Thermoluminescent sheets for the detection of high energy hadronic and electromagnetic showers

doi:10.1016/0168-9002(86)90845-4

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Volume 243, Issue 1, 1 February 1986, Pages 219-224

https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)90845-4 Get rights and content

Abstract

A new detector, the thermoluminescent (TL) sheet, has been developed by using a new thermoluminescent powder. BaSO₄: Eu, for the study of hadronic and electromagnetic cascade showers in ultrahigh energy interactions. The TL sheet is an effective detector because of the following advantages: high sensitivity for the detection of cascade showers (around 1 TeV), high position resolution of about 50 μm, wide dynamic range over seven orders of magnitude and little thermal fading of the TL latent signal. Moreover, the TL sheet can be used repeatedly by annealing.

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Mg2SiO4:Tb powder is supplied by the Dai Nippon Toryo Co., Ltd....
CaSo4:Tm powder is supplied by the Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.,...

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Cited by (37)

Photoluminescence and thermoluminescence studies in BaSO<inf>4</inf>:Eu
2022, Journal of Luminescence
Citation Excerpt :
As the main TL peak in the samples prepared by the recrystallization method occurred at a relatively low temperature of 165 °C, only the samples prepared by the co-precipitation method were used for subsequent investigations. In this method, the main TL peak in BaSO4:Eu,P was found to occur at 215 °C with shoulders at 165 and 270 °C similar to that of the BaSO4:Eu phosphor made by Okamoto et al. [1]. The TL emission spectral peak at 375 nm is characteristic of Eu2+.
BaSO₄: Eu²⁺ made with EuCl₃ dopant along with MgCl₂ and NaCl flux using solid state reaction exhibit high thermoluminescent (TL) sensitivity. Efficient Charge Transfer (CT) transitions between PO₄³⁻ ions (hole traps) and adjacent anion vacancies (electron traps) offers a clue in the development ultra high sensitive TL phosphor based on BaSO₄:Eu,P. However, BaSO₄: Eu made with Eu₂O₃ dopant along with (NH₄)₂SO₄ and Na₂SO₄ flux is suited for scintillation and X-ray image intensifying screens as it exhibits intense violet (375 nm) fluorescence emission with negligible afterglow up to 125 °C on X-ray irradiation while commercial BaFBr:Eu image intensifying phosphor exhibits intense afterglow at temperatures ≥100 °C. The reduced afterglow of BaSO₄:Eu is attributed to the elimination of chlorine ion interstitials and anion vacancies responsible for TL production.
Thermoluminescence properties of nanocrystalline BaSO<inf>4</inf> doped with Eu2+ produced by solid state combustion synthesis
2021, Radiation Physics and Chemistry
Nanocrystalline powder samples of barium sulfate doped with Europium (BaSO₄:Eu²⁺) were prepared, at a dopant concentration of 0.02 mol%, by the combustion solid-state technique in air atmospheres. Thermoluminescence (TL) response and dosimetric studies have been carried out for this phosphor in order to characterize it as a radiation dosimeter. The results showed that the TL glow curve of BaSO₄:Eu²⁺present an intense TL peak at 200 °C accompanied by a small shoulder peak at 270 °C. The TL low detection limit for BaSO₄:Eu (0.02 mol%) was found to be 17.8 $μ G y$ for the gamma radiation emitted by ¹³⁷Cs $.$ The comparative study with the LiF:Mg, Ti (TLD-100) and calcium fluoride doped with thulium CaF₂:Tm dosimeters showed that the TL response of the BaSO₄:Eu(0.02 mol%) synthesized by the combustion solid-state technique is highly sensitive: it is 5.8 times higher than the response of the CaF₂:Tm pellets and 9.4 times higher than the response of TLD-100. The high sensitivity of BaSO4:Eu and its linear dose response indicate that it can be used as sensor for gamma ionizing radiations.
Thermoluminescence, OSL and defect centers in Tb doped magnesium orthosilicate phosphor
2016, Applied Radiation and Isotopes
Mg₂SiO₄:Tb phosphor exhibits four thermoluminescence (TL) peaks at 124, 244, 300 and 370 °C for a heating rate of 2 °C/s, 244 °C peak being the main dosimetry peak. The irradiated phosphor exhibits CW-OSL response on stimulation with blue (470 nm) light. Thermal decay of OSL shows that all the TL traps contribute to CW-OSL signal. Its TL and OSL sensitivities are 0.21 and 0.038, respectively, than that of Al₂O₃:C (Landauer Inc.). Its CW-OSL response increases linearly up to 30 Gy, thereafter increase was supralinear up to the studied dose of 1000 Gy. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) studies were carried out to study the defect centers induced in the phosphor by gamma irradiation and also to identify the centers responsible for the TL process. Room temperature ESR spectrum of irradiated phosphor appears to be a superposition of at least three distinct centers. One of the centers (center I) with an isotropic g-factor 2.0122 is attributable to an intrinsic O^- radical and this correlates with the main TL peak at 244 °C. Center II with an isotropic g-factor 2.0012 is assigned to an F⁺-center (singly ionized oxygen vacancy) and is the likely recombination center for all the TL peaks. Both the centers grow with radiation dose at least up to 1 kGy. Center III with an axial symmetric g-tensor with principal g-values g_||=2.0049 and g_⊥=2.0029 is identified as an F⁺-center and is not related to the observed TL peaks in the phosphor.
The role of anion and cation vacancies in the thermoluminescence and photoluminescence processes of BaSO<inf>4</inf>:Eu2+
2016, Journal of Luminescence
Citation Excerpt :
