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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (10,347)
  • 1
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    Remote sensing of forest ecosystem dynamics: Measurements and modeling (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The development of an integrated approach to the modeling of forest dynamics encompassing submodels of forest growth and succession, soil processes and radiation interactions, is reported. Remote sensing technology is a key element of this study in that it provides data for developing, initializing, updating, and validating the models. The objectives are reviewed, the data collected and models in use are discussed, and a framework for studying interactions between the forest growth, soil process and energy interaction components, is described. Remote sensing technology used in the study includes optical and microwave field, aircraft and satellite borne instruments. The types of data collected during intensive field and aircraft campaigns included bidirectional reflectance, thermal emittance and multifrequency, multipolarization synthetic aperture radar backscatter. Synthetic imagery of derived products such as forest biomass and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetative Index), and collections of ground data are being assembled in a georeferenced data base. These data are used to drive or test multidiscipline simulations of forested ecosystems. Enhancements to the modeling environment permit considerable flexibility in configuring simulations and selecting results for reporting and graphical display.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CNES, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 1005-1012
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  • 2
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    Understanding the biosphere from space: Strategies to exploit remote sensing data (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The quantitative interpretation of satellite observations requires the use of mathematical tools to extract the desired information on terrestrial environments from the radiation data collected in space. A whole range of approaches can be pursued, from the development of models capable of explaining the nature of the physical signal being measured and of characterizing the state of the system under observation, to the empirical correlations between the variables of interest and the space measurements. The premises and implications of these approaches are outlined, paying special attention to the mathematical and numerical requirements. The role and specific applications of empirical bidirectional reflectance models is also discussed, even though these models do not contribute to the understanding of the theory of radiation transfer or to the assessment of the variables of interest. The advantages and drawbacks of these various approaches and the research priorities for the next few years are discussed in the context of the planned availability of new sensors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CNES, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 993-1004
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  • 3
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    Measurement of the fluorescence of crop residues: A tool for controlling soil erosion (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Management of crop residues, the portion of a crop left in the field after harvest, is an important conservation practice for minimizing soil erosion and for improving water quality. Quantification of crop residue cover is required to evaluate the effectiveness of conservation tillage practices. Methods are needed to quantify residue cover that are rapid, accurate, and objective. The fluorescence of crop residue was found to be a broadband phenomenon with emission maxima at 420 to 495 nm for excitations of 350 to 420 nm. Soils had low intensity broadband emissions over the 400 to 690 nm region for excitations of 300 to 600 nm. The range of relative fluorescence intensities for the crop residues was much greater than the fluorescence observed of the soils. As the crop residues decompose their blue fluorescence values approach the fluorescence of the soil. Fluorescence techniques are concluded to be less ambiguous and better suited for discriminating crop residues and soils than reflectance methods. If properly implemented, fluorescence techniques can be used to quantify, not only crop residue cover, but also photosynthetic efficiency in the field.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CNES, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 855-862
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  • 4
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    Measurement of aerodynamic roughness using radar backscatter over vegetated surfaces (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The importance of the measurement of wind fields is discussed. Wind regime data can be used to infer the amount and type of wind induced (aerolian) transport of sand and dust, or to establish global circulation models, for example on other planets. Since local measurements are costly and often impossible, it is desired to infer such data from remotely sensed information. A potential mechanism for remotely inferring the wind regime by using synthetic aperture radar data to describe the roughness of the surface is described. A project to estimate the practicality of using such a mechanism is described. An experiment that extends the mechanism to vegetated sites, where the goal is to measure potential for erosion, is reported.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CNES, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 451-456
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  • 5
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    Radiative transfer code based estimation of atmospheric parameters for inversion of imaging spectrometer measured radiance to apparent surface reflectance (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Surface reflectance is required to quantitatively investigate molecular absorption and particle scattering properties of materials on the Earth's surface. Atmospheric aerosol optical depth, surface pressure and water vapor are required to constrain a radiative transfer code for the inversion of measured spectral radiance to apparent surface reflectance. A suite of algorithms using nonlinear least squares fitting techniques are described that directly estimate these atmospheric parameters from spectral radiance measured by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). The derived atmospheric parameters are used to constrain a radiative transfer code for the inversion of the imaging spectrometer radiance to apparent reflectance. The derived apparent reflectance is validated with respect to in situ measurement on the same target.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CNES, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 193-200
