decades, Arctic summer sea ice extent (SIE) has shown a rapid decline overlaid with large interannual variations, both of which are influenced by geopotential height anomalies over Greenland (GL-high) and the central Arctic (CA-high). In this study, we find that SIE along coastal Siberia (Sib-SIE) and Alaska (Ala-SIE) accounts for about 65% and 21% of the Arctic SIE interannual variability, respectively. Variability in Ala-SIE is related to the GL-high, whereas variability in Sib-SIE is related to the CA-high. A decreased Ala-SIE is associated with decreased cloud cover and increased easterly winds along the Alaskan coast, promoting ice-albedo feedback. A decreased Sib-SIE is associated with a significant increase in water vapor and downward longwave radiation (DLR) along the Siberian coast. The years 2012 and 2020 with minimum recorded ASIE are used as examples. Compared to climatology, summer 2012 is characterized by a significantly enhanced GL-high with major sea ice loss along the Alaskan coast, while summer 2020 is characterized by an enhanced CA-high with sea ice loss focused along the Siberian coast. In 2012, the lack of cloud cover along the Alaskan coast contributed to an increase in incoming solar radiation, amplifying ice-albedo feedback there; while in 2020 the opposite occurs with an increase in cloud cover along the Alaskan coast, resulting in a slight increase in sea ice there. Along the Siberian coast, increased DLR in 2020 plays a dominant role in sea ice loss and increased cloud cover and water vapor both contribute to the increased DLR.
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    Subduction and Oceanic Magmatism Records in Plutonic Rocks of the Kamchatsky Mys Ophiolite, Eastern Kamchatka (2023)
    Springer | Pleiades
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The paper presents petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data on dunites, pyroxenites, peridotites, and gabbroids of the Kamchatsky Mys ophiolite. These data were acquired to distinguish cogenetic assemblages of igneous rocks, gain an insight into their geodynamic settings, and test various criteria of genetic links between the different magmatic rocks of ophiolites. The ultramafic and mafic rocks are shown to belong to two series, which differ in the compositions of the primary minerals, bulk rocks, and estimated trapped melts. The rocks of these series are found out to have been produced by geochemically different melts in different geodynamic settings, and during different episodes of mantle magmatism. The rocks of the high-Ti series (gabbro of the Olenegorsk massif, dunite and melanogabbro xenoliths in them, and vein gabbro in these xenoliths) crystallized from N-MORB melts in an oceanic spreading center. The rocks of the low-Ti series (dunite, pyroxenite, and gabbro veins in the residual spinel peridotites of the Mount Soldatskaya massif, as well as pyroxenite, peridotite, and gabbro alluvium and diluvium in the central and western parts of the peninsula) crystallized from water-rich boninite melts in relation to initial subduction magmatism. Taken into account the absence of boninite lavas from the Kamchatsky Mys ophiolite, the plutonic ultramafic rocks (including the rocks of the veins) might be the only evidence of subduction boninitic magmatism in the ophiolites. It was demonstrated that conclusions about the geodynamic settings of plutonic ultramafic and mafic rocks and recognition of cogenetic relations of these rocks with spatially associated basalts are more reliable when derived from the compositions of the trapped melts, which are estimated from their bulk geochemistry and primary mineral compositions, than when they are based on the mineral compositions only.
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    New Data on the Rock and Mineral Composition of Kharchinsky and Zarechny Volcanoes, Central Kamchatka Depression: Heterogeneity of the Mantle Source and Peculiarities of Magma Evolution in the Crust (2023)
    Springer | Pleiades
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Kharchinsky and Zarechny volcanoes and the Kharchinsky Lake zone of monogenic cones are unique eruptive centers of magnesian lavas located above the northern margin of the Pacific plate subducting beneath Kamchatka. This paper presents new geochemical data on the composition of rocks (55 samples) and minerals (over 900 analyses of olivine, pyroxenes, amphibole, and plagioclase) of these centers analyzed by XRF and LA-ICP-MS (rocks) and electron microprobe (minerals). Most of the studied rocks are magnesian (Mg# = 60–75 mol %) medium-K basalts and basaltic andesites. Moderate-magnesian (Mg# = 52–59 mol %) basaltic andesites are present among the monogenic cones of Kharchinsky Lake. The rare rock varieties include the high-K basalts–basaltic andesites of dikes in the center of Kharchinsky volcano and the magnesian andesites (Mg# = 58–61 mol %) of the extrusions of Zarechnу volcano. The distribution of trace-element contents in these samples demonstrates enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements and light REEs at depletion in high field strength elements and heavy REEs, as is typical of arc rocks. The high-K basalts and basaltic andesites show anomalous enrichment in Ba (〉1000 ppm), Th (〉3.8 ppm), U (〉1.8 ppm), Sr (〉 800 ppm, Sr/Y 〉 50), and light REE (La 〉 20 ppm), and their compositions are close to those of low-Si adakites. The basalts and basaltic andesites contain phenocrysts of high-Mg olivine (up to Fo92.6) and clinopyroxene (Mg # up to 91 mol %). The rocks show petrographic and geochemical evidence of fractional crystallization, along with the processes of mineral accumulation and magma mixing. Some of the olivine phenocrysts show high NiO contents (up to 5000 ppm) and an elevated Fe/Mn ratio (up to 80), which were interpreted as evidence of the participation of a pyroxenite source in the magma generation processes. The use of the Ca/Fe and Ni/Mg ratios allowed us to distinguish the composition fields and evolution trends of olivine associated with different sources: peridotite and pyroxenite, which were formed by a reaction between mantle-wedge peridotites and high-Si melts of the subducted oceanic crust. The new data are consistent with other lines of evidence of melting of the subducted Pacific plate edge beneath the northern part of the Central Kamchatka Depression at the Kurile–Kamchatka and Aleutian subduction zone junction and testify to a significant heterogeneity of the mantle in this area.
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    Cold-water coral framework architecture is selectively shaped by bottom current flow (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The three-dimensional (3D) structure of habitat-forming corals has profound impacts on reef ecosystem processes. Elucidating coral structural responses to the environment is therefore crucial to understand changes in these ecosystems. However, little is known of how environmental factors shape coral structure in deep and dark waters, where cold-water coral (CWC) reefs thrive. Here, we attempt to infer the influence of current flow on CWC framework architecture, using 3D scanning to quantify colony shape traits (volume compactness and surface complexity) in the reef-building CWC Desmophyllum pertusum from adjacent fjord and offshore habitats with contrasting flow regimes. We find substantial architectural variability both between and within habitats. We show that corals are generally more compact in the fjord habitat, reflecting the prevailing higher current speeds, although differences in volume compactness between fjord and offshore corals are more subtle when comparing the fjord with the more exposed side of the offshore setting, probably due to locally intensified currents. Conversely, we observe no clear disparity in coral surface complexity between habitats (despite its positive correlation with volume compactness), suggesting it is not affected by current speed. Unlike volume compactness, surface complexity is similarly variable within a single colony as it is between colonies within the same habitat or between habitats and is therefore perhaps more dependent than volume compactness on microenvironmental conditions. These findings suggest a highly plastic, trait-specific and functionally relevant structural response of CWCs to current flow and underscore the importance of multiple concurrent sources of hydrodynamic forcing on CWC growth.
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    Age and growth estimation of Southern Ocean squid Moroteuthopsis longimana: can we use beaks collected from predators’ stomachs? (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Squid play a major role in the Southern Ocean food web. However, their age and growth remain poorly studied. Here, using upper and lower beaks of Moroteuthopsis longimana collected from the diet of Dissostichus mawsoni from Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean, we studied: (1) Feasibility of using beaks collected from predators’ stomachs to study the age of Southern Ocean oceanic squid; and (2) Age estimation and growth patterns of M. longimana. The rostrum sagittal section (RSS) of both beaks had micro-increments, with the lower beak being the best to observe and count a readable sequence of increments to estimate the age. Assuming a daily deposition of increments, our results suggest that M. longimana can live up to 820 days and may hatch throughout the year. Studied individuals presented a consistent growth rate from hatching to death but with, at least, one period of faster growth. A novel pattern of regular cycles, composed of 7–10 lighter increments followed by a darker one, was found in the medium-anterior region of the RSS. Differences were found in the growth rate and size reached at the same age between individuals from the Pacific and Atlantic sectors, which might be related with different environmental conditions between both capture sites. This study shows that lower beaks from predators’ stomachs can be used to study the age of Southern Ocean squids and that M. longimana hatches in all seasons, being available year round to predators that feed of this species.
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    Impact of climate change on the distribution and habitat suitability of the world’s main commercial squids (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Climate change is expected to produce major effects across marine life, and cephalopods seem to benefit from these effects. Of these animals, squids exhibit the greatest levels of biomass and of a substantial importance for human consumption. To test the hypothesis that effects of climate change are beneficial for commercial squid, we used species distribution models on climate scenarios for the period between 2000 and 2014, as well as the years 2050 and 2100 (RCP [representative concentration pathway] 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5; CMIP5). Our results suggest that consequences of climate change scenarios are species specific. In the North Pacific and Northwest Atlantic, habitat suitability may increase (from + 0.83% [Doryteuthis pealeii] to + 8.77% increase [Illex illecebrosus]), while the habitat of other species is predicted to decrease (from − 1.03% [Doryteuthis opalescens] to -15.04% decrease [Loligo reynaudii]). Increases in habitat suitability occurred mostly at higher latitudes, while suitable habitat decrease was predicted for the tropical regions. Stronger changes were attained with the harsher emission scenarios. In the future, as a result of warming of the Arctic, squid habitat may increase along both coasts of North America. In the Southern Hemisphere, squids may lose habitat with no poleward habitat alternatives to move into. Contrary to our hypothesis, commercial squid do not stand to benefit from climate change. Since these squid are an important food source for marine megafauna and humans, it is imperative that climate change biogeographic impacts are considered for a sustainable management of this important group of molluscs.
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    Divergent desalination effects on alien and native gammarid functional responses (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Climate change could shift the impacts of biological invasions on aquatic ecosystems. Sea freshening is an often-inconspicuous consequence of climatic change that may modify invasive alien species performance in enclosed seas. Several gammarid crustaceans have been particularly successful aliens across fresh, brackish, and marine waters. Here, we use comparative functional responses (feeding rates across resource densities) to examine the ecological impacts of an invasive alien (Gammarus tigrinus) and native (Gammarus locusta) gammarid, present in the Baltic Sea, under three different salinity regimes (14, 10, 6) toward larval chironomid prey. Feeding rates differed between the two species, but these differences depended on salinity, whereby at the lowest salinities, the invasive alien species showed significantly improved performance compared to the native species. Both gammarids exhibited hyperbolic Type II functional responses, with attack rates similar across salinity regimes. Handling times were significantly shortened, and maximum feeding rates heightened, in the alien under sea freshening scenarios compared to the native. These results have implications for enclosed sea systems, where projected freshening could shift the performance advantage toward invasive alien species over natives, thereby exacerbating their ecological impacts.
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    Seasonal and diurnal patterns of littoral microhabitat use by fish in gravel pit lakes, with special reference to supplemented deadwood brush piles (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The habitat quality of the littoral zone is of key importance for almost all lentic fish species. In anthropogenically created gravel pit lakes, the littoral zone is often structurally homogenized with limited fish habitats. We supplemented deadwood brush piles in the littoral zone of eight gravel pit lakes and investigated the diurnal and seasonal use of this and other typical microhabitats by six dominant fish species. Shoreline habitats were sampled using point abundance electrofishing during day and night in all four seasons, and patterns of fish abundance were compared amongst unstructured littoral habitats, emerged macrophytes and brush piles. We caught a total of 14,458 specimens from 15 species in the gravel pit lakes. Complex shoreline structures were used by all fish species that we examined, especially during daytime, whilst the use of unstructured habitats was highest during night. The newly added brush piles constituted suitable microhabitats for selected fish species, perch (Perca fluviatilis), roach (Rutilus rutilus) and pike (Esox lucius), particularly during winter. Supplemented deadwood provides suitable fish habitat in gravel pit lakes and may to some degree compensate for the loss of submerged macrophytes in winter by offering refuge and foraging habitat for selected fish species.
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    Analysis-ready optical underwater images of Manganese-nodule covered seafloor of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: We provide a sequence of analysis-ready optical underwater images from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) of the Pacific Ocean. The images were originally recorded using a towed camera sledge that photographed a seabed covered with polymetallic manganese-nodules, at an average water depth of 4,250 meters. The original degradation in visual quality and inconsistent scale among individual raw images due to different altitude implies that they are not scientifically comparable in their original form. Here, we present analysis-ready images that have already been pre-processed to account for this degradation. We also provide accompanying metadata for each image, which includes their geographic coordinates, depth of the seafloor, absolute scale (cm/pixel), and seafloor habitat class obtained from a previous study. The provided images are thus directly usable by the marine scientific community e.g., to train machine learning models for seafloor substrate classification and megafauna detection.
