Abstract
We have constructed a genetic linkage map in the rat by analyzing the strain distribution patterns of 500 genetic markers in a large set of recombinant inbred strains derived from the spontaneously hypertensive rat and the Brown-Norway rat (HXB and BXH recombinant inbred strains). 454 of the markers could be assigned to specific chromosomes, and the amount of genome covered by the mapped markers was estimated to be 1151 centimorgans. By including a variety of morphologic, biochemical, immunogenetic, and molecular markers, the current map integrates and extends existing linkage data and should facilitate rat gene mapping and genetic studies of hypertension and other complex phenotypes of interest in the HXB and BXH recombinant inbred strains.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Belknap, J.K. (1992). Empirical estimates of Bonferroni corrections for use in chromosome mapping studies with the BXD recombinant inbred strains. Behav. Genet. 22, 677–684.
Bender, K., Siebert, R.T., Wienker, T.F., Křen, V., Pravenec, M., Bissbort, S. (1994). Biochemical genetics of methylglyoxal dehydrogenases in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). Biochem. Genet. 32, 147–154.
Butcher, G.W. (1987). A list of monoclonal antibodies specific for alloantigens of the rat. J. Immunogenet. 14, 163–176.
Cicila, G.T., Rapp, J.P., Wang, J.-M., St.Lezin, E., Ng, S.C., Kurtz, T.W. (1993). Linkage of 11b-hydroxylase mutations with altered steroid biosynthesis and blood pressure in the Dahl rat. Nature Genet. 3, 346–353.
Crabbe, J.C., Belknap, J.K., Buck, K.J. (1994). Genetic animal models of alcohol and drug abuse. Science 264, 1715–1723.
Cramer, D.V., Mowery, P.A., Adams, M. (1986). Biochemical markers in rats: linkage relationships of aconitase (Acon-1), aldehyde dehydrogenases (Ahd-2 and Ahd-c), alkaline phosphatase (Akp-1), and hydroxyacid oxidase (Hao-1). Biochem. Genet. 24, 217–227.
Deng, A.Y., Rapp, J.P. (1992). Cosegregation of blood pressure with angiotensin converting enzyme and atrial natriuretic peptide receptor genes using Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Nature Genet. 1, 267–272.
Deng, A.Y., Dene, H., Pravenec, M., Rapp, J.P. (1994). Genetic mapping of two new blood pressure quantitative trait loci in the rat by genotyping endothelin system genes. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 2701–2709.
Dietrich, W.F., Miller, J.C., Steen, R.G., Merchant, M., Damron, D., Mahf, R., Gross, A., Joyce, D.C., Wessel, M., Dredge, R.D., Marquis, A., Stein, L.D., Goodman, N., Page, D.C., Lander, E.S. (1994). A genetic map of the mouse with 4,006 simple sequence length polymorphisms. Nature Genet. 7(Suppl.), 220–245.
Goldmuntz, E.A., Remmers, E.F., Zha, H., Cash, J.M., Mathern, P., Crofford, L.J., Wilder, R.L. (1993). Genetic map of 12 polymorphic loci on rat chromosome 1. Genomics 16, 761–764.
Gora-Maslak, G., McClearn, G.E., Crabbe, J.C., Phillips, T.J., Belknap, J.K., Plomin, R. (1991). Use of recombinant inbred strains to identify quantitative trait loci in psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 104, 413–424.
Hamet, P., Kong, D., Pravenec, M., Kunes, J., Křen, V., Klír, P., Sun, Y.-L., Tremblay, J. (1992). RFLP of a HSP70 gene, localized in the RT1 complex, is associated with hypertension in SHR. Hypertension 19, 611–614.
Hedrich, H.J. (1992). Recombinant inbred strains. In Genetic Monitoring of Inbred Strains of Rats, H.J. Hedrich, ed. (Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag), pp. 487–494.
Jacob, H.J., Brown, D.M., Bunker, R.K., Daly, M.J., Dzau, V.J., Goodman, A., Koike, G., Křen, V., Kurtz, T.W., Lernmark, A., Levan, G., Mao, Y.-p., Pettersson, A., Pravenec, M., Simon, J.S., Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J., Trolliet, M.R., Winer, E.S., Lander, E.S. (1995). A genetic linkage map of the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus. Nature Genet. 9, 63–69.
