Summary
Vasopressin activates a number of transport systems in the toad bladder, including the systems for water, urea, sodium, and other small solutes. Evidence from experiments with selective inhibitors indicates that these transport systems are to a large extent functionally independent. In the present study, we show that the transport systems can be separately activated. Low concentrations of vasopressin (1 mU/ml) activate urea transport with virtually no effect on water transport. This selective effect is due in part to the relatively greater inhibitory action of endogenous prostaglandins on water transport. Low concentrations of 8-bromoadenosine cyclic AMP, on the other hand, activate water, but not urea transport. In additional experiments, we found that varying the ratio of exogenous cyclic AMP to theophylline activated water or urea transport selectively. These studies support the concept of independently controlled systems for water and solute transport, and provide a basis for the study of individual luminal membrane pathways for water and solutes in the accompanying paper.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bar, H.P., Hechter, O., Schwartz, I.L., Walter, R. 1970. Neurohypophyseal hormone-sensitive adenyl cyclase of toad urinary bladder.Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 67:7
Bentley, P.J. 1958. The effects of neurohypophyseal extracts on water transfer across the wall of the isolated urinary bladder of the toad,Bufo marinus.J. Endocrinol. 17:201
Carvounis, C.P., Levine, S.D., Hays, R.M. 1979. Evidence for separate, pH-dependent, vasopressin (ADH)-stimulated systems for control of water and urea movement across toad urinary bladder.Kidney Int. 15:513
Chevalier, J., Bourguet, J., Hugon, J.S. 1974. Membrane associated particles: Distribution in frog urinary bladder epithelium at rest and after oxytocin treatment.Cell Tissue Res. 152:1974
Ferguson, D.R., Twite, B.R. 1974. Effects of vasopressin on toad bladder membrane proteins: Relationship to transport of sodium and water.J. Endocrinol. 61:501
Finkelstein, A. 1976. Nature of the water permeability increase induced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in toad urinary bladder and related tissues.J. Gen. Physiol. 68:137
Franki, N., Einhorn, R., Hays, R.M. 1975. Selective inhibition of urea transport by oxidizing agents. Evidence for a site of inhibition beyond the generation of cyclic AMP.J. Membrane Biol. 25:327
Grantham, J.J., Burg, M.B. 1966. Effect of vasopressin and cyclic AMP on permeability of isolated collecting tubules.Am. J. Physiol. 211:255
Hays, R.M., 1976a. Antidiuretic hormone and water transfer.Kidney Int. 9:223
Hays, R.M., 1976b. Antidiuretic hormone.N. Eng. J. Med. 298:160
Hays, R.M., Franki, N., Ross, L.S. 1979. The effect of metabolic inhibitors on vasopressinstimulated transport systems in the toad bladder.J. Supramol. Struct. 10:175
Ikehara, M., Uesugi, S. 1969. Studies of nucleosides and nucleotides. XXXVIII: Synthesis of 8-bromoadenosine nucleotides.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 17:348
Kachadorian, W.A., Levine, S.D., Wade, J.B., DiScala, V., Hays, R.M. 1977. Relationship of aggregated intramembranous particles to water permeability in vasopressin-treated toad urinary bladder.J. Clin. Invest. 59:576
Kachadorian, W.A., Wade, J.B., DiScala, V.A. 1975. Vasopressin: Induced structural change in toad bladder luminal membrane.Science 190:67
Leaf, A., Hays, R.M. 1962. Permeability of the isolated toad bladder to solutes and its modification by vasopressin.J. Gen. Physiol. 45:921
Levine, S., Franki, N., Hays, R.M. 1973. Effect of phloretin on water and solute movement in the toad bladder.J. Clin. Invest. 52:1435
Levine, S.D., Levine, R., Worthington, R., Hays, R.M. 1976a. Selective inhibition of osmotic water flow in toad urinary bladder by general anesthetics.J. Clin. Invest. 58:980
Levine, S.D., Kachadorian, W.A., Schlondorff, D. 1979. Effect of hydrazine on vasopressinstimulated water flow, membrane particle aggregates and kinase activity in toad bladder.Clin. Res. 27:422A
Levine, S.D., Schlondorff, D., Worthington, R.E., Weber, H., Hays, R.M. 1976b. Inhibition of vasopressin-stimulated adenylate cyclase by general anesthetics: Its role in control of water permeability in toad urinary bladder.Clin. Res. 24:469A
Lipson, L., Hynie, S., Sharp, G. 1971. Effect of prostaglandin E1 on osmotic water flow and sodium transport in the toad bladder.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 180:261
Masters, B.R., Yguerabide, J., Fanestil, D.D. 1978. Microviscosity of mucosal cellular membranes in toad urinary bladder: Relation to antidiuretic hormone action on water permeability.J. Membrane Biol. 40:179
Morgan, T., Sakai, F., Berliner, R.W. 1968.In vitro permeability of medullary collecting ducts to water and urea.Am. J. Physiol. 214:574
Muneyama, K., Bauer, R.J., Shuman, D.A., Robins, R.K., Simon, L.N. 1971. Chemical synthesis and biological activity of 8-substituted adenosine 3′5′-cyclic monophosphate derivatives.Biochemistry 10:2390
Omachi, R.S., Robbie, D.E., Handler, J.S., Orloff, J. 1974. Effects of ADH and other agents on cyclic AMP accumulation in the toad bladder epithelium.Am. J. Physiol. 226:1152
Orloff, J. Handler, J.S. Bergstrom, S., 1965. Effect of prostaglandin (PGE1) on the permeability response of the toad bladder to vasopressin, theophylline, and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate.Nature (London) 205:397
Peterson, M.J., Edelman, I.S. 1964. Calcium inhibition of the action of vasopressin on the urinary bladder of the toad.J. Clin. Invest. 43:583
Pietras, R.J., Wright, E. 1974. Non-electrolyte probes of membrane structure in ADHtreated toad urinary bladder.Nature (London) 247:222
Rocha, A., Kokko, J.P. 1974. Permeability of medullary nephron segments to urea and water: Effect of vasopressin.Kidney Int. 6:379
Sharp, G.W.G., Leaf, A. 1964. Biological action of aldosteronein vitro.Nature (London) 202:1185
Snedecor, G.W., Cochran, W.G. 1967. Statistical Methods. (6th Ed.) pp. 91–119. Iowa State University Press, Ames
Stadel, J.M., Goodman, D.B.P. 1978. 8-p-chlorophenylthiocyclic AMP, a potent partial stimulator of antidiurtic hormone action.J. Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 4:35
Zusman, R.M., Keiser, H.R., Handler, J.S. 1977. Vasopressin stimulated prostaglandin E biosynthesis in the toad urinary bladder: Effect on water flowJ. Clin. Invest. 60:1339
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carvounis, C.P., Franki, N., Levine, S.D. et al. Membrane pathways for water and solutes in the toad bladder: I. Independent activation of water and urea transport. J. Membrain Biol. 49, 253–268 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01871121
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01871121