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    The faunal Ponto-Caspianization of central and western European waterways (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: As alien invasive species are a key driver of biodiversity loss, understanding patterns of rapidly changing global species compositions depends upon knowledge of invasive species population dynamics and trends at large scales. Within this context, the Ponto-Caspian region is among the most notable donor regions for aquatic invasive species in Europe. Using macroinvertebrate time series collected over 52 years (1968–2020) at 265 sites across 11 central and western European countries, we examined the occurrences, invasion rates, and abundances of freshwater Ponto-Caspian fauna. We examined whether: (i) successive Ponto-Caspian invasions follow a consistent pattern of composition pioneered by the same species, and (ii) Ponto-Caspian invasion accelerates subsequent invasion rates. In our dataset, Ponto-Caspian macroinvertebrates increased from two species in 1972 to 29 species in 2012. This trend was parallelled by a non-significant increasing trend in the abundances of Ponto-Caspian taxa. Trends in Ponto-Caspian invader richness increased significantly over time. We found a relatively uniform distribution of Ponto-Caspian macroinvertebrates across Europe without any relation to the distance to their native region. The Ponto-Caspian species that arrived first were often bivalves (46.5% of cases), particularly Dreissena polymorpha, followed secondarily by amphipods (83.8%; primarily Chelicorophium curvispinum and Dikerogammarus villosus). The time between consecutive invasions decreased significantly at our coarse regional scale, suggesting that previous alien establishments may facilitate invasions of subsequent taxa. Should alien species continue to translocate from the Ponto-Caspian region, our results suggest a high potential for their future invasion success highly connected central and western European waters. However, each species’ population may decline after an initial ‘boom’ phase or after the arrival of new invasive species, resulting in different alien species dominating over time.
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    Constraining temporal variations in metal and sulfur sources using high-resolution mineral-scale analysis of pyrite: evidence from the Brothers volcano, Kermadec arc, New Zealand (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Variations in trace metal contents and sulfur isotope ratios (δ34S) within pyrite, at the scale of individual mineral grains, preserves a record of temporal fluctuations in the source of metals and sulfur as well as changes in the chemical composition and temperature of hydrothermal fluid during the evolution of the Brothers volcano, Kermadec arc, New Zealand. In this study, we analyzed pyrite from drill core recovered from two geochemically distinct hydrothermal systems at the Brothers volcano, the seawater-influenced NW Caldera (Site U1530) and magmatic-volatile-dominated Upper Cone (Site U1528) during the International Ocean Discovery Program’s Expedition 376. At the NW Caldera site, from 189 m below the seafloor, a seawater-derived hydrothermal fluid forming chlorite-rich alteration overprints early pyrophyllite + illite alteration. Within ~ 30 m of the seafloor at this same site, pyrite contains zones of high As content with a variable δ34S signature that ranges from -4.5 to 3.4‰ (n = 26). Values for δ34S 〉 0‰ record shallow mixing of seawater with upwelling hydrothermal fluids. In deeper parts of the system, but still within the chlorite-rich alteration zone, δ34S values 〉 0‰ are absent, indicating that relatively more sulfur is contributed from magmatic volatile degassing and SO2 disproportionation. In the pyrophyllite-rich alteration zone, pyrite contains Co-enriched cores that correspond to sharp changes in δ34S values from -5.3‰ to 4.6‰ (n = 68). Cobalt enrichment occurs in response to the mixing of seawater-derived hydrothermal fluid with Co-rich magmatic brines. At the Upper Cone site, a relatively constant supply of a low-salinity magmatic fluid results in pyrite grains that rarely exhibit any internal zonation in trace metal content. In pyrite where zonation does exist, a correlation between Cu and Sb and uniformly low δ34S values (〈 0‰) indicates a link between metal enrichment, the pulsed degassing of magmatic volatiles, and SO2 disproportionation.
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    Atlantic decadal-to-bidecadal variability in a version of the Kiel Climate Model (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Atlantic decadal-to-bidecadal variability (ADV) is described from a multimillennial control integration of a version of the Kiel Climate Model (KCM). The KCM’s ADV is the second most energetic mode of long-term North Atlantic variability in that simulation, whereas the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) is the leading mode that has been described in a previous study. The KCM’s ADV can be regarded as a mixed oceanic gyre-overturning circulation mode that is forced by the North Atlantic Oscillation. The extratropical North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with the model’s ADV initially exhibit a tripolar structure in the meridional direction, which is linked to the gyre circulation. After some years, the SST-anomaly pattern turns into a monopolar pattern located in the subpolar North Atlantic. This transition is related to the overturning circulation. The AMV and the ADV co-exist and share some similarities. Both modes of variability rely on the upper-ocean heat transport into the subpolar North Atlantic. They differ in the importance of the gyre and overturning circulations. In the ADV, gyre and overturning-heat transports into the subpolar North Atlantic are equally important in contrast to the AMV where the overturning contribution dominates.
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    Digging deep: lessons learned from meiofaunal responses to a disturbance experiment in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The deep-sea mining industry is currently at a point where large-sale, commercial polymetallic nodule exploitation is becoming a more realistic scenario. At the same time, certain aspects such as the spatiotemporal scale of impacts, sediment plume dispersion and the disturbance-related biological responses remain highly uncertain. In this paper, findings from a small-scale seabed disturbance experiment in the German contract area (Clarion-Clipperton Zone, CCZ) are described, with a focus on the soft-sediment ecosystem component. Despite the limited spatial scale of the induced disturbance on the seafloor, this experiment allowed us to evaluate how short-term (〈 1 month) soft-sediment changes can be assessed based on sediment characteristics (grain size, nutrients and pigments) and metazoan meiofaunal communities (morphological and metabarcoding analyses). Furthermore, we show how benthic measurements can be combined with numerical modelling of sediment transport to enhance our understanding of meiofaunal responses to increased sedimentation levels. The lessons learned within this study highlight the major issues of current deep-sea mining-related ecological research such as deficient baseline knowledge, unrepresentative impact intensity of mining simulations and challenges associated with sampling trade-offs (e.g., replication).
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    Habitat heterogeneity enhances megafaunal biodiversity at bathymetric elevations in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) in the northeast Pacific is a heterogeneous deep-sea environment, featuring abyssal plains as well as multiple seamounts and abyssal hills (bathymetric elevations) that harbour a highly diverse megabenthic fauna. Based on the analysis of seafloor photographic transects that were taken from elevated areas downslope into the abyssal plains in the eastern CCZ, a similar distribution of habitats was observed on five different bathymetric elevations including abyssal hills as well as the foothills of two seamounts. Rock outcrops occur at the summits, surrounded by an area with varying coverage and size of polymetallic nodules, which were divided into two different habitats characterized by large and small nodules, respectively, and followed by nodule-free sediments. Megafauna composition, density and diversity varies across these habitats. While density is the highest in areas with rock outcrops (1.4 individuals per m 2 ), the biodiversity is the highest when regarding all of the habitats combined. Regarded individually, nodule-covered areas are the most diverse, whereas sediment areas without hard substratum, i.e. nodule free sediments, show the lowest biodiversity and the lowest density (0.2 individuals per m 2 ). The multinomial species classification method (CLAM) shows that most of the observed megafauna morphotypes have to be regarded as rare. The large differences between the megafaunal communities at bathymetric elevations and the abyssal plain reported from previous studies might partly be explained by the multiplicity of habitats. This high heterogeneity can lead to a more diversified community at elevations, although most habitats can also be observed in the abyssal plain.
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    Stomach content analysis of North Sea cephalopods: often-overlooked predators with direct impact on commercially used fish species? (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The study of marine food web models has increased during the last years, but input data of important groups such as cephalopods are missing sometimes which restricts the quality of the model results. Cephalopods feed on a variety of preys, ranging from small crustaceans to large commercially important fish species. In turn, they are taken by larger invertebrates, fish, cephalopods, marine mammals and seabirds, which emphasizes their important role in various marine food webs. Our study presents stomach content analyses of various cephalopod species from the North Sea and describes their general feeding trends. The results further support the inclusion of cephalopods as predators into food web models to increase our knowledge of the North Sea ecosystem and to improve its management. Our data in combination with observed increasing biomasses of North Sea cephalopods suggest that the impact of cephalopods in the North Sea food web has increased and that large-sized cephalopods have become more important as predators for commercially exploited fish species during recent years.
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    Rhythm of relationships in a social fish over the course of a full year in the wild (2023)
    BioMed Central | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Background: Animals are expected to adjust their social behaviour to cope with challenges in their environment. Therefore, for fish populations in temperate regions with seasonal and daily environmental oscillations, characteristic rhythms of social relationships should be pronounced. To date, most research concerning fish social networks and biorhythms has occurred in artificial laboratory environments or over confined temporal scales of days to weeks. Little is known about the social networks of wild, freely roaming fish, including how seasonal and diurnal rhythms modulate social networks over the course of a full year. The advent of high-resolution acoustic telemetry enables us to quantify detailed social interactions in the wild over time-scales sufficient to examine seasonal rhythms at whole-ecosystems scales. Our objective was to explore the rhythms of social interactions in a social fish population at various time-scales over one full year in the wild by examining high-resolution snapshots of a dynamic social network. Methods: To that end, we tracked the behaviour of 36 adult common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in a 25 ha lake and constructed temporal social networks among individuals across various time-scales, where social interactions were defined by proximity. We compared the network structure to a temporally shuffled null model to examine the importance of social attraction, and checked for persistent characteristic groups over time. Results: The clustering within the carp social network tended to be more pronounced during daytime than nighttime throughout the year. Social attraction, particularly during daytime, was a key driver for interactions. Shoaling behavior substantially increased during daytime in the wintertime, whereas in summer carp interacted less frequently, but the interaction duration increased. Therefore, smaller, characteristic groups were more common in the summer months and during nighttime, where the social memory of carp lasted up to two weeks. Conclusions: We conclude that social relationships of carp change diurnally and seasonally. These patterns were likely driven by predator avoidance, seasonal shifts in lake temperature, visibility, forage availability and the presence of anoxic zones. The techniques we employed can be applied generally to high-resolution biotelemetry data to reveal social structures across other fish species at ecologically realistic scales.
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  • 141
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    Nitrogen fixation rates in the Guinea Dome and the equatorial upwelling regions in the Atlantic Ocean (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Biological nitrogen fixation is a key process balancing the loss of combined nitrogen in the marine nitrogen cycle. Its relevance in upwelling or high nutrient regions is still unclear, with the few available studies in these regions of the ocean reporting rates that vary widely from below detection limit to 〉 100 nmol N L−1 d−1. In the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean, two open ocean upwelling systems are active in boreal summer. One is the seasonal equatorial upwelling, where the residual phosphorus associated with aged upwelled waters is suggested to enhance nitrogen fixation in this season. The other is the Guinea Dome, a thermal upwelling dome. We conducted two surveys along 23° W across the Guinea Dome and the Equator from 15° N to 5° S in September 2015 and August–September 2016 with high latitudinal resolution (20–60 nm between stations). The abundance of Trichodesmium colonies was characterized by an Underwater Vision Profiler 5 and the total biological nitrogen fixation in the euphotic layer was measured using the 15N2 technique. The highest abundances of Trichodesmium colonies were found in the area of the Guinea Dome (9°–15° N) with a maximum of 3 colonies L−1 near the surface. By contrast, colonies were almost absent in the Equatorial band between 2° N and 5° S. The highest nitrogen fixation rate was measured at the northern edge of the Guinea Dome in 2016 (ca. 31 nmol N L−1 d−1). In this region, where diazotrophs thrived on a sufficient supply of both phosphorus and iron, a patchy distribution was unveiled by our increased spatial resolution scheme. In the Equatorial band, rates were considerably lower, ranging from below detection limit to ca. 4 nmol N L−1 d−1, with a clear difference in magnitude between 2015 (rates close to zero) and 2016 (average rates around 2 nmol N L−1 d−1). This difference seemed triggered by a contrasting supply of phosphorus between years. Our study stresses the importance of surveys with sampling at fine-scale spatial resolution, and shows unexpected high variability in the rates of nitrogen fixation in the Guinea Dome, a region where diazotrophy is a significant process supplying new nitrogen into the euphotic layer.
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    Future distribution patterns of nine cuttlefish species under climate change (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: While most coastal communities are expected to, or have been, negatively impacted by climate change, cephalopods have generally thrived with shifting ocean conditions. However, whilst benefitting from the same physiological flexibility that characterizes cephalopods in general, cuttlefish have depth constraints imposed by the presence of a cuttlebone and are limited to specific locations by their particularly low vagility. To evaluate the potential effects of marine climate change on cuttlefish, Species Distribution Models (SDM) were applied to nine species of genus Sepiidae to assess potential changes to their future distribution (2050 and 2100), under four representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (i.e., RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5; CMIP5). We show that future cuttlefish habitat suitability and distribution will potentially decrease. The species with the most extreme impacts, Doratosepion braggi (Verco, 1907), was observed to decline as much as 30.77% in average habitat suitability (from present 55.26% to 24.48% at RCP 8.5 in 2100), to Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 with a low maximum decrease of 1.64% in average habitat suitability (from present 59.62% to 57.98% at RCP 8.5 in 2100). Increases in habitat suitability were projected mostly at higher latitudes, while habitat decrease was predicted for the tropical regions and lower latitudinal limits of species’ distributions. As their habitats decrease in terms of habitat suitability, cuttlefish may not benefit from future changes in climate. Additionally, as potential “sea canaries” for coastal ecosystems, we may see many species and habitats from these systems affected by climate change, particularly in tropical regions.