Jeffreys, A.J., Wilson, V., Kelly, R., Taylor, B., Bulfield, G. (1987). Mouse DNA fingerprints: analysis of chromosome localization and germ-line stability of hypervariable loci in recombinant inbred strains. Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 2823–2833.
Kendall, P.B. (1983). The genetics of esterase 12 and 13 polymorphisms in the Norway rat. Lab. Anim. 17, 221–224.
Kershaw, E.E., Chua, S.C., Williams, J.A., Murphy, E.M., Leibel, R.L. (1995). Molecular mapping of SSRs for Pgml and C8b in the vicinity of the rat fatty locus. Genomics 27, 149–154.
Kobayashi, E., Tachibana, M., Ikadai, H., Imamichi, T., Kunieda T. (1992). Linkage among esterase-6 (Es-6), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), and apolipoprotein C-III (apoc-3) genes on rat Chromosome 8. Mamm. Genome 3, 656–658.
Křen, V. (1975). Genetics of the polydactyly-luxate syndrome in the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus. Acta Univ. Carol. Med. (Praha), Monogr. 68, pp. 1–104.
Křen, V., Pravenec, M., Bílá, V., Daniel, R., Hněvkovský, P., Kurtz, T.W. (1990). Genetic analysis of polydactyly-luxate syndrome. Transplant. Proc. 22, 2588–2589.
Křen, V., Pravenec, M., Bílá, V., Svobodová, D., St.Lezin, E., Kurtz, T.W. (1993). Linkage between the RT8 alloantigen and interleukin 6 loci on rat chromosome 4. Transplant. Proc. 25, 2777.
Kurtz, T.W., Simonet, L., Křen, V., Pravenec, M. (1991). Gene mapping in experimental hypertension. In Genetic Approaches to Coronary Heart Disease and Hypertension, K. Berg, V. Bulyzhenkov, Y. Christen, P. Corvol, eds. (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag), pp. 38–59.
Manly, K.F. (1993). A Macintosh program for storage and analysis of experimental mapping data. Mamm. Genome 4, 303–313.
Mariat, D., Vergnaud, G. (1992). Detection of polymorphic loci in complex genomes with synthetic tandem repeats. Genomics 12, 454–458.
Mariat, D., De Gouyon, B., Julier, C., Lathrop, M., Vergnaud, G. (1993). Genetic mapping through the use of synthetic tandem repeats in the mouse genome. Mamm. Genome 4, 135–140.
Neumann, P.E. (1990). Two-locus linkage analysis using recombinant inbred strains and Bayes’ theorem. Genetics 126, 277–284.
Neumann, P.E. (1992). Inference in linkage analysis of multifactorial traits using recombinant inbred strains of mice. Behav. Genet. 22, 665–676.
Neumann, P.E., Collins, R.L. (1991). Genetic dissection of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in inbred mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 5408–5412.
Plomin, R., McClearn, G.E., Gora-Maslak, G., Neiderhiser, J.M. (1991). Use of recombinant inbred strains to detect quantitative trait loci associated with behavior. Behav. Genet. 21, 99–116.
Pravenec, M., Klir, P., Křen, V., Zicha, J., Kunes, J. (1989). An analysis of spontaneous hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats by means of new recombinant inbred strains. J. Hypertens. 7, 217–222.
Pravenec, M., Křen, V., Kabra, P., Bílá, V., Kršiaková, M., Simonet, L., Kurtz, T.W. (1990). HXB and BXH sets of recombinant inbred strains: strain distribution patterns of some markers. Transplant. Proc. 22, 2557–2558.
Pravenec, M., Křen, V., Kuneš, J., Scicli, A.G., Carretero, O.A., Simonet, L., Kurtz, T.W. (1991). Cosegregation of blood pressure with an RFLP in the kallikrein gene family. Hypertension 17, 242–246.
Pravenec, M., Simonet, L., Křen, V., St.Lezin, E., Levan, G., Szpirer, J., Szpirer, C., Kurtz, T.W. (1992). Assignment of rat linkage group V to chromosome 19 by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis of somatic cell hybrids. Genomics 12, 350–356.
