Summary
Enzyme-gold affinity labeling was used to show that in mature infected cells of actinorhizal symbioses the capsule on the plant host side of the symbiotic interface contained cellulose and xylans. Host species examined for cellulose wereAlnus rubra, Casuarina equisetifolia, C. glauca, Ceanothus cuneata, C. velutinus, Elaeagnus pungens, andMyrica cerifera.. Cellulose was in the capsule throughout the infected cell, implying that during development cellulose synthase was present in the host cell membrane component of the symbiotic interface. Any possible degradation of capsule cellulose by the microsymbiont was either incomplete or transient, because the polymer was present in mature infected cells. Cellulose labeling inCeanothus andElaeagnus was less consistent than in the other species. Dual labeled capsules inCasuarina glauca andAlnus rubra showed a similar distribution of xylans and cellulose. Cytochemical studies indicate that the capsule contains three major classes of cell wall polysaccharides: cellulose, hemicellulose (xylans), and pectins (shown previously). This suggests that the capsule is essentially a thin, internal, tubular plant cell wall.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- Au5 :
-
Au15 colloidal gold particles with mean diameter of 5 and 15 nm, respectively
- CBHI:
-
cellobiohydrolase I
- CBHII:
-
cellobiohydrolase II
- PBS:
-
phosphate-buffered saline
References
Abeysekera RM, Newcomb W, Silvester WB, Torrey JG (1990) A freeze-fracture electron microscopic study ofFrankia in root nodules ofAlnus incana grown at three oxygen tensions. Can J Bot 36: 97–108
Andreeva IN, Tibilov AA, Il'yasova VB, Zhiznevskaya GY (1980) Ultrastructure of nitrogen-fixing nodules in seedlings of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Fiziologiya Rastenii 27: 791–799
Berg RH (1983) Preliminary evidence for the involvement of suberization in infection ofCasuarina. Can J Bot 61: 2910–2918
—, McDowell L (1987) Endophyte differentiation inCasuarina actinorhizae. Protoplasma 136: 104–117
— — (1988) Cytochemistry of the wall of infected cells inCasuarina actinorhizae. Can J Bot 66: 2038–2047
—, Erdos GW, Gritzali M, Brown RD (1988) Enzyme-gold affinity labelling of cellulose. J Electron Microsc Tech 8: 371–379
Berry AM, Sunell LA (1990) The infection process and nodule development. In: Schwintzer CR, Tjepkema JD (eds) The biology ofFrankia and actinorhizal plants. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 61–81
Delmer DP (1987) Cellulose biosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 38: 259–290
Dey PM, Brinson K (1984) Plant cell walls. Adv Carbohydrate Chem Biochem 42: 265–382
Frens G (1973) Controlled nucleation for the regulation of the particle size in monodisperse gold suspensions. Nature Phys Sci 241: 20–22
Gritzali M, Brown RD (1979) The cellulase system ofTrichoderma: relationships between purified extracellular enzymes from induced or cellulose-grown cells. In: Brown RD, Jurasek L (eds) Hydrolysis of cellulose: mechanisms of enzymatic and acid catalysis. American Chemical Society, Washington, pp 237–260 (Adv Chem Series, vol 181)
Lalonde M, Knowles R (1975) Ultrastructure, composition, and biogenesis of the encapsulation material surrounding the endophyte inAlnus crispa var.mollis root nodules. Can J Bot 53: 1951–1971
Moore PJ, Staehelin LA (1988) Immunogold localization of the cell-wall-matrix polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan I and xyloglucan during cell expansion and cytokinesis inTrifolium pratense L.: implication for secretory pathways. Planta 174: 433–445
—, Darvill AG, Albersheim P, Staehelin LA (1986) Immunogold localization of xyloglucan and rhamnogalacturonan I in the cell walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells. Plant Physiol 82: 787–794
Newcomb W (1981) Fine structure of the root nodules ofDryas drummondii Richards (Rosaceae). Can J Bot 59: 2500–2514
—, Heisey RM (1984) Ultrastructure of actinorhizal root nodules ofChamaebatia foliolosa (Rosaceae). Can J Bot 62: 1697–1707
—, Pankhurst CE (1982 a) Fine structure of actinorhizal root nodules ofCoriaria arborea (Coriariaceae). New Zealand J Bot 20: 93–103
— — (1982 b) Ultrastructure of actinorhizal root nodules ofDiscaria toumatou Raoul (Rhamnaceae). New Zealand J Bot 20: 105–113
—, Wood SM (1987) Morphogenesis and fine structure ofFrankia (Actinomycetales): the microsymbiont of nitrogen-fixing actinorhizal root nodules. Int Rev Cytol 109: 1–88
—, Peterson RL, Callaham D, Torrey JG (1978) Structure and hostactinomycete interactions in developing root nodules ofComptonia peregrina. Can J Bot 56: 502–531
Ruel K, Joseleau JP (1984) Use of enzyme-gold complexes for the ultrastructural localization of hemicelluloses in the plant cell wall. Histochemistry 81: 573–580
Safo-Sampah S, Torrey JG (1988) Polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes ofFrankia (Actinomycetales). Plant Soil 112: 89–97
Séguin A, Lalonde M (1989) Detection of pectolytic activity andpel homologous sequences inFrankia. Plant Soil 118: 221–229
Slot JW, Geuze HJ (1985) A new method of preparing gold probes for multiple-labeling cytochemistry. Eur J Cell Biol 38: 87–93
Strand R, Laetsch W (1977) Cell and endophyte structure of the nitrogen-fixing root nodules ofCeanothus integerrimus H. and A. II. Progress of the endophyte into young cells of the growing nodule. Protoplasma 93: 179–190
Vian B, Brillouet JM, Satiat-Jeunemaitre B (1983) Ultrastructural visualization of xylans in cell walls of hardwood by means of xylanase-gold complex. Biol Cell 49: 179–182
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Berg, R.H. Cellulose and xylans in the interface capsule in symbiotic cells of actinorhizae. Protoplasma 159, 35–43 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01326633
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01326633