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    Microbathymetry inferences from two AUV dives over a short segment of the Central Indian Ridge between 10°18′ and 10°57′S, Indian Ocean (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The topographic fabric of the rift valley floor has been analyzed using the multibeam echosounder data obtained by the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Abyss at two locations over a short segment of the slow-spreading Central Indian Ridge between 10°18′ and 10°57′S. The region is influenced by hydrothermal venting in the near vicinity. Two AUV dives D51 and D52 were performed over this segment at two locations that are 30 km apart and covered 5 km2 and 8 km2 seafloor area, respectively. The dive D51 covered the off-axis part of the rift valley floor in the middle part of the segment, and the dive D52 is located near to the non-transform discontinuity that covered the terminal part of an oceanic core complex (OCC). High-resolution seafloor topography as revealed by the AUV-mounted multibeam echosounder system brought out several micro-bathymetric fabric features such as a lava lake, a cratered volcano, an OCC, and the foot wall volcanic complex at the distal part of the OCC. The valley floor imaged in the D51 is marked by a lava flow encompassing an area of 1 km2 and a volcano in the NE corner. The volcano has a diameter of about 800 m with an elevation of about 200 m from the adjacent seafloor, and the partially mapped volcano crater has a relief of about 60 m. A prominent linear fissure running parallel to the ridge axis has been identified; this feature joins with the volcano. Analysis of AUV-mounted CTD data indicated three distinct temperature spikes ranging 0.009 to 0.013 °C in the region of dive D51. The observed temperature spikes appear to be related to the linear fissure on the seafloor and probably represent leaky venting of fluids from the fissure. With respect to the dive D52, the foot wall volcanic features associated with the OCC are prominent. The volcanic seafloor feature covered an area of 3.45 km2 and is conspicuous with rugged topographic fabric at the base of the OCC. These inferences and the morphotectonics of the rift valley floor as revealed by the AUV data suggest moderate hydrothermal venting in this segment of the slow-spreading Central Indian Ridge.
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    A review of the genus Muusoctopus (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from Arctic waters (2023)
    Springer | Biomed Central
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-08
    Description: We report two Arctic species of incirrate octopods new to science. One is formally described here as Muusoctopus aegir Golikov, Gudmundsson & Sabirov sp. nov. while the other, Muusoctopus sp. 1, is not formally described due to a limited number of samples (all are immature individuals). These two species differ from each other, and from other Muusoctopus, especially in: 1) absence of stylets (in M. aegir sp. nov.); 2) proportions of mantle and head; 3) funnel organ morphology (W-shaped with medial and marginal limbs of equal length in M. aegir sp. nov., or medial are slightly longer; V V-shaped with medial limbs slightly longer and broader than marginal in Muusoctopus sp. 1); 4) sucker and gill lamellae counts; 5) relative arm length and sucker diameter; and 6) male reproductive system relative size and morphology. Species of Muusoctopus now comprise four of 12 known Arctic cephalopods. Additionally, this study provides: a) new data on the morphology and reproductive biology of M. johnsonianus and M. sibiricus, and a diagnosis of M. sibiricus; b) the equations to estimate mantle length and body mass from beak measurements of M. aegir sp. nov. and M. johnsonianus; c) a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene barcode for M. sibiricus; d) new data on the ecology and distribution of all studied species; and e) a data table for the identification of northern North Atlantic and Arctic species of Muusoctopus.
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    Diversity, distribution and composition of abyssal benthic Isopoda in a region proposed for deep-seafloor mining of polymetallic nodules: a synthesis (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Due to the increasing challenge of meeting human demands for metals from land-based resources, interest in extracting mineral ores from the deep sea has gained momentum in recent years. Targeted mining of deep-seabed minerals could have adverse effects on the associated ecosystems, but knowledge on the biological communities found there, their structure and functions is still limited. The focus of this study is to provide an overview on isopod crustaceans from the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ), an area well-known for its abundance of high-grade polymetallic nodules. Isopods generally comprise an important part of the macrofaunal communities of soft deep-sea sediments and indeed are one of the most dominant macrobenthic groups in the CCFZ. In this review, we have compiled all available data and information on isopod diversity and distribution in the CCFZ in a hybrid manner, which includes published data from the literature as well as the analysis of previously unpublished sources and newly collected data. Although isopods are one of the more prevalent and better-known groups of the CCFZ fauna, this study shows that it is still remarkably difficult to obtain a clear perception of isopod diversity and distribution, as well as the factors that could be responsible for the observed patterns. In many places, knowledge remains incomplete, which is largely due to the low sampling and taxonomic effort, non-standardised sample protocols and the limited taxonomic inter-calibration between studies. The latter is pivotal due to the high proportion of undescribed and presumably new species that typically occur there. An important starting point would therefore be to increase sampling effort and its spatial and temporal coverage in a standardised way, to intensify (integrative) taxonomic work as well as to facilitate sample and data exchange between scientists and contractors. These are fundamental requirements to improve our understanding of the biodiversity of isopods, but also of other faunal groups, in the CCFZ, before mining operations begin.
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    Current status of carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODH) and their potential for electrochemical applications (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are rising to alarming concentrations in earth’s atmosphere, causing adverse effects and global climate changes. In the last century, innovative research on CO2 reduction using chemical, photochemical, electrochemical and enzymatic approaches has been addressed. In particular, natural CO2 conversion serves as a model for many processes and extensive studies on microbes and enzymes regarding redox reactions involving CO2 have already been conducted. In this review we focus on the enzymatic conversion of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) as the chemical conversion downstream of CO production render CO particularly attractive as a key intermediate. We briefly discuss the different currently known natural autotrophic CO2 fixation pathways, focusing on the reversible reaction of CO2, two electrons and protons to CO and water, catalyzed by carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODHs). We then move on to classify the different type of CODHs, involved catalyzed chemical reactions and coupled metabolisms. Finally, we discuss applications of CODH enzymes in photochemical and electrochemical cells to harness CO2 from the environment transforming it into commodity chemicals.
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  • 147
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    The Origin of Olivine Basalts from Medvezhya Mount (Avachinsky Group of Volcanoes, Kamchatka): The Evidence for Assimilation of Sulfide-Bearing Cumulates (2023)
    Springer | Pleiades
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: The role and conditions of liquid immiscibility or crystallization of sulfide phase during evolution of subduction-related magmas remains a debated topic, which bears relevance to the genesis of porphyry copper deposits and evolution of the continental crust. We studied rare volcanic rocks with inclusions of magmatic sulfides in olivine—the basalts of Medvezhya Mount in the Avachinsky group of volcanoes. The rocks belong to primitive (Mg# = 66 mol %) middle-K island-arc olivine basalts. Olivine with normal zoning predominates (~98%) among phenocrysts. The olivine compositions are typical for Kamchatka basalts, except for an unusual trend of increase of MnO content from 0.20 to 0.55 wt % and decrease of Fe/Mn from 60 to 35 with a change of olivine composition from Fo87.8 to Fo78.2. Olivine of this group contains numerous inclusions of spinel-group minerals varying in composition from chromium spinel to magnesian magnetite. Olivine phenocrysts with sulfide inclusions are characterized by the absence of or weak reverse zoning and reduced contents of Ca, Ni, Mn, Cr, and Al. The estimated crystallization temperatures are 1036–1241°C for olivine of the prevailing type and 1010–1062°C for sulfide-bearing olivine. The data suggest that crystallization of the main olivine population occurred under relatively shallow conditions and was accompanied by strong magma oxidation. On the contrary, the zoning pattern and compositional features of sulfide-bearing olivine suggest its xenogenic origin and the probable crystallization under deep-crustal conditions from low-temperature water-rich and/or low-Ca magmas. The results obtained confirm the possibility of saturation of oxidized island-arc magmas with sulfide phase at lower crustal conditions, but show that this process is rare and not typical for low-pressure crystallization stage.
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    Vermittlungsansätze der außerschulischen Lernorte Natur, Museum und Schülerlabor (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-26
    Description: Außerschulische Lernorte wie Themenpfade, Geoparks, Weltkulturerbestätten, Museen und Schülerlabore an geowissenschaftlichen Forschungseinrichtungen sind von essenzieller Bedeutung für die Kommunikation geowissenschaftlicher Wissensbestände hinein in die Schulen und an die Öffentlichkeit. Das vorliegende Kapitel zeigt die Vielfalt der Angebote. An der Vermittlung interessierten Geowissenschaftlerinnen und Geowissenschaftlern können die Beschreibungen der Vermittlungsansätze als Anregung für eigene Projekte dienen. Lehrkräfte erhalten einen Überblick über außerschulische Lernorte, die sie mit ihren Lerngruppen aufsuchen können, und erfahren, was sie dort erwarten wird.
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    Rapid shipboard measurement of net-collected marine microplastic polymer types using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: Isolation and detection of microplastics (MP) in marine samples is extremely cost- and labor-intensive, limiting the speed and amount of data that can be collected. In the current work, we describe rapid measurement of net-collected MPs (net mesh size 300 µm) using a benchtop near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system during a research expedition to the subtropical North Atlantic gyre. Suspected plastic particles were identified microscopically and mounted on a black adhesive background. Particles were imaged with a Specim FX17 near-infrared linescan camera and a motorized stage. A particle mapping procedure was built on existing edge-finding algorithms and a polymer identification method developed using spectra from virgin polymer reference materials. This preliminary work focused on polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene as they are less dense than seawater and therefore likely to be found floating in the open ocean. A total of 27 net tows sampled 2534 suspected MP particles that were imaged and analyzed at sea. Approximately 77.1% of particles were identified as polyethylene, followed by polypropylene (9.2%). A small fraction of polystyrene was detected only at one station. Approximately 13.6% of particles were either other plastic polymers or were natural materials visually misidentified as plastics. Particle size distributions for PE and PP particles with a length greater than 1 mm followed an approximate power law relationship with abundance. This method allowed at-sea, near real-time identification of MP polymer types and particle dimensions, and shows great promise for rapid field measurements of microplastics in net-collected samples.
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    Socio-Spatial Theory in Nordic Geography (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: This open access book is about socio-spatial theory in, and the nature of, Nordic geography. From both historical and contemporary perspectives, the book engages with theorisations of geography in the Nordic countries. Including chapters by geographers from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, it reflects how theories about the relations between the social and the spatial have been developed, adopted and critiqued in Nordic human geography in relation to a wide range of themes, concepts and approaches. The book also traces institutional developments, distinct geographical traditions and intellectual histories, as well as authors’ own experiences as geographers in and beyond the Nordic area. The chapters together introduce and engage with debates and discussions that permeate Nordic geography and allows readers a glimpse of geographical thinking and the role of socio-spatial theory in the Nordic countries. By providing insights into how geographical ideas emerge, travel and are translated and adapted in specific contexts, the book contributes to debates about historical-geographical situatedness and theorisations of geography.
    Keywords: History of Nordic geography ; Socio-spatial theory in Nordic Geography ; Debates within Nordic geography ; History of geographical thought ; Theoretical geographical perspectives and approaches ; Radical and Critical Geography ; History of university developments in the Nordic countries ; Auto-biographical reflections among Nordic geographers ; Nordic small state geopolitics ; Nordic racial exceptionalism ; Regional planning ; Geography and landscape ; Marxist theorisation of geography ; Mobility and rural-urban transformations ; Nordic gender geography ; Urban space ; Nordic social and cultural geography ; Politicisizing nature in Nordic geography ; Tourism studies in Nordic geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBA Social theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography
    Language: English
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    Bioimage Data Analysis Workflows ‒ Advanced Components and Methods (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access textbook aims at providing detailed explanations on how to design and construct image analysis workflows to successfully conduct bioimage analysis. Addressing the main challenges in image data analysis, where acquisition by powerful imaging devices results in very large amounts of collected image data, the book discusses techniques relying on batch and GPU programming, as well as on powerful deep learning-based algorithms. In addition, downstream data processing techniques are introduced, such as Python libraries for data organization, plotting, and visualizations. Finally, by studying the way individual unique ideas are implemented in the workflows, readers are carefully guided through how the parameters driving biological systems are revealed by analyzing image data. These studies include segmentation of plant tissue epidermis, analysis of the spatial pattern of the eye development in fruit flies, and the analysis of collective cell migration dynamics. The presented content extends the Bioimage Data Analysis Workflows textbook (Miura, Sladoje, 2020), published in this same series, with new contributions and advanced material, while preserving the well-appreciated pedagogical approach adopted and promoted during the training schools for bioimage analysis organized within NEUBIAS – the Network of European Bioimage Analysts. This textbook is intended for advanced students in various fields of the life sciences and biomedicine, as well as staff scientists and faculty members who conduct regular quantitative analyses of microscopy images.
