Fourfold anisotropy of an electrodeposited Co/Cu compositionally modulated alloy

doi:10.1016/0304-8853(92)91261-Q

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Volume 113, Issues 1–3, 2 July 1992, Pages 149-154

https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(92)91261-Q Get rights and content

Abstract

A compositionally modulated alloy of 3 nm layers each of Cu and Co was electrodeposited on a (100) oriented Cu single crystal substrate. Anisotropy with fourfold symmetry in the plane of the film was investigated using ferromagnetic resonance, vector VSM techniques, and measurements of magnetic viscosity. This anisotropy is thought to be the first such effect to be observed in multilayered samples produced by either sputtering or electrodeposition. The anisotropy energy, K₁, is roughly consistent with values published for fcc cobalt.

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Citation Excerpt :
The overall anisotropy in the layers are influenced by the crystallographic texture within the layers and the degree of mixing between the layers [11,12]. McMichael et al. discussed the magnetic anisotropy of Co/Cu alloy prepared by electrodepositon method [13] while Bennett et al. reported magnetic behaviour of pulse electrodeposited Ni–Cu multilayer and concluded that large magnetization value can be optioned with smaller layer thickness [14]. Pulsed electrodeposition (PED) is the one of the cost effective and simple method to deposit films [15,16].
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Electrodeposition and composition modulation of Co-Ni(Cu)/Cu multilayers
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Co–Ni(Cu)/Cu multilayers were electrodeposited from a citrate electrolyte in a flow channel cell using a potentiostatic dual-pulse plating method under controlled hydrodynamic condition and the composition of the multilayers was modulated by changing various deposition parameters. The flow channel cell was found to be an effective tool to plate nanostructured multilayers with good reproducibility. The variation of the electrolyte concentration was found to be a more suitable way for composition modulation in the ferromagnetic layers. Multilayers with less copper impurity in the ferromagnetic layer could be deposited from an electrolyte of near neutral pH. In anomalous co-deposition of nickel and cobalt, the cobalt deposition current was found to increase with the increase of nickel ion concentration in the electrolyte and reached an optimum value where co-deposition occurred at the highest rate.
Characterisation of Co-Ni(Cu)/Cu multilayers deposited from a citrate electrolyte in a flow channel cell
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CoNi(Cu)/Cu multilayers consisting of 50 and 200 bi-layers were deposited from a citrate electrolyte in a flow channel cell by a dual pulse plating technique. The dissolution of the ferromagnetic components during pulse plating was studied using an oscilloscope and cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the dissolution was suppressed due to the passivation of the ferromagnetic layers before the deposition of an atomic layer of nonmagnetic component on them. The passivation was a function of the nickel ion concentration in the electrolyte. X-ray studies showed that the deposit had a preferred crystal orientation of [1 1 1] and suggested the formation of a super-lattice. Atomic force microscopy studies showed a four-fold increase of the roughness of the ferromagnetic surface with increasing layer thickness from 6 to 10 nm, whereas the roughness of the nonmagnetic surface only changed slightly with increasing layer thickness. The multilayers exhibit giant magnetoresistance.
Structural, magnetic and transport properties of CoZn/Cu electrodeposited multilayers
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We present experimental results of (Co_9.7Zn_90.3/Cu)₂₀ multilayers grown from electrochemical dual bath. X-ray diffraction patterns have shown that the CoZn structural lattice parameters are close to those of the monoclinic CoZn₁₃ compound. The magnetic properties at room temperature reveal both superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic features. The magnetoresistance behaviour exhibits a broad, rounded maximum around H=0 and does not present any saturation.
Relevance of the potentiodynamic method in parameter selection for pulse-plating of Co-Cu/Cu multilayers
2004, Electrochimica Acta
Results of potentiodynamic measurements and current transients recorded during pulse-plating of Co–Cu/Cu multilayers were compared. Three electrolytes prepared with different components (metal sulfates; metal sulfates and sodium citrate; metal sulfates and chlorides plus boric acid) were used. It was observed for each electrolyte used that the onset potential of Co dissolution as observed on the potentiodynamic curves depends on several experimental parameters such as sweep rate, cathodic limit, ion concentrations, pH and also on the number of cycles recorded. It was revealed that the potential at which Cu can be deposited after the deposition of the Co-rich layer without the dissolution of Co can be established only by the measurements of current transients during the potentiostatic Cu deposition pulse. The loss of Co as a function of the Cu deposition potential are given for several sets of deposition parameters. The relevance of the potentiodynamic result for avoiding Co dissolution during pulse-plating of multilayers is also discussed.
Pulse-plating of copper-cobalt alloys
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Pulse-plating of copper–cobalt alloys was studied theoretically and experimentally. The deposits were produced from a citrate electrolyte using a recessed rotating cylinder electrode (rRCE) and an inverted recessed rotating disk electrode (IrRDE), respectively. A mathematical model developed previously by the authors was applied to the prediction of alloy composition as a function of pulse off-time. The displacement reaction between copper and cobalt during the pulse off-time was simulated using step functions for the characterization of the coverage of the surface by a copper layer. Comparison of simulated and measured alloy compositions showed that a displacement reaction occurred even at the longest pulse off-times studied. Potential responses measured during pulse off-time suggest that the displacement reaction leads to incomplete coverage of the alloy surface by copper. Investigation of deposit cross-sections with the scanning electron microscope showed that distinct phases rich in copper and in cobalt form a columnar structure. This is thought to be the reason that a displacement reaction could be observed even at long pulse off-times.

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¹: National Research Council Research Associate at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

²: Permanent address: Nuclear Research Center - Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.

³: Permanent address: IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA.

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Fourfold anisotropy of an electrodeposited Co/Cu compositionally modulated alloy

Abstract

J. Appl. Phys.

J. Magn. Magn. Mater.

J. Electrochem. Soc.