The TL glow curves of samples A, B, C and G along with that of standard CaSO4:Dy made by recrystallization route are shown in Fig. 1. Sample A fired in carbon atmosphere (BaSO4:Eu2+,Na+) exhibits an intense TL peak at 250 °C accompanied with two shoulder peaks on its either side, one at 190 °C and the other at 310 °C similar to the Japanese sample [2], thereby indicating that Na2SO4 rather than NH4SO4 serves as a good flux in the synthesis of BaSO4:Eu2+. The TL peak of CaSO4:Dy occurred near 260 °C but its TL intensity is only 50% of that of sample A.
Synthesis of BaSO₄:Eu²⁺, Na⁺ by precipitation method followed by solid state diffusion in reducing atmosphere was found to result in high thermoluminescence (TL) as well as photoluminescence (PL) sensitivities. BaSO₄:Eu²⁺ does not need any charge compensation, since both Ba²⁺ and Eu²⁺ are in 2+ valence states. But Eu cannot be doped into BaSO₄ without a flux and the aliovalent cations at substitutional sites and anions at interstitial sites originating from the flux/sensitizer materials can create/remove lattice vacancies which influence its TL and PL efficiencies. BaSO₄:Eu²⁺, Na⁺ exhibits high TL efficiency due to the electron traps caused by anion vacancies. It exhibits an intense TL peak at 250°C accompanied with two shoulder peaks on its either side, one at 190°C and the other at 310°C similar to the commercial Japanese sample. A redox process involving sulfate radicals and anion vacancies (F⁺ centers) is proposed as a viable TL process. Its TL response versus gamma dose was found to be linear in the range 1–100 mGy. However, it exhibits a fading of 30% on storage at RT for 3 weeks. The influence of optical fading on this aspect needs to be studied. The presence of cation vacancies caused by oxidation of Eu²⁺ to Eu³⁺ or Cl⁻ at interstitial sites reduces the TL as well as PL efficiencies of BaSO₄:Eu²⁺.
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermally assisted OSL in Eu2+ - Doped BaSO<inf>4</inf> phosphor
2014, Radiation Measurements
BaSO₄:Eu²⁺ phosphor has been investigated for its photoluminescence (PL), thermoluminescence (TL), TL kinetics, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermally assisted OSL (TA-OSL) response. PL spectra showed the characteristic emission of Eu²⁺ ion at 375 nm when excited by 320 nm. The luminescence lifetime has been measured as 40 and 628 μs of fast and slow components respectively. The TL parameters such as trap depth (E), frequency factor (s) and the order of kinetics (b) are determined. The phosphor is found to be 6 and 4 times more sensitive than CaSO₄:Dy and α-Al₂O₃:C, respectively, in TL mode. However, its OSL sensitivity is 75% of α-Al₂O₃:C. It is found to possess three OSL components having photoionization cross-sections of 1.4 × 10⁻¹⁷, 1.2 × 10⁻¹⁸ and 5.2 × 10⁻¹⁹ cm² respectively. The temperature dependence of OSL studies showed that integrated TA-OSL signal increases with stimulation temperature between 50 and 250 °C, while between 260 and 450 °C the signal intensity decreases. This behavior is interpreted to arise from competing effects of thermal assistance (activation energy E_A = 0.063 ± 0.0012 eV) and depletion of trapped charges. This increase of OSL at elevated temperature can be employed for enhancing the sensitivity of phosphor for radiation dosimetry.
Synthesis and TL glow curve analysis of BaSO <inf>4</inf>:Eu,Dy phosphor
2012, Journal of Luminescence
Citation Excerpt :
Efforts are still being made to synthesise different TL phosphors using different techniques. It is to be noted that the earlier studies on BaSO4:Eu [1–16,19–22] did not focus on the determination of trapping parameters of TL glow peaks but were confined to synthesis, optical absorption, ESR and dosimetric aspect of the material. To the best knowledge of the present authors, the study of TL of BaSO4:Eu,Dy has not been reported in literature.
The polycrystalline samples of Ba_1−x−ySO₄:Eu_x,Dy_y (0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1) have been prepared using the chemical co-precipitation technique. The thermoluminescence (TL) sensitivity of the samples have been found changing with the value of x and y and the highest TL intensity is for Ba₉₆SO₄:Eu₀₂,Dy₀₂. The sample has been characterised by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The samples are found to have orthorhombic structure. For TL analysis Ba₉₆SO₄:Eu₀₂,Dy₀₂ is annealed at different temperatures ranging from 873 to 1173 K. Kinetic parameters of all the TL glow curves of Ba_1−x−ySO₄:Eu_x,Dy_y for different values of x and y and also for the TL glow curves Ba₉₆SO₄:Eu₀₂,Dy₀₂ annealed at different temperatures have been found out using computerised glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) method. The activation energy for the most intense TL peak at (444–453 K) is found out to be 1.26 eV and order of kinetics is 1.35.

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Abstract

References (8)

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Phys. Rev.

Cited by (37)

Photoluminescence and thermoluminescence studies in BaSO<inf>4</inf>:Eu

Thermoluminescence properties of nanocrystalline BaSO<inf>4</inf> doped with Eu<sup>2+</sup> produced by solid state combustion synthesis

Thermoluminescence, OSL and defect centers in Tb doped magnesium orthosilicate phosphor

The role of anion and cation vacancies in the thermoluminescence and photoluminescence processes of BaSO<inf>4</inf>:Eu<sup>2+</sup>

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermally assisted OSL in Eu<sup>2+</sup> - Doped BaSO<inf>4</inf> phosphor

Synthesis and TL glow curve analysis of BaSO <inf>4</inf>:Eu,Dy phosphor