    Keywords: Analyzing Image Data in Biology ; Building a Bioimage Analysis Workflow ; Computational Analysis ; Chosing the Correct Components for Given Biological Questions ; Data Handling and Plotting ; Deep Learning ; Fast Computation ; GPU-Acceleration ; Handling Biological data ; Machine Learning ; Phyton ; Processing Language ; Understanding Bioimage Analysis Software ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSF Cellular biology (cytology) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSD Molecular biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    How to Build a Modern Tontine (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book introduces the modern tontine and its applications in retirement and decumulation. Personal financial management in the later stages of life presents unique challenges, and renowned retirement planning expert Dr. Milevsky proposes the modern tontine as a solution. With the goal of guiding professionals and retirees in more efficient decumulation, the book demonstrates how to build a modern tontine. It is technically oriented, employing a cookbook format, featuring R code, and examining retirement planning through a statistical lens. This how-to guide, which is a sequel to his 2020 book “Retirement Income Recipes in R”, will be invaluable for retirement planning professionals and advisors, as well as for PhD scholars in retirement planning, quantitative finance, and related fields. This book is open access.
    Keywords: tontine ; risk management ; retirement ; decumulation ; insurance ; Business Analytics ; Mathematical Finance ; Statistical Finance ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBW Applied mathematics
    Language: English
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    Regularized System Identification (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book provides a comprehensive treatment of recent developments in kernel-based identification that are of interest to anyone engaged in learning dynamic systems from data. The reader is led step by step into understanding of a novel paradigm that leverages the power of machine learning without losing sight of the system-theoretical principles of black-box identification. The authors’ reformulation of the identification problem in the light of regularization theory not only offers new insight on classical questions, but paves the way to new and powerful algorithms for a variety of linear and nonlinear problems. Regression methods such as regularization networks and support vector machines are the basis of techniques that extend the function-estimation problem to the estimation of dynamic models. Many examples, also from real-world applications, illustrate the comparative advantages of the new nonparametric approach with respect to classic parametric prediction error methods. The challenges it addresses lie at the intersection of several disciplines so Regularized System Identification will be of interest to a variety of researchers and practitioners in the areas of control systems, machine learning, statistics, and data science. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: System Identification ; Machine Learning ; Linear Dynamical Systems ; Nonlinear Dynamical Systems ; Kernel-based Regularization ; Bayesian Interpretation of Regularization ; Gaussian Processes ; Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces ; Estimation Theory ; Support Vector Machines ; Regularization Networks ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFM Automatic control engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHS Statistical physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics::PBTB Bayesian inference ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general::GPF Information theory::GPFC Cybernetics and systems theory
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    Anal Incontinence (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This open access book describes the latest advances in the anal incontinence diagnostic and therapeutic processes. Anal incontinence is a devastating condition heavily impacting on the patients’ lives. Those suffering from this disorder are generally very embarrassed and reluctant to undergo an appropriate clinical evaluation, thus becoming more isolated and worsening the quality of their life. Luckily, nowadays a wide range of treatments is available to improve this oppressive condition; however, the recognition of the related pathophysiological alterations is mandatory to grant its successful management. This volume will help the surgeons community to keep abreast of developments in diagnostics and treatment of this impairing condition. and will provide all health professionals with the appropriate tools to face this impairing condition.
    Keywords: Continence mechanism ; Fecal incontinence ; Pelviperineal disorders ; Anal sphincter ; Continence Surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MN Surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJH Gastroenterology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJS Urology and urogenital medicine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKS Medical imaging::MKSH Medical imaging: radiology
    Language: English
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    Digital Humanism (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book deals with cultural and philosophical aspects of artificial intelligence (AI) and pleads for a “digital humanism”. This term is beginning to be en vogue everywhere. Due to a growing discontentment with the way digitalization is being used in the world, particularly formulated by former heroes of Internet, social media and search engine companies, philosophical as well as industrial thought leaders begin to plead for a humane use of digital tools. Yet the term “digital humanism” is a particular terminology that lacks a sound conceptual and philosophical basis and needs clarification still – and this gap is exactly filled by this book. It propagates a vision of society in which digitization is used to strengthen human self-determination, autonomy and dignity and whose time has come to be propagated throughout the world. The advantage of this book is that it is philosophically sound and yet written in a way that will make it accessible for everybody interested in the subject. Every chapters begins with a film scene illustrating a precise philosophical problem with AI and how we look at it – making the book not only readable, but even entertaining. And after having read the book the reader will have a clear vision of what it means to live in a world where digitization and AI are central technologies for a better and more humane civilization.
    Keywords: Digital Humanism ; Philosophy of Computer Science ; Computer Ethics ; Scientific Communication ; Artificial Intelligence ; Computers and Society ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBJ Digital and information technologies: social and ethical aspects ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDA Philosophy of science ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPA Political science and theory ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBL Digital and information technologies: Legal aspects
    Language: English
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    Higher Education in Romania: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Opportunities (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: This open access book includes a series of relevant policy research articles, elaborared in the framework of the “Quality in higher education: internationalisation and databases to enhance the Romanian education system” project, implemented by the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI), together with the Ministry of Education. The project aims to develop and implement systemic measures at tertiary education level, leading to an increased quality of the overall higher education system and universities better prepared for labour market requirements and international standards. The book focuses on areas of interest for Romanian higher education, such as systemic measures to improve access, participation and completion for (vulnerable) students, better promotion of the Romanian higher education to attract students, as well as instruments for a more efficient use of data at higher education level. Each article includes evidence-based policy proposals that could support new strategic initiatives in higher education, including new legislation. Additionally, the collection of articles tells a comprehensive story about the audacity of a higher education system which went through significant challenges to align itself with both European and international trends, as well as respond to national imperatives. Over the last three decades, since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Romanian higher education has undergone significant transformations, aiming to align itself to the latest developments and trends at European and international level. The National Law on Education no. 1/2011 has set the stage for a full implementation of the Bologna Process action lines, taking into account that Romania was already a part of the largest European intergovernmental process – currently the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) – as a founding member. However, since the adoption of this normative framework, the law suffered numerous amendments, making it challenging to observe and achieve coherence in its implementation. Furthermore, Romania is also currently redesigning the strategy for the alocation of European structural funds 2021-2027, based on two strategic documents - the new Education and Employment Operational Programme and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan which highlight the reform and investment priorities at a national level. At the same time, 2021 is a good time to analyze the level of implementation for the objectives and measures included in the National Strategy for Tertiary Education 2015-2020, the Europe 2020 Strategy, and the Bologna Process action lines in the 2010 – 2020 timeframe. Therefore, the present moment may be an important time to assess the impact of strategic documents and actions in the last decade and, possibly, to draft a new National Education Law, better adapted to current realities, starting from the recent initiative by the President of Romania – the Educated Romania strategic vision which was also politically assumed by the Romanian Government.
    Keywords: Romanian Higher Education ; Future Direction of European Higher Education ; Internationalization of Higher Education ; Digital Technology in Higher Education ; Educational Policy Romania ; European Policies Higher Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy
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    Mediation im Erbrecht (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Dieses Open-Access Buch erläutert in einer praxisnahen Darstellung, wie sich Erbstreitigkeiten durch eine Mediation zügig und für alle Beteiligten sehr befriedigend beilegen lassen. Auf der Grundlage ihrer jahrelangen Mediationspraxis berichten die Verfasser, warum sich erbrechtliche Konflikte in besonderer Weise für pragmatische Kompromisse eignen und wie es gelingt, die Erben auf diesen Weg zu bringen. Das Buch versteht sich als Ratgeber für anwaltliche Berater, Mediatoren sowie für Erblasser und Erben und gibt vielfältige Hilfestellungen für kluges Konfliktmanagement in der Gestaltung und Abwicklung der Vermögensnachfolge.
    Keywords: Erbrecht ; Konfliktmanagement ; Mediation ; Erbstreit ; Konfliktlösung ; Nachfolgeplanung ; Familienunternehmen ; Streitbeilegung ; Mediatoren ; Vermögens- und Unternehmensnachfolge ; Erbrechtliche Konflikttypen ; Mediation als Konfliktlösungsverfahren ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LN Laws of specific jurisdictions and specific areas of law::LNA Legal systems: general::LNAC Legal systems: civil procedure, litigation and dispute resolution::LNAC5 Arbitration, mediation and alternative dispute resolution ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LB International law ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LA Jurisprudence and general issues::LAF Systems of law::LAFD Systems of law: civil codes / civil law ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKM Clinical psychology::MKMT Psychotherapy
    Language: German
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    Women, Migration and Gendered Experiences (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: This open access book focuses on Albanian internal and international female migration and places gender at the heart of postsocialist transformation. It explores the vulnerabilities that arise for female citizens from the contradictory policies produced by the Albanian state. By illuminating the intersection of gender and migration, it shows how Albanian women are likely to embed themselves in complex social relations and migration trajectories. By focusing on various cases – internal, international, return, economic and student female migrants – the book underlines that migration does not follow any kind of evolutionary development, according to which women go from 'traditional’ to ‘modern' gender relations. By providing a compelling account on the complex negotiations and tactics women employ to deal with gender inequalities, this book leads to a better understanding of gender and migration entanglements. It is a useful read to students, academics in migration and gender studies as well as social scientists and policy-makers in European countries.
    Keywords: Albanian female migration ; Gender relations and post-socialist transformations ; Internal and international female student migration ; Internal and international care chains ; Post-socialist migratory processes ; Tactics and strategies mobilised by women ; Informality and rudimentary welfare state ; Education as a platform for migration in Albania ; Invisibility of domestic care work sector in Albania ; Intersections of care, gender and migration regimes ; Gendered imaginaries of Albanian female migrants ; Albanian migrants filling the care gap in Italy and Greece ; Commercialization of care ; Social networks in post-socialist Albanian migration ; Open access ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFN Migration, immigration & emigration ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPP Public administration ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government
    Language: English
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    Forest Radioecology in Fukushima (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This is an open access book that provides holistic information on the radioactive contamination of forests. Topics are highly interdisciplinary, ranging from the dynamics of radioactive cesium in forest ecosystems to the radiation protection or the socio-economic aspects of radiation effects. It is designed to help people understand the radioactive contamination in forests and provide hints of how to cope with it and restore their livelihoods. The book is characterized by its well-balanced structure that allows the reader to understand the whole picture without going into too much scientific content. After explaining the basics of radioactive materials and radiation, the book illustrates the radioactive contamination of forests, it also describes the impacts on the forestry and life of local people and the measures taken by. Few books address the concerns about how to deal with radioactive contamination of forests and the future perspectives. In this book, people can learn all about the Fukushima nuclear accident of forests, forest products, and people with abundant reference materials. In addition, the book contains four memoirs contributed by Japanese and European researchers that graphically record what the researchers thought and how they acted in the chaos of the aftermath of the accident. In 2021 that marking the 10th anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear accident and the 35th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident, nuclear disasters are in the spotlight more than ever. This thought-provoking book on how to prepare for a severe nuclear accident is suitable for sharing with people all over the world as a lesson on the next nuclear accidents, now that the number of nuclear power plants is still increasing. The translation of this work was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). Intensive improvements were subsequently made by the authors throughout the text to ensure accuracy of expression and contents and to enhance the clarity.
    Keywords: Fukushima accident ; Forestry and forest ecosystem ; Radioecology ; Radiation impact ; Radiation protection ; Auto-translation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVR Forestry and silviculture ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management
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    Social and Affective Neuroscience of Everyday Human Interaction (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This Open Access book presents the current state of the art knowledge on social and affective neuroscience based on empirical findings. This volume is divided into several sections first guiding the reader through important theoretical topics within affective neuroscience, social neuroscience and moral emotions, and clinical neuroscience. Each chapter addresses everyday social interactions and various aspects of social interactions from a different angle taking the reader on a diverse journey. The last section of the book is of methodological nature. Basic information is presented for the reader to learn about common methodologies used in neuroscience alongside advanced input to deepen the understanding and usability of these methods in social and affective neuroscience for more experienced readers.
    Keywords: Social Cognition ; Clinical Neuroscience ; Moral Emotions ; Embodiment ; Social bonding ; Interpersonal Neuroscience ; Rapid Emotional Responses ; Mirror Neurons ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences
    Language: English
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    50 Years World Heritage Convention: Shared Responsibility – Conflict & Reconciliation (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-15
    Description: This open access book identifies various forms of heritage destruction and analyses their causes. It proposes strategies for avoiding and solving conflicts, based on integrating heritage into the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It reflects on the identity-building role of heritage, on multidimensional conflicts and the destruction of heritage, and considers conflict-solving strategies and future perspectives. Furthermore, it engages theoretically and practically with the concepts of responsibility, reconciliation and sustainability, relating mainly to four Sustainable Development Goals, i.e. SDGs 4 (education), 11 (e.g. World Heritage), 13 (climate action) and 17 (partnerships for the goals). More than 160 countries have inscribed properties on the UNESCO World Heritage list since the World Heritage Convention came into force. Improvements in the implementation of the Convention, such as the Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List, have occurred, but other conflicts have not been solved. The book advocates for a balanced distribution of properties and more effective strategies to represent the global diversity of cultural and natural heritage. Furthermore it highlights the importance of heritage in identity building.