Pravenec, M., St.Lezin, E., Křen, V., Wang, J.-M., Kurtz, T.W. (1994). Linkage mapping of alkaline phosphatase 1, inhibin α subunit, and ³ crystallin 1 on rat chromosome 9 and Na+, K+-ATPase α2 subunit, renin, and leukocyte common antigen on rat chromosome 13. Genomics 19, 190–191.
Pravenec, M., Gauguier, D., Schott, J.J., Buard, J., Křen, V., Bílá, V., Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J., Wang, J.-M., Huang, H., St.Lezin, E., Spence, M.A., Flodman, P., Printz, M., Lathrop, M., Vergnaud, G., Kurtz, T.W. (1995). Mapping of quantitative trait loci for blood pressure and cardiac mass in the rat by genome scanning of recombinant inbred strains, J. Clin. Invest. 96, 1973–1978.
Remmers, E.F., Goldmuntz, E.A., Zha, H., Mathern, P., Du, Y., Crofford, L.J., Wilder, R.L. (1993). Linkage map of nine loci defined by polymorphic DNA markers assigned to rat chromosome 13. Genomics 18, 277–282.
Serikawa, T., Kuramoto, T., Hilbert, P., Mori, M., Yamada, J., Dubay, C.J., Lindpainter, K., Ganten, D., Guenét, J.-L., Lathrop, M., Beckmann, J.J. (1992). Rat gene mapping using PCR-analyzed microsatellites. Genetics 131, 703–723.
Silver, J. (1985). Confidence limits for estimates of gene linkage based on analysis of recombinant inbred strains. J. Hered. 76, 436–40.
Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J., Riviere, G., Levan, G., Orlowski, J. (1994a). Chromosomal assignment of four genes encoding Na/H exchanger isoforms in human and rat. Mamm. Genome 5, 153–158.
Szpirer, C., Tissir, F., Riviere, M., Levan, G., Szpirer, J. (1994b). Assignment of rat Jun family genes to chromosome 19 (Junb), chromosome 5q31–33 (Jun), and chromosome 16 (Jund). Mamm. Genome 5, 361–364.
Taylor, B.A. (1978). Recombinant inbred strains: Use in gene mapping. In: Origins of Inbred Mice, H.C. Morse III, ed. (New York: Academic Press), pp. 423–38.
Taylor, B.A., Reifsnyder, P.C. (1993). Typing recombinant inbred mouse strains for microsatellite markers. Mamm. Genome 4, 239–242.
van Zutphen, L.F., den Bieman, M.G. (1984). Rat esterases: an update of linkage group V. J. Hered. 75, 313.
Vergnaud, G. (1989). Polymers of random short oligonucleotides detect polymorphic loci in human genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 7623–7630.
Vergnaud, G., Mariat, D., Apiou, F., Aurias, A., Lathrop, M., Lauthier, V. (1991a). The use of synthetic tandem repeats to isolate new VNTR loci: cloning of a human hypermutable sequence. Genomics 11, 135–144.
Vergnaud, G., Mariat, D., Zoroastro, M., Lauthier, V. (1991b). Detection of single and multiple polymorphic loci by synthetic tandem repeats of short oligonucleotides. Electrophoresis 12, 134–140.
Vergnaud, G., Gauguier, D., Schott, J.J., Lepetit, D., Lauthier, V., Mariat, D., Buard, J. (1993). Detection, cloning, and distribution of minisatellites in some mammalian genomes. EXS 67, 47–57.
Yamada, J., Kuramoto, T., Serikawa, T. (1994). A rat genetic linkage map and comparative maps for mouse or human homologous rat genes. Mamm. Genome 5, 63–83.
Zha, H., Wilder, R.L., Goldmuntz, E.A., Cash, J.M., Crofford, L.J., Mathern, P., Remmers, E.F. (1993). Linkage map of 10 polymorphic markers on rat chromosome 2. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 63, 117–122.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pravenec, M., Gauguier, D., Schott, J.J. et al. A genetic linkage map of the rat derived from recombinant inbred strains. Mammalian Genome 7, 117–127 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/s003359900031
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s003359900031