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  • 6
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    Large area mapping of soil moisture using the ESTAR passive microwave radiometer (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Investigations designed to study land surface hydrologic-atmospheric interactions, showing the potential of L band passive microwave radiometry for measuring surface soil moisture over large areas, are discussed. Satisfying the data needs of these investigations requires the ability to map large areas rapidly. With aircraft systems this means a need for more beam positions over a wider swath on each flightline. For satellite systems the essential problem is resolution. Both of these needs are currently being addressed through the development and verification of Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) technology. The ESTAR L band radiometer was evaluated for soil moisture mapping applications in two studies. The first was conducted over the semiarid rangeland Walnut Gulch watershed located in south eastern Arizona (U.S.). The second was performed in the subhumid Little Washita watershed in south west Oklahoma (U.S.). Both tests showed that the ESTAR is capable of providing soil moisture with the same level of accuracy as existing systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CNES, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 467-474
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  • 7
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    Multi-band automatic sun and sky scanning radiometer system for measurement of aerosols (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: A weather resistant automatic scanning Sun photometer system is assessed and demonstrated as practical for measurements of aerosol concentrations and properties at remote sites. Interfaced with a transmitter using the Geostationary Data Collection System (GDCS), the data are processed in near real time. The processing allows a time dependence of the aerosols and water vapor and an ongoing assessment of the health and calibration of the instruments. The system's automatic data acquisition, transmission, and processing offer immediate application to atmospheric monitoring and modeling on a regional to global scale and validation of satellite retrievals. It is estimated that under normal circumstances the retrieved aerosol optical thickness has a network wide accuracy of +/- 0.02 from 340 nm to 1020 nm, water vapor +/- 0.2 cm and size distribution from 0.1 to 3 micrometers.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CNES, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 75-83
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  • 8
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    Observations with the ROWS instrument during the Grand Banks calibration/validation experiments (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: As part of a global program to validate the ocean surface sensors on board ERS-1, a joint experiment on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland was carried out in Nov. 1991. The principal objective was to provide a field validation of ERS-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) measurement of ocean surface structure. The NASA-P3 aircraft measurements made during this experiment provide independent measurements of the ocean surface along the validation swath. The Radar Ocean Wave Spectrometer (ROWS) is a radar sensor designed to measure direction of the long wave components using spectral analysis of the tilt induced radar backscatter modulation. This technique greatly differs from SAR and thus, provides a unique set of measurements for use in evaluating SAR performance. Also, an altimeter channel in the ROWS gives simultaneous information on the surface wave height and radar mean square slope parameter. The sets of geophysical parameters (wind speed, significant wave height, directional spectrum) are used to study the SAR's ability to accurately measure ocean gravity waves. The known distortion imposed on the true directional spectrum by the SAR imaging mechanism is discussed in light of the direct comparisons between ERS-1 SAR, airborne Canadian Center for Remote Sensing (CCRS) SAR, and ROWS spectra and the use of the nonlinear ocean SAR transform.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of 2nd ERS-1 Symposium on Space at the Service of Our Environment, Volume 2; p 1161-1164
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  • 9
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    Applications of interferometrically derived terrain slopes: Normalization of SAR backscatter and the interferometric correlation coefficient (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Terrain slopes, which can be measured with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry either from a height map or from the interferometric phase gradient, were used to calculate the local incidence angle and the correct pixel area. Both are required for correct thematic interpretation of SAR data. The interferometric correlation depends on the pixel area projected on a plane perpendicular to the look vector and requires correction for slope effects. Methods for normalization of the backscatter and interferometric correlation for ERS-1 SAR are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of 2nd ERS-1 Symposium on Space at the Service of Our Environment, Volume 2; p 723-726
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  • 10
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    Derivation of terrain slope from SAR interferometric phase gradient (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The relationship between the gradient of the interferometric phase and the terrain slope, which, it is thought, would allow a derivation of the terrain slopes without phase unwrapping, is presented. A linear relationship between the interferometric phase gradient and the terrain slopes was found. A quantitative error analysis showed that only very small errors are introduced by these approximations for orbital Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) geometries. An example of a slope map for repeat pass interferometry from ERS-1 SAR data is given. A number of direct and indirect applications of the terrain slope are indicated: erosion and avalanche hazard studies, radiometric calibration of SAR data, and normalization of the interferometric correlation coefficient.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of 2nd ERS-1 Symposium on Space at the Service of Our Environment, Volume 2; p 711-715
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