    Keywords: World Heritage Convention ; Shared Responsibility heritage ; Global Governance cultural heritage ; Urban Transformation sustainability ; Technological Change cultural heritage ; War and Terrorism – Conflict Reconciliation ; Climate Change cultural heritage ; Heritage Commodification ; Sustainable Development cultural heritage ; UNESCO cultural heritage ; 50 Years World Heritage Convention ; Theoretical Reflections on heritage ; Destruction of Heritage is Multidimensional ; Commodification of Heritage ; Improvement article 27 world Heritage Convention ; Youth perspectives on World Heritage ; Future of the World Heritage Convention ; Destruction of Heritage is destroying identity ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability
    Language: English
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    Metalearning (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book as one of the fastest-growing areas of research in machine learning, metalearning studies principled methods to obtain efficient models and solutions by adapting machine learning and data mining processes. This adaptation usually exploits information from past experience on other tasks and the adaptive processes can involve machine learning approaches. As a related area to metalearning and a hot topic currently, automated machine learning (AutoML) is concerned with automating the machine learning processes. Metalearning and AutoML can help AI learn to control the application of different learning methods and acquire new solutions faster without unnecessary interventions from the user. This book offers a comprehensive and thorough introduction to almost all aspects of metalearning and AutoML, covering the basic concepts and architecture, evaluation, datasets, hyperparameter optimization, ensembles and workflows, and also how this knowledge can be used to select, combine, compose, adapt and configure both algorithms and models to yield faster and better solutions to data mining and data science problems. It can thus help developers to develop systems that can improve themselves through experience. This book is a substantial update of the first edition published in 2009. It includes 18 chapters, more than twice as much as the previous version. This enabled the authors to cover the most relevant topics in more depth and incorporate the overview of recent research in the respective area. The book will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in the areas of machine learning, data mining, data science and artificial intelligence. ; Metalearning is the study of principled methods that exploit metaknowledge to obtain efficient models and solutions by adapting machine learning and data mining processes. While the variety of machine learning and data mining techniques now available can, in principle, provide good model solutions, a methodology is still needed to guide the search for the most appropriate model in an efficient way. Metalearning provides one such methodology that allows systems to become more effective through experience. This book discusses several approaches to obtaining knowledge concerning the performance of machine learning and data mining algorithms. It shows how this knowledge can be reused to select, combine, compose and adapt both algorithms and models to yield faster, more effective solutions to data mining problems. It can thus help developers improve their algorithms and also develop learning systems that can improve themselves. The book will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in the areas of machine learning, data mining and artificial intelligence.
    Keywords: Metalearning ; Automating Machine Learning (AutoML) ; Machine Learning ; Artificial Intelligence ; algorithm selection ; algorithm recommendation ; algorithm configuration ; hyperparameter optimization ; automating the workflow/pipeline design ; metalearning in ensemble construction ; metalearning in deep neural networks ; transfer learning ; algorithm recommendation for data streams ; automating data science ; Open Access ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases::UNF Data mining ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning
    Language: English
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    Open Mapping towards Sustainable Development Goals (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-12-14
    Description: This collection amplifies the experiences of some of the world’s young people who are working to address SDGs using geospatial technologies and multi-national collaboration. Authors from every region of the world who have emerged as leaders in the YouthMappers movement share their perspectives and knowledge in an accessible and peer-friendly format. YouthMappers are university students who create and use open mapping for development and humanitarian purposes. Their work leverages digital innovations - both geospatial platforms and communications technologies - to answer the call for leadership to address sustainability challenges. The book conveys a sense of robust knowledge emerging from formal studies or informal academic experiences - in the first-person voices of students and recent graduates who are at the forefront of creating a new map of the world. YouthMappers use OpenStreetMap as the foundational sharing mechanism for creating data together. Authors impart the way they are learning about themselves, about each other, about the world. They are developing technology skills, and simultaneously teaching the rest of the world about the potential contributions of a highly connected generation of emerging world leaders for the SDGs. The book is timely, in that it captures a pivotal moment in the trajectory of the YouthMappers movement’s ability to share emerging expertise, and one that coincides with a pivotal moment in the geopolitical history of planet earth whose inhabitants need to hear from them. Most volumes that cover the topic of sustainability in terms of youth development are written by non-youth authors. Moreover, most are written by non-majoritarian, entrenched academic scholars. This book instead puts forward the diverse voices of students and recent graduates in countries where YouthMappers works, all over the world. Authors cover topics that range from water, agriculture, food, to waste, education, gender, climate action and disasters from their own eyes in working with data, mapping, and humanitarian action, often working across national boundaries and across continents. To inspire readers with their insights, the chapters are mapped to the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in ways that connect a youth agenda to a global agenda. With a preface written by Carrie Stokes, Chief Geographer and GeoCenter Director, United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This is an open access book.
    Keywords: YouthMappers ; Sustainable development goals ; Open street map ; Open spatial data ; Community engagement ; Youth empowerment ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::D Literature & literary studies::DS Literature: history & criticism ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UM Computer programming / software development ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability
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    Managing Future Challenges for Safety (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-15
    Description: This open access book addresses the future of work and industry by 2040—a core interest for many disciplines inspiring a strong momentum for employment and training within the industrial world. The future of industrial safety in terms of technological risk-management, although of obvious concern to international actors in various industries, has been quite sparsely addressed. This brief reflects the viewpoints of experts who come from different academic disciplines and various sectors such as oil and gas, energy, transportation, and the digital and even the military worlds, as expressed in debates and discussions during a two-day international seminar. The contributors address such questions as: What influence will ageing and lack of digital skills in the workforce of the occidental world have on safety culture? What are the likely impacts of big data, artificial intelligence and autonomous technologies on decision-making, and on the roles and responsibilities of individual actors and whole organizations? What role have human beings in a world of accelerating changes? What effects will societal concerns and the entrance of new players have on technological risk management and governance? Managing Future Challenges for Safety will interest and influence researchers considering the future effects of a number of currently developing technologies and their practitioner counterparts working in industry and regulation.
    Keywords: Industrial Safety ; Future of Hazardous Industries ; Sociodemographic Trends ; Human and Organisational Factors ; Safety Models ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCD Economics of industrial organisation ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBL Sociology: work & labour ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV2 Personnel & human resources management ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMR Cognition & cognitive psychology
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    Reindeer Husbandry (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book focuses on climate change, Indigenous reindeer husbandry, and the underlying concept of connecting the traditional knowledge of Indigenous reindeer herders in the Arctic with the latest research findings of the world’s leading academics. The Arctic and sub-Arctic environment, climate, and biodiversity are changing in ways unprecedented in the long histories of the north, challenging traditional ways of life, well-being, and food security with legitimate concerns for the future of traditional Indigenous livelihoods. The book provides a clear and thorough overview of the potential problems caused by a warming climate on reindeer husbandry and how reindeer herders’ knowledge should be brought to action. In particular, the predicted impacts of global warming on winter climate and the resilience of the reindeer herding communities are thoroughly discussed.
    Keywords: Arctic societies ; Indigenous knowledge ; Reindeer husbandry in the Arctic ; Resilience to a changing Arctic ; Sami and reindeer herds ; Indigenous people communities ; Planning for adaptation action ; Climate change impacts ; Climate change mitigation ; Polar geography ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNC Applied ecology::RNCB Biodiversity
    Language: English
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    Person-Centered Outcome Metrology (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This unique collection of chapters from world experts on person-centered outcome (PCO) measures addresses the following critical questions: Can individual experiences be represented in measurements that do not reduce unique differences to meaningless uniformity? How person-centric are PCO measures? Are PCO measurements capable of delivering the kind of quality assured quantification required for high-stakes decision making? Are PCO measures likely to support improved health care delivery? Have pivotal clinical studies failed to deliver treatments for diseases because of shortcomings in the PCO measures used? Are these shortcomings primarily matters of precision and meaningfulness? Or is the lack of common languages for communicating outcomes also debilitating to quality improvement, research, and the health care economy? Three key issues form an urgent basis for further investigation. First, the numbers generated by PCO measures are increasingly used as the central dependent variables upon which high stakes decisions are made. The rising profile of PCO measures places new demands for higher quality information from scale and test construction, evaluation, selection, and interpretation. Second, PCO measurement science has well-established lessons to be learned from those who have built and established the science over many decades. Finally, the goal in making a PCO measurement is to inform outcome management. As such, it is vitally important that key stakeholders understand that, over the last half century, developments in psychometrics have refocused measurement on illuminating clinically important individual differences in the context of widely reproduced patterns of variation in health and functioning, comparable scale values for quality improvement, and practical explanatory models. This book’s audience includes anyone interested in person-centered care, including healthcare researchers and practitioners, policy makers, pharmaceutical industry representatives, clinicians, patient advocates, and metrologists. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: patient-centered outcomes ; psychometrics ; health measurement ; social measurement ; clinical outcome assessments ; patient reported outcomes ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDD Scientific standards, measurement etc ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBG Medical equipment and techniques ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology::JMB Psychological methodology::JMBT Psychological testing and measurement ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBP Health systems and services::MBPM Medical administration and management ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDD Scientific standards, measurement etc ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBG Medical equipment and techniques ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology::JMB Psychological methodology::JMBT Psychological testing and measurement ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBP Health systems and services::MBPM Medical administration and management
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    Experimental Techniques in Nuclear and Particle Physics (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: I have been teaching courses on experimental techniques in nuclear and particle physics to master students in physics and in engineering for many years. This book grew out of the lecture notes I made for these students. The physics and engineering students have rather different expectations of what such a course should be like. I hope that I have nevertheless managed to write a book that can satisfy the needs of these different target audiences. The lectures themselves, of course, need to be adapted to the needs of each group of students. An engineering student will not qu- tion a statement like “the velocity of the electrons in atoms is ?1% of the velocity of light”, a physics student will. Regarding units, I have written factors h and c explicitly in all equations throughout the book. For physics students it would be preferable to use the convention that is common in physics and omit these constants in the equations, but that would probably be confusing for the engineering students. Physics students tend to be more interested in theoretical physics courses. However, physics is an experimental science and physics students should und- stand how experiments work, and be able to make experiments work. This is an open access book. ; I have been teaching courses on experimental techniques in nuclear and particle physics to master students in physics and in engineering for many years. This book grew out of the lecture notes I made for these students. The physics and engineering students have rather different expectations of what such a course should be like. I hope that I have nevertheless managed to write a book that can satisfy the needs of these different target audiences. The lectures themselves, of course, need to be adapted to the needs of each group of students. An engineering student will not qu- tion a statement like “the velocity of the electrons in atoms is ?1% of the velocity of light”, a physics student will. Regarding units, I have written factors h and c explicitly in all equations throughout the book. For physics students it would be preferable to use the convention that is common in physics and omit these constants in the equations, but that would probably be confusing for the engineering students. Physics students tend to be more interested in theoretical physics courses. However, physics is an experimental science and physics students should und- stand how experiments work, and be able to make experiments work.
    Keywords: Neutron ; Particle Physics ; Particle accelerator ; detector gas ionization ; electronics nuclear detector ; meassurement technique nuclear ; particle acceleration ; principle particle accelerator ; radiation matter ; subatomic poarticles ; textbook detector ; textbook nuclear experiments ; textbook nuclear physics ; textbook particle acceleration ; textbook particle physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THK Nuclear power and engineering ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MQ Nursing and ancillary services::MQW Biomedical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDD Scientific standards, measurement etc
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    Ernst Denert Award for Software Engineering 2020 (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book provides an overview of the dissertations of the eleven nominees for the Ernst Denert Award for Software Engineering in 2020. The prize, kindly sponsored by the Gerlind & Ernst Denert Stiftung, is awarded for excellent work within the discipline of Software Engineering, which includes methods, tools and procedures for better and efficient development of high quality software. An essential requirement for the nominated work is its applicability and usability in industrial practice. The book contains eleven papers that describe the works by Jonathan Brachthäuser (EPFL Lausanne) entitled What You See Is What You Get: Practical Effect Handlers in Capability-Passing Style, Mojdeh Golagha’s (Fortiss, Munich) thesis How to Effectively Reduce Failure Analysis Time?, Nikolay Harutyunyan’s (FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg) work on Open Source Software Governance, Dominic Henze’s (TU Munich) research about Dynamically Scalable Fog Architectures, Anne Hess’s (Fraunhofer IESE, Kaiserslautern) work on Crossing Disciplinary Borders to Improve Requirements Communication, Istvan Koren’s (RWTH Aachen U) thesis DevOpsUse: A Community-Oriented Methodology for Societal Software Engineering, Yannic Noller’s (NU Singapore) work on Hybrid Differential Software Testing, Dominic Steinhofel’s (TU Darmstadt) thesis entitled Ever Change a Running System: Structured Software Reengineering Using Automatically Proven-Correct Transformation Rules, Peter Wägemann’s (FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg) work Static Worst-Case Analyses and Their Validation Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems, Michael von Wenckstern’s (RWTH Aachen U) research on Improving the Model-Based Systems Engineering Process, and Franz Zieris’s (FU Berlin) thesis on Understanding How Pair Programming Actually Works in Industry: Mechanisms, Patterns, and Dynamics – which actually won the award. The chapters describe key findings of the respective works, show their relevance and applicability to practice and industrial software engineering projects, and provide additional information and findings that have only been discovered afterwards, e.g. when applying the results in industry. This way, the book is not only interesting to other researchers, but also to industrial software professionals who would like to learn about the application of state-of-the-art methods in their daily work.
