Skip to main content
Log in

Influence of accurate heat flux measurements on the evaluation of evaporation from a bare soil by energy balance

Einfluß genauer Wärmeflußmessungen auf die Berechnung der Verdunstung von aperem Boden aus der Energiebilanz

  • Published:
Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Accurate measurements of thermal conductivity and diffusivity, made both at soil surface by a flat heater and at various depths by cylindrical heat sources, had allowed a better estimation of soil heat flux. It was seen that heat flux is an important component in the energy balance for a bare soil over a short time interval (as 1 hr): indeed, when the driving force of evaporation is active and soil water content is low, heat flux may reach the peak value of 25 percent of net radiation, and, when the evaporative heat is zero, it may reach a value slightly more than 40 percent (generally, this is noted few hours after sunrise or before sunset). Subsequently, the estimate of the evaporative heat by energy balance is more realistic if the value of soil heat flux is not ambiguous, provided that all other components are known or measurable.

Zusammenfassung

Genaue Messungen der thermischen Leitfähigkeit und der Diffusion, die auf der Boden-oberfläche mit einer flachen Heizquelle und in verschiedenen Tiefen mit zylindrischen Wärmequellen durchgeführt worden sind, haben eine bessere Schätzung des Wärmeflusses im Boden ermöglicht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß der Wärmefluß eine wichtige Komponente der Energiebilanz in einem aperen Boden über ein kurzes Zeitintervall hinweg (1 Stunde) ist. Tatsächlich kann, wenn Verdunstung auftritt und der Bodenwassergehalt gering ist, der Wärmefluß einen Spitzenwert von 25% der Strahlungsbilanz erreichen und, wenn die Verdunstungswärme Null ist, kann er einen Wert etwas über 40% erreichen (dies ist im allgemeinen wenige Stunden nach Sonnenaufgang oder vor Sonnenuntergang der Fall). Folglich ist die Schätzung der Verdunstungswärme aus der Energiebilanz mehr realistisch, wenn der Wert des Wärmeflusses in Boden nicht unsicher ist, vorausgesetzt, daß alle anderen Komponenten bekannt oder meßbar sind.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Aeronautica Militare Italiana: Servizio Meteorologico: Bollettino Meteorologico quotidiano, Roma.

  2. Beck, A. E., Jaeger, J. C., Newstead, G. N.: The Measurement of the Thermal Conductivities of Rocks by Observations in Boreholes. Aust. Jour. Phys.9, 286–296 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Blanc, M. L.: Measurement of Evaporation, Humidity in the Biosphere and Soil Moisture. W.M.O., No. 72, TP 28, Geneva, 1958.

  4. Campbell, A. P.: The Effect of Stability on Evaporation Rates Measured by the Energy Balance Method. Agr. Met.11, 261–268 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ferreira, H. M., Peixoto, J. P.: Evaporation and Evapotranspiration. Geoph. Inst. “Infante D. Luis”, Pub. No. 10, Lisboa, 1970.

  6. Fritschen, L. J.: Accuracy of Evapotranspiration Determinations by the Bowen Ratio Method. J. A. S. H. Bull.10, 38–48 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Idso, S. B., Jackson, R. D., Reginato, R. J., Kimball, B. A., Nakayama, F. S.: The Dependence of Bare Soil Albedo on Soil Water Content. Jour. Appl. Met.14, 109–113 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Linacre, E. T.: Net Radiation to Various Surfaces. J. Appl. Ecol.6, 61–75 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Mongelli, F., Piacente, S., Zito, G.: Radiation Balance and Soil Moisture. Geof. e Met.19, 55–58 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Mongelli, F., Zito, G., Loddo, M.: A Method for the Determination of the Thermal Properties of Soil Near the Surface. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl., Ser. A,20, 35–42 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Pruitt, W. O.: Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in the Relationship Between Evapotranspiration and Radiation. In: Investigations of Energy and Mass Transfer Near the Ground Including Influences of the Soil-Plant.—Atmospheric System. Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif., 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Revfeim, K. J. A., Jordan, R. B.: Precision of Evaporation Measurements Using the Bowen Ratio. Boundary-lay. Met.10, 97–111 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Seginer, I.: Wind Effect on the Evaporation Rate. Jour. Appl. Met.10, 215–220 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sellers, W. D.: Physical Climatology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tanner, C. B.: Energy Balance Approach to Evapotranspiration From Crops. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.24, 1–9 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Tanner, C. B., Pelton, W. L.: Potential Evapotranspiration Estimates by the Approximate Energy Balance Method of Penman. J. Geoph. Res.65, 3391–3412 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Tanner, C. B., Fuchs, M.: Evaporation From Unsaturated Surfaces: A Generalized Combination Method. J. Geoph. Res.73, 1299–1304 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Van Bavel, C. H. M., Hillel, D. I.: Calculating Potential and Actual Evaporation From a Bare-Soil Surface by Simulation of Concurrent Flow of Water and Heat. Agr. Met.17, 453–476 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Zito, G., Loddo, M., Mongelli, F.: Evaluation of the Soil Heat Storage Variations. Geof. e Met.20, 101–104 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

With 2 Figures

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zito, G., Mongelli, F. & Loddo, M. Influence of accurate heat flux measurements on the evaluation of evaporation from a bare soil by energy balance. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. A. 27, 155–169 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02246692

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02246692

Keywords

Navigation