    Keywords: Software Engineering ; Software Development ; Requirements Engineering ; Software Modeling ; Software Research ; Ernst Denert Award ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMZ Software Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJQ Business mathematics and systems ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human–computer interaction::UYZM Information architecture
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    Molecules in Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book covers recent advances in experiments using the ultra-cold, very weakly perturbing superfluid environment provided by helium nanodroplets for high resolution spectroscopic, structural and dynamic studies of molecules and synthetic clusters. The recent infra-red, UV-Vis studies of radicals, molecules, clusters, ions and biomolecules, as well as laser dynamical and laser orientational studies, are reviewed. The Coulomb explosion studies of the uniquely quantum structures of small helium clusters, X-ray imaging of large droplets and electron diffraction of embedded molecules are also described. Particular emphasis is given to the synthesis and detection of new species by mass spectrometry and deposition electron microscopy.
    Keywords: Microscopic superfluidity ; X-ray imaging ; Spectroscopy of biomolecules ; Spectroscopic matrices ; Vibronic spectroscopy ; Rovibronic spectroscopy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter::PHFB Low temperature physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry::PNFS Spectrum analysis, spectrochemistry, mass spectrometry
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    Made-to-Measure Future(s) for Democracy? (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access volume analyses the development of democracy at different levels of governance (from local to global). The Basque search for an institutional and democratic model that adapts to its social needs and solves its problems offers an interesting perspective for analyzing the way in which democracy is seeking new forms of materialization from the local to the global. The volume is divided into four parts. The chapters in Part I analyze the tensions between the neoliberal vision of democracy and the voices contesting it, with projections at different levels of government. The chapters in Part II focus on the emerging framework and scales of Western democracy. The chapters in Part III present new forms of citizen participation, paying special - though not exclusive - attention to new practical strategies for Basque society. The volume concludes with a block of chapters on the relevance of reviewing the methodological and epistemological frameworks from which knowledge about democracy and mechanisms of citizen participation is generated (Part IV). By delving deeper into the idea and practice of democratic governance, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students from all disciplines of politics, international relations, sociology and law.
    Keywords: Basque Country ; Basque society ; Western democracy ; neolibralism ; inequality ; citizen participation ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPP Public administration ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPH Political structure and processes ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPP Public administration
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    Innopolis University - From Zero to Hero (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book describes the development of Innopolis, a young Russian university established in 2012 to focus on teaching excellence in computer science, engineering, and robotics. It reports on the problems that were faced in the first decade of its development, and the adopted solutions. It shows how the key aspects for the development of the faculty, the curricula, the university structure, and the challenge of internationalization have been successfully addressed by the university management and professors, and how the solutions are scalable for other newly founded research organizations. The book is divided in five parts: “The Beginning” describes the very early days in general, from the foundation and start-up of the university with the related processes. “The People” reports on the initial hiring of the faculty members, the selection of students, and the curriculum development. “The Activities” provide information about the creation of the single research institutions and labs, and their relation to industry. “The Future” gives an outlook on the planned internationalization and faculty strategy. Eventually, “A Visual Journey” shows a selection of photographs illustrating highlights of the whole process and the current achievements. The processes and the components described built the basis for the development of Innopolis, and many of them still have a big impact on its present and its future. The fewer mistakes are made at the beginning, the higher the probability to fully achieve the initial goals.
    Keywords: Computer Education ; University Development ; Development of an International Faculty ; Curricula Development ; Industry Cooperation ; Online Education ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNK Educational administration and organization ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
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    Theoretical Foundations of Synchrotron and Storage Ring RF Systems (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This is an open access book. This course-tested text is an ideal starting point for engineers and physicists entering the field of particle accelerators. The fundamentals are comprehensively introduced, derivations of essential results are provided and a consistent notation style used throughout the book allows readers to quickly familiarize themselves with the field, providing a solid theoretical basis for further studies. Emphasis is placed on the essential features of the longitudinal motion of charged particle beams, together with the corresponding RF generation and power amplification devices for synchrotron and storage ring systems. In particular, electrical engineering aspects such as closed-loop control of system components are discussed. The book also offers a valuable resource for graduate students in physics, electronics engineering, or mathematics looking for an introductory and self-contained text on accelerator physics.
    Keywords: Closed-loop Control ; Longitudinal Beam Dynamics ; Low-Level RF (LLRF) Systems ; Particle Accelerator Technology ; RF Accelerating Cavities and Power Amplification ; Radio Frequency Systems ; Synchrotrons ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFN Microwave technology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDD Scientific standards, measurement etc ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBN Nanotechnology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBW Applied mathematics::PBWH Mathematical modelling
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    Mathematical Modeling of the Human Brain (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book bridges common tools in medical imaging and neuroscience with the numerical solution of brain modelling PDEs. The connection between these areas is established through the use of two existing tools, FreeSurfer and FEniCS, and one novel tool, the SVM-Tk, developed for this book. The reader will learn the basics of magnetic resonance imaging and quickly proceed to generating their first FEniCS brain meshes from T1-weighted images. The book's presentation concludes with the reader solving a simplified PDE model of gadobutrol diffusion in the brain that incorporates diffusion tensor images, of various resolution, and complex, multi-domain, variable-resolution FEniCS meshes with detailed markings of anatomical brain regions. After completing this book, the reader will have a solid foundation for performing patient-specific finite element simulations of biomechanical models of the human brain.
    Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging ; Mesh generation ; mathematical modeling ; finite element methods ; scientific computing ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBW Applied mathematics::PBWH Mathematical modelling ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDE Maths for scientists ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBK Calculus and mathematical analysis::PBKS Numerical analysis
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    Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Experiments (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This open access book is a pedagogical text on nuclear reactor experiments, covering almost all the experiments that can be carried out at the University Training Reactor, Kindai University (UTR-KINKI) with respect to reactor physics and radiation detection, and additionally including academic materials of test and research reactors, nuclear instrumentation, nuclear laws and regulations, in this main body. The book is an excellent primer for students who are interested in reactor physics, radiation detection, nuclear laws and regulations at universities, and the best textbook for students who have started to study the nuclear energy related fields to understand the basic theories and principles of the experiments in the fields of reactor physics and radiation detection. UTR-KINKI has been used for educational reactor experiments and basic research in a wide range of fields related to the use of radiation (neutrons, gamma-ray, beta-ray, alpha-ray, and X-ray), including reactor physics, radiation detection, radiation health physics, activation analysis, radiation biology, medical applications and archaeology. Also, UTR-KINKI has been actively engaged in nuclear education with its long history of operation, and has gained extensive experience in educational activities for undergraduate and graduate students, elementary, junior high and high school teachers, junior high and high school students, and general audiences.
    Keywords: Nuclear Reactor Physics ; Nuclear Education ; UTR-KINKI ; Reactor Physics ; Radiation Detection ; Test and Research Reactors ; Nuclear Instrumentation ; Nuclear Laws and Regulations ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THK Nuclear power and engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics
    Language: English
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    Digital Interaction and Machine Intelligence (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This book is open access, which means that you have free and unlimited access. This book presents the Proceedings of the 9th Machine Intelligence and Digital Interaction Conference. Significant progress in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and its wider use in many interactive products are quickly transforming further areas of our life, which results in the emergence of various new social phenomena. Many countries have been making efforts to understand these phenomena and find answers on how to put the development of artificial intelligence on the right track to support the common good of people and societies. These attempts require interdisciplinary actions, covering not only science disciplines involved in the development of artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction but also close cooperation between researchers and practitioners. For this reason, the main goal of the MIDI conference held on 9-10.12.2021 as a virtual event is to integrate two, until recently, independent fields of research in computer science: broadly understood artificial intelligence and human-technology interaction.
    Keywords: Computational Intelligence ; AI ; MIDI 2021 ; MIDI ; Machine Intelligence ; Digital Interaction ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning
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    Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Agile Software Development, XP 2022, which was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in June 2022. XP is the premier agile software development conference combining research and practice. It is a unique forum where agile researchers, practitioners, thought leaders, coaches, and trainers get together to present and discuss their most recent innovations, research results, experiences, concerns, challenges, and trends.  XP conferences provide an informal environment to learn and trigger discussions and welcome both people new to agile and seasoned agile practitioners. This year’s conference was held with the theme “Agile in the Era of Hybrid Work”. The 13 full papers and 1 short paper presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 40 submissions. They were organized in topical sections named: agile practices; agile processes; and agile in the large.
    Keywords: agile software development ; software creation and management ; Scrum ; lean software development ; process management ; test-driven development ; project and people management ; software development techniques ; risk management ; empirical software engineering ; software measurement ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMZ Software Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJQ Business mathematics and systems ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human–computer interaction::UYZM Information architecture
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    Integrating Data Science and Earth Science (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-18
    Description: This open access book presents the results of three years collaboration between earth scientists and data scientist, in developing and applying data science methods for scientific discovery. The book will be highly beneficial for other researchers at senior and graduate level, interested in applying visual data exploration, computational approaches and scientifc workflows.
    Keywords: Machine learning ; SMART monitoring ; Computational data exploration ; Digital Earth ; Visual data exploration ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UM Computer programming / software development::UMB Algorithms & data structures ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability & statistics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PB Mathematics
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    Interlocal Adaptations to Climate Change in East and Southeast Asia (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: This Open Access book’s main focus is agriculture and natural resource management, disaster risk reduction, and human resource development in the countries of East and Southeast Asia and Japan. Asia is one of the regions which is the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. More than sixty percent of the world’s people live in the region, making it the growth center of the world. Asia is vast and includes various countries and regions, this book is focused on East and Southeast Asia including Japan. It is essential to share the knowledge and experiences for adapting climate change among these areas. In order to tackle these issues, the book aims to: Promote inter-local lessons learnt sharing climate change adaptations; "agriculture and natural resource management" and "disaster risk reduction and human resource development" Provides insights into new adaptation measures and research approaches that can consider the regional nature of Southeast Asia Share practical adaptation options permeated by society in each country/region This book will be of interest to researchers and students examining climate change impacts in East and Southeast Asia.
    Keywords: Climate change ; Climate-Change Adaptation ; Disaster risk reduction ; East and Southeast Asia ; Agriculture ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNR Natural disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TV Agriculture & farming::TVB Agricultural science ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies
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    Deployment and Operation of Complex Software in Heterogeneous Execution Environments (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book provides an overview of the work developed within the SODALITE project, which aims at facilitating the deployment and operation of distributed software on top of heterogeneous infrastructures, including cloud, HPC and edge resources. The experts participating in the project describe how SODALITE works and how it can be exploited by end users. While multiple languages and tools are available in the literature to support DevOps teams in the automation of deployment and operation steps, still these activities require specific know-how and skills that cannot be found in average teams. The SODALITE framework tackles this problem by offering modelling and smart editing features to allow those we call Application Ops Experts to work without knowing low level details about the adopted, potentially heterogeneous, infrastructures. The framework offers also mechanisms to verify the quality of the defined models, generate the corresponding executable infrastructural code, automatically wrap application components within proper execution containers, orchestrate all activities concerned with deployment and operation of all system components, and support on-the-fly self-adaptation and refactoring.
    Keywords: Heterogeneous Computing ; Cloud, Edge ; HPC ; IaC ; DevOps ; Semantic Reasoning ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMZ Software Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UL Operating systems
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    Social Science Research in the Arab World and Beyond (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-15
    Description: This book presents and discusses the logic and method of social science research adapted mainly for instruction at Arab universities and for research in Arab countries, but with applicability beyond the region. It illustrates major concepts and methods pertaining to research with examples of previous studies carried out in the Arab world and with exercises using Arab Barometer and other datasets. The book situates itself between a regular methods textbook and an annotated list of major concepts and methods, and includes an introduction, three chapters, and four appendices.
    Keywords: Social Science Research ; Social Statistical Analysis ; Research Ethics ; Textbook ; Social Science Methodology ; Arab Barometer ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBC Social research & statistics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNZ Study & learning skills: general
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    Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open-access book presents cutting-edge research on securitization and democratic development in the OSCE Region. Gathering contributions by practitioners and researchers from various disciplines, it presents case studies and highlights recent activities of proactive engagement in democratic institution-building and responding to security threats from the Balkans to Central Asia. The volume is divided into three parts, the first of which focuses on security-related matters, armed conflicts, minorities, and women’s safety, as well as the roles that civil society, foreign governments, social media, and external donors play in this area. These contributions illustrate how the OSCE’s informal approach to peace, security, and securitization as norm entrepreneur is closely linked to the level of democracy among its member states. The second part presents a special section on the political implications of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assessing the impact of this infrastructural program on the levels of democracy and/or autocracy in Eurasia. The third part consists of short chapters outlining future research and debates. The book will appeal to students and scholars of international relations, security studies, and the human rights-politics nexus. This is the 2022 instalment in a series of books released by the OSCE Academy in Bishkek. The OSCE works to promote Minority Protection, Security, Democratic Development and Human Rights, guided by the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), and to enhance securitization and development policies in Eurasia, Europe, Central Asia and North America. Since being founded in 1993, the OSCE and its agencies and departments have attracted a wealth of academic research in various fields and disciplines, ranging from economic development and election monitoring to enhancing global principles of human rights and securitization.
    Keywords: Security Architecture in Eurasia ; Eurasian Regional Integration ; Western Balkan Region ; China’s Belt and Road Initiative ; Democracy in Eurasia ; Glocal Governance ; Great Power Rivalry in Central Asia ; Norm entrepreneurs ; Security studies ; Human rights ; Central Europe and Central Asia ; OSCE Region ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPS International relations ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPW Political activism / Political engagement::JPWL Terrorism, armed struggle ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPA Political science and theory ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTP Development studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPB Comparative politics
    Language: English
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    Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-15
    Description: This open access book is a collection of articles based on presentations from the 2020 Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos conference that gives an overview of conference outcomes. The vision of the conference has been to unite researchers, scientists, physicians and other healthcare professionals, patient advocates, and students from across the world to discuss research advancements, identify gaps, and develop actionable goals to translate basic research findings into clinical best practices, effective community interventions, and professional training programs to decrease cancer risks and eliminate cancer disparities for Latinos. This conference comes at an especially important time when Latinos – the largest and youngest minority group in the U.S. – are expected to face a 142% rise in cancer cases in the coming years. Disparities continue to impact this population in critical areas: access to preventive and clinical care, changeable risk behaviors, quality of life, and mortality. Each chapter summarizes the presentation and includes current knowledge in the specific topic areas, identified gaps, and opportunities for future research. Topics explored include: Applying an Exposome-Wide (ExWAS) Approach to Latino Cancer Disparities Supportive Care Needs and Coping Strategies Used by Latino Men Cancer Survivors Optimizing Engagement of the Latino Community in Cancer Research Latino Population Growth and the Changing Demography of Cancer Implementation Science to Enhance the Value of Cancer Research in Latinos A Strength-Based Approach to Cancer Prevention in Latinxs Overcoming Clinical Research Disparities by Advancing Inclusive Research Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos: Building Collaboration for Action will appeal to a wide readership due to its comprehensive coverage of topics ranging from basic science and community prevention research to clinical practice to policy. The book is an essential resource for physicians and other medical professionals, researchers, scientists, academicians, patient advocates, and students. It also will appeal to policy-makers, NCI-designated cancer centers, academic centers, state health departments, and community organizations.
    Keywords: Latinx cancer ; Health equity ; health threats in the Latino\Latina community ; vulnerable populations and cancer health disparities ; cancer outcomes and survivorship ; precision medicine ; engaging Latinos in cancer research ; emerging healthcare policies ; implementation science and innovative technology ; hot topics in Latino\Latina cancer health disparities ; cancer and lifestyles ; cancer patient advocacy ; cancer therapies and clinical trials ; HPV vaccination for cancer prevention ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine::MJC Diseases & disorders::MJCL Oncology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health & preventive medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCQ Health economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies
    Language: English
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    Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with TR4 Resistance in Banana (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Bananas are a staple food for over 500 million people and are also an important cash crop. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, is one of the most destructive diseases of banana globally. Since the 1990s, an aggressive variant of this fungus, called Tropical Race 4 (TR4), severely affected banana plantations in Southeast Asia from where it spread to other continents, including Latin America, where the global banana export market is primarily centred. TR4 is a soil borne pathogen making the disease difficult to contain. The Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture implemented a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) ‘Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with Disease Resistance for Coffee and Banana” (2015-2020). This CRP brought together experts from Asia, Europe and Africa in addition to experts of the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre to develop resistance against TR4 through mutation-assisted breeding. Induced mutagenesis is particularly attractive in case of banana since most cultivated bananas are seedless, thus hampering conventional cross breeding. This Open Access book is a compilation of the protocols developed under the CRP specifically for TR4. The first part covers methods for mutation induction, including the integrated use of innovative single-cell culture with mutagenesis techniques. The book also describes up-to-date phenotypic screening methods for TR4 resistance in banana under field-, greenhouse- and laboratory conditions. Finally, molecular and bioinformatics tools for genome-wide mutation discovery following Next Generation Sequencing are also described. Given the imminent threat of Fusarium Wilt TR4 on banana production globally, it is our hope and intention that the book will serve as a timely reference and guide for banana breeders and pathologists worldwide who are committed to the genetic improvement of banana for Fusarium wilt resistance.
    Keywords: Musa ; Fusarium wilt TR4 ; mutation breeding ; phenotyping ; genotyping ; NGS ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVB Agricultural science
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    Global Perspectives on Educational Innovations for Emergency Situations (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-18
    Description: This open access book focuses on making the transition from in-person, classroom education to other feasible alternative modes and methodologies to deliver education at all levels. The book presents and analyzes research questions to explore in this arena, including pedagogical issues relating to technological and infrastructure challenges, teacher professional development, issues of disparity, access and equity, and impact of government policies on education. It also provides unique opportunities and vehicles for generating scholarship that helps explain the varied educational needs, perspectives and solutions that arise during an emergency and the different roles educational institutions and educators may play during this time. Developed from a highly successful Presidential Session at the annual meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), this edited volume presents AECT and its membership as the premier organization focusing on the provision of educational communications and technology leadership. In addition, it functions as a contemporary document of this global crisis as well as a rich resource for possible future emergency scenarios in the educational arena.
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Pedagogical issues ; Technological and infrastructure challenges ; AECT 2020 virtual convention ; Teacher professional development ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMT Teacher training
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    Cyber Security (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th China Annual Conference on Cyber Security, CNCERT 2022, held in Beijing, China, in August 2022. The 17 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 64 submissions. The papers are organized according to the following topical sections: ​​data security; anomaly detection; cryptocurrency; information security; vulnerabilities; mobile internet; threat intelligence; text recognition.
    Keywords: application service layer ; artificial intelligence ; communication systems ; computer crime ; computer networks ; computer security ; computer systems ; cryptography ; cyber security ; data communication systems ; data security ; databases ; machine learning ; network protocols ; network security ; privacy ; signal processing ; telecommunication networks ; telecommunication systems ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UR Computer security ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBL Digital and information technologies: Legal aspects ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTN Network security
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    Health Crises and Media Discourses in Sub-Saharan Africa (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: This is an open access book which brings together leading scholars and critical discourses on political, economic, legal, technological, socio-cultural and systemic changes and continuities intersecting media and health crises in Sub-Saharan Africa. The volume extensively discusses COVID-19 but it also covers other epidemics, such as malaria, HIV/AIDS as well as “silent” health crises such as mental health---simmering across the subcontinent. The chapters fill knowledge gaps, highlight innovations, unpack the complexities surrounding the media ecosystem in times of health crises. They explore, among other issues, the politics of public health communication; infodemics; existential threats to media viability; draconian legislations; threats to journalists/journalism; COVID-related entrepreneurship, marginalization, and more. This is a timely resource for academics, advocacy groups, media practitioners and policy makers working on crises and media reporting, not just in Africa but anywhere in the global South.
    Keywords: Health communication ; COVID-19 ; Political economy of the media ; Pandemics and the media ; Media gagging ; Marginalization discourses ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Regulatory frameworks ; Reporters Without Borders ; Intimidation of journalists ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health & preventive medicine
    Language: English
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    The Socially Responsible Organization (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: This book explores the nature of the socially responsible organization, specifically the role of crisis management in creating a socially responsible organization. It applies the Myers-Briggs Personality Typology (MBPTI) and the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Framework to issues such as responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, regulation of tech companies, and infrastructure. Dr. Mitroff lists the major arguments given in regards to these issues and subjects them to the strongest possible scrutiny and critique to hold both individuals and organizations accountable to the larger responsibilities we share as global citizens. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine ; Dis- and Misinformation ; Infrastructure Wars ; Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Framework ; Regulating Tech ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJC Business strategy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMJ Occupational & industrial psychology ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJU Organizational theory & behaviour ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJG Business ethics & social responsibility
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    Intangible Capital and Growth (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: For several decades now, advanced economies across the globe have been undergoing a process of rapid transformation towards becoming knowledge economies. It is now widely recognized that intangible capital has been a crucial element in the growth performance of these economies and their firms. The term serves as a useful device for capturing those dimensions of capital that are not tangible in nature but are nevertheless fundamentally important for growth. It encompasses investments in education (human capital) and in informal (social capital) and formal (rule of law) institutions by the public sector and households, as well as investments by businesses aimed at enhancing their knowledge base, such as software, innovative property, and economic competencies. Intangible Capital and Growth is the first of two open-access volumes presenting a selection of the author's essays on Labor Productivity, Monetary Economics, and Political Economy. This first volume brings together eight of the author's essays, selected with the aim of providing an overview of his research to date on intangible capital and growth.
    Keywords: Intangible Capital ; Labour Productivity Growth ; Euro ; EMU ; Political Economy ; Economic Crisis ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCL International economics
    Language: English
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    What People Leave Behind (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-15
    Description: This open access book focuses on a particular but significant topic in the social sciences: the concepts of “footprint” and “trace”. It associates these concepts with hotly debated topics such as surveillance capitalism and knowledge society. The editors and authors discuss the concept footprints and traces as unintended by-products of other (differently focused and oriented) actions that remain empirically imprinted in virtual and real spaces. The volume therefore opens new scenarios for social theory and applied social research in asking what the stakes, risks and potential of this approach are. It systematically raises and addresses these questions within a consistent framework, bringing together a heterogeneous group of international social scientists. Given the multifaceted objectives involved in exploring footprints and traces, the volume discusses heuristic aspects and ethical dimensions, scientific analyses and political considerations, empirical perspectives and theoretical foundations. At the same time, it brings together perspectives from cultural analysis and social theory, communication and Internet studies, big-data informed research and computational social science. This innovative volume is of interest to a broad interdisciplinary readership: sociologists, communication researchers, Internet scholars, anthropologists, cognitive and behavioral scientists, historians, and epistemologists, among others.
    Keywords: Traces and Footprints ; Algorithms and Social Research ; Knowledge Capitalism ; Digital Traces ; Social Theory ; Trace-like Information ; Interactional Clues ; Data Exhaust ; Social Media Communication ; Unintended Consequences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBA Social theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPK Philosophy: epistemology & theory of knowledge
    Language: English
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    The Ethical Spirit of EU Values (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-15
    Description: This open access book, summarising the research conducted at this Jean Monnet Chair, seeks to identify the ethical spirit of European Union (EU) values. EU integration began at the economic level; human rights were only added at a later stage. Finally, the Lisbon Treaty turned the EU into a ‘Union of values’ by enshrining certain concepts in Art 2 TEU. This provision can be seen as a hub linked to various other provisions of EU primary and secondary law. The values contained therein have, amongst others, been applied to two areas (digitalisation and non-financial reporting, partly in sports), and further specified in others (health and partly in sports). This book analyses the evolution of values (ratione temporis) and the questions of who is entitled and who is obliged (ratione personae). Besides the external perspective (ratione limitis; e.g., Brexit), it focuses on the composition of the EU’s common values (ratione materiae). As Art 2 TEU can be viewed as a hub, it is essential to focus on various relations, not only between values, but also between values and other provisions of EU law, as well as other concepts. Based on this description of the status quo, the book subsequently addresses a possible future direction, arguing for an additional narrative (trust), an additional value (environmental protection), and a more communitarian Union. In closing, apart from the classical commitment of the EU and the Member States to uphold the values of the EU, the book discusses the level of individuals and values as virtues. Various figures and tables complement this overview of the status quo of the Union of values and outline of its future direction.
    Keywords: EU values ; Common Values ; Union of Values ; Ethics ; Ranking of Values ; Community of Values ; Human Dignity ; Values and Principles ; Mutual Trust ; Ethical Spirit ; Constitutional Values ; Balance ; Law and Philosophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LA Jurisprudence & general issues::LAB Jurisprudence & philosophy of law
    Language: English
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    Deforming the Reform (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access book presents an actor-centered study on Europeanization, based on the assumption that EU-driven reforms are highly dependent on the behavior and interests of the key domestic actors. Whether or not a state pursues a European and democratic agenda depends on domestic lawmakers. Further, political elites are pre-eminent in deciding on the nature, form and content of any law, and on the extent to which the rule of law is actually enforced. Elites can overcome structural or institutional barriers that stand in the way of achieving their goals. The empirical study on Romania presented here lends this observation a more profound meaning: it shows how, in contexts where high level corruption is the norm rather than the exception, self-serving political elites cannot be expected to genuinely commit to adopting sound anti-corruption reform. The book is an inquiry into the motivations that drive legislators to make particular decisions, but also into the structural characteristics and dynamics of the elite that invite a selfish rather than responsible and responsive behaviour. This publication was supported by funds from the Publication Fund for Open Access Monographs of the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany.
    Keywords: Europeanization ; Romania ; European Union ; EU ; post-accession conditionality ; Central and Eastern Europe ; political elite ; corruption ; justice reform ; civil society empowerment ; European Union Politics ; Russian and Post-Soviet Politics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPB Comparative politics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPP Public administration ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPB Comparative politics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPP Public administration ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics
    Language: English
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    The Geology of Kuwait (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book contains a set of chapters covering all aspects of geosciences related to Kuwait and adjacent regions, including Iran, Saudi Arabia and the Arab Gulf states. It covers basic information about the geology including a wide range of geoscientific disciplines such as marine geology, structural geology, hydrogeology and geophysics related to the region. This book is aimed at researchers and students, as well as professionals in the field of hazard mitigation and petroleum exploration.
    Keywords: petroleum exploration Kuwait ; Ground water resources Kuwait ; Burgan oil field ; Zubair Formation ; Bubiyan Island ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBG Geology, geomorphology and the lithosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBG Geology, geomorphology and the lithosphere::RBGB Sedimentology and pedology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVG Geophysics
    Language: English
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    Academic Integrity in Canada (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: This open access book presents original contributions and thought leadership on academic integrity from a variety of Canadian scholars. It showcases how our understanding and support for academic integrity have progressed, while pointing out areas urgently requiring more attention. Firmly grounded in the scholarly literature globally, it engages with the experience of local practicioners. It presents aspects of academic integrity that is specific to Canada, such as the existence of an "honour culture", rather than relying on an "honour code". It also includes Indigenous voices and perspectives that challenge traditional understandings of intellectual property, as well as new understandings that have arisen as a consequence of Covid-19 and the significant shift to online and remote learning. This book will be of interest to senior university and college administrators who are interested in ensuring the integrity of their institutions. It will also be of interest to those implementing university and college policy, as well as those who support students in their scholarly work.
    Keywords: Academic Integrity in Canada ; Academic Integrity in Higher Education ; Academic Integrity Policy ; Academic Misconduct in Canada ; Academic Misconduct in Higher Education ; Academic Misconduct Policy ; Academic Dishonesty in Canada ; Indigenous Perspectives on Academic Integrity ; Teaching and Learning Ethically ; Assessment and Academic Integrity ; Online and Remote Learning and Academic Integrity ; Covid-19 and Academic Integrity ; Open Access ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNK Organization & management of education
    Language: English
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    Experimental Studies in Learning Technology and Child–Computer Interaction (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This book is about the ways in which experiments can be employed in the context of research on learning technologies and child–computer interaction (CCI). It is directed at researchers, supporting them to employ experimental studies while increasing their quality and rigor. The book provides a complete and comprehensive description on how to design, implement, and report experiments, with a focus on and examples from CCI and learning technology research. The topics covered include an introduction to CCI and learning technologies as interdisciplinary fields of research, how to design educational interfaces and visualizations that support experimental studies, the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of experiments, methodological decisions in designing and conducting experiments (e.g. devising hypotheses and selecting measures), and the reporting of results. As well, a brief introduction on how contemporary advances in data science, artificial intelligence, and sensor data have impacted learning technology and CCI research is presented. The book details three important issues that a learning technology and CCI researcher needs to be aware of: the importance of the context, ethical considerations, and working with children. The motivation behind and emphasis of this book is helping prospective CCI and learning technology researchers (a) to evaluate the circumstances that favor (or do not favor) the use of experiments, (b) to make the necessary methodological decisions about the type and features of the experiment, (c) to design the necessary “artifacts” (e.g., prototype systems, interfaces, materials, and procedures), (d) to operationalize and conduct experimental procedures to minimize potential bias, and (e) to report the results of their studies for successful dissemination in top-tier venues (such as journals and conferences). This book is an open access publication.
    Keywords: Experimental studies ; Child-Computer Interaction ; Learning Technology ; User studies ; Methodological decisions ; CCI ; HCI ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human-computer interaction::UYZG User interface design & usability ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human–computer interaction::UYZG User interface design and usability
    Language: English
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    Altern als Zukunft – eine Studie der VolkswagenStiftung (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Deutschland altert – aber was heißt das? Ist das schlimm? Und kann eine Gesellschaft überhaupt als Ganzes altern? In einer Zusammenführung von psychologischen, gerontologischen und soziologischen Erkenntnissen eröffnet dieses Open Access Buch einen bislang einzigartigen, vielseitigen und realistischen Blick auf das Phänomen des Alters und den Prozess des Alterns. Schwerpunkte des Projekts Altern als Zukunft waren Forschungen zu Altersbildern, zur Vorsorge für das Alter sowie zum Zeithandeln im Alter. Über ein Jahrzehnt lang führten die Autoren hierzu quantitative und qualitative Untersuchungen in drei Kontinenten durch. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass vereinseitigende Sichtweisen auf das Alter – seien es negative Stereotypen oder positive Überhöhungen – der Komplexität von Alternserfahrungen nicht gerecht werden. Das Buch richtet sich an alle, die sich für das Altern interessieren: wissenschaftlich, gesellschaftspolitisch, praktisch und persönlich. Ob alt oder jung, das Buch regt dazu an, eigene Sichtweisen zu hinterfragen. Eines wird deutlich: das ‚eine‘ Alter gibt es nicht – und Altern ist unsere Zukunft. Altern als Zukunft plädiert für die individuelle wie gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz der sozialen Tatsache des Alterns – und für das Recht, im höheren Alter genauso selbstbestimmt leben zu können wie in anderen Altersphasen auch.
    Keywords: Altersbilder ; Vorsorge ; Vorsorgehandeln ; Altern ; Zeiterleben ; Zeitmanagement ; Entwicklungspsychologie ; Alternsforschung ; Alternssoziologie ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMC Child & developmental psychology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine::MJX Geriatric medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population & demography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMS The self, ego, identity, personality
    Language: German
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    New Materialist Explorations into Language Education (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: This open access book analyzes language education through a socio-material framework. The authors revisit their position as researchers by decentering themselves and humans in general from the main focus of research activities and giving way to the materialities that are agentive but often overlooked parts of our research contexts and processes. Through this critical posthumanist realism, they are able to engage in research that sees society as an ethical interrelationship between humans and the material world and explore the socio-materialities of language education from the perspectives of material agency, spatial and embodied materiality, and human and non-human assemblages. Each chapter explores language educational contexts through a unique lens of (socio)materiality. Based on how the authors conceptualize (socio)materiality, the book is organized in three sections that seek answers to the following overarching questions: In what ways do material agencies emerge in language educational contexts? How are educational choices and experiences intertwined with materialities of spaces and bodies? What assemblages of human and non-human may occur in language education contexts? Each chapter questions, in its own way, the notion of the human subject as rational, enlightened being and sole possessor of agency, and offers examples of allowing for other-than-human agency to enter the picture. Together, the contributors exemplify how researchers who have been committed to social constructionist thinking for most of their careers learn to make space for new theories, thus inspiring and encouraging readers to remain open for new intellectual and embodied endeavors.
    Keywords: Materialism in Language Education ; Materialism and Language ; Agential Realism and Language Education ; Social Justice and Language Education ; Change in Language Education ; Constructivist Approaches for Socially just Applied Linguistics ; The 2012 Flemish Educational Reform Debate ; Co-located Schools ; Resources, Means and Modalities of Language Learning ; Changes in Language Assessment ; Hybrid Language Classrooms ; New Materialism Theory ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CJ Language teaching and learning ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CB Language: reference and general ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFB Sociolinguistics
    Language: English
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    Immigrant and Asylum Seekers Labour Market Integration upon Arrival: NowHereLand (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-14
    Description: Through an inter-subjective lens, this open access book investigates the initial labour market integration experiences of these migrants, refugees or asylum seekers, who are characterised by different biographies and migration/asylum trajectories. The book gives voice to the migrants and seeks to highlight their own experiences and understandings of the labour market integration process, in the first years of immigration. It adopts a critical, qualitative perspective but does not remain ethnographic. The book rather refers the migrants’ own voice and experience to their own expert knowledge of the policy and socio-economic context that is navigated. Each chapter brings into dialogue the migrant’s intersubjective experiences with the relevant policies and practices, as well as with the relevant stakeholders, whether local government, national services, civil society or migrant organisations. The book concludes with relevant critical insights as to how labour market integration is lived on the ground and on what migrants ‘do’ with labour market policies rather than on what labour market policies ‘do’ to or for migrants.
    Keywords: Labour market integration ; Micro sociology of integration ; Migrant biographies ; Migrant agency ; Narrative biographic analysis in migration studies ; Qualitative study of EU integration ; Sensitive issues in migration research ; Turning point analysis in migration research ; Migrant support organisations ; Migrant kinship networks ; Migration and integration ; Migration and asylum trajectories ; Labour market integration policies and practices ; Economic migration and settlement ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFN Migration, immigration & emigration ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCF Labour economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBL Sociology: work & labour
    Language: English
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    Agricultural Development in Asia and Africa (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This Open Access book explores the multifaceted nature of agricultural and rural development in Asia and examines the extent to which the Asian experience is being replicated in contemporary Africa. This volume compiles the works of top scholars who provided analyses and evidences from household-level surveys collected for many years in several parts of Asia and Africa. The most important finding presented in this book is that African agricultural development has evolved following the pathways of Asian agricultural development. The common pathways are borrowed technology from abroad and adaptive research in rice farming; secured property rights on natural resources; adoption of ICTs; investments in human capital, including training; and launching of the high-value agriculture. In both continents, agricultural development started in the crop sector, which had a strong tendency to induce the dynamic development of other sectors in rural areas.
    Keywords: Agricultural development ; Rural development ; Green Revolution ; Sustainable agriculture ; Agricultural technology ; Rice farming ; Keijiro Otsuka Festschrift ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVB Agricultural science ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics and emerging economies ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTP Development studies
    Language: English
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    Doing Transitions in the Life Course (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access book provides a unique research perspective on life course transitions. Here, transitions are understood as social processes and practices. Leveraging the recent “practice turn” in the social sciences, the contributors analyze how life course transitions are “done.” This book introduces the concept of “doing transitions” and its implications for theories and methods. It presents fresh empirical research on “doing transitions” in different life phases (e.g., childhood, young adulthood, later life) and life domains (e.g., education, work, family, health, migration). It also emphasizes themes related to institutions and organizations, time and normativity, materialities (such as bodies, spaces, and artifacts), and the reproduction of social inequalities in education and welfare. In coupling this new perspective with empirical illustrations, this book is an indispensable resource for scholars from demography, sociology, psychology, social work and other scientific fields, as well as for students, counselors and practitioners, and policymakers.
    Keywords: Transitions in the life course ; Life course and biography ; Transitions as social practice ; Doing difference and social inequalities ; Social inclusion and exclusion ; Doing transitions in the life course ; Discoursive articulation of transitions in the life course ; Institutional regulation of the life course ; Individual coping with life course transitions ; Education and the life course ; Welfare and the life course ; Doing gender in the life course ; Migration and transitions ; Transitions from education to work ; Relational research perspectives ; Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population and demography
    Language: English
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    Electroweak Physics at LEP and LHC (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book… During more than 10 years, from 1989 until 2000, the LEP accelerator and the four LEP experiments, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL, have taken data for a large amount of measurements at the frontier of particle physics. The main outcome is a thorough and successful test of the Standard Model of electroweak interactions. Mass and width of the Z and W bosons were measured precisely, as well as the Z and photon couplings to fermions and the couplings among gauge bosons. The rst part of this work will describe the most important physics results of the LEP experiments. Emphasis is put on the properties of the W boson, which was my main research eld at LEP. Especially the precise determination of its mass and its couplings to the other gauge bosons will be described. Details on physics effects like Colour Reconnection and Bose-Einstein Correlations in W-pair events shall be discussed as well. A conclusive summary of the current electroweak measurements, including low-energy results, as the pillars of possible future ndings will be given. The important contributions from Tevatron, like the measurement of the top quark and W mass, will round up the present day picture of electroweak particle physics. This is an open access book. ; During more than 10 years, from 1989 until 2000, the LEP accelerator and the four LEP experiments, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL, have taken data for a large amount of measurements at the frontier of particle physics. The main outcome is a thorough and successful test of the Standard Model of electroweak interactions. Mass and width of the Z and W bosons were measured precisely, as well as the Z and photon couplings to fermions and the couplings among gauge bosons. The rst part of this work will describe the most important physics results of the LEP experiments. Emphasis is put on the properties of the W boson, which was my main research eld at LEP. Especially the precise determination of its mass and its couplings to the other gauge bosons will be described. Details on physics effects like Colour Reconnection and Bose-Einstein Correlations in W-pair events shall be discussed as well. A conclusive summary of the current electroweak measurements, including low-energy results, as the pillars of possible future ndings will be given. The important contributions from Tevatron, like the measurement of the top quark and W mass, will round up the present day picture of electroweak particle physics.
    Keywords: Boson ; Electroweak physics ; Experiment ; Hadron ; Higgs physics ; Particle physics ; Standard Model ; W and Z bosons ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics
    Language: English
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