Abstract
Manganiferous quartz-mica schists (4 m in stratigraphic thickness) overlie epidote amphibolite in the Chiroro River area, Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido. The schist layers have a considerable range of A/F ratios and bulk oxidation ratios which vary from 21.5 to 100. Manganese contents are from 4 to 30 times higher than that of the average shale with 0.09% MnO. The schists are essentially quartz-white mica-biotite-Mn garnet-tourmaline-±epidote-magnetite assemblages. A highly oxidized layer (5–8 cm thick) 95 cm above the epidote amphibolite contact is characterized by viridine-piemontite-spessartine-Mn white mica-Mn tourmaline-Ti-Mn haematite indicative of both high initial manganese content and very high f O2 conditions of recrystallization.
Viridine contains up to 17 mol% Mn3+SiO5 and coexists with piemontite with between 13.6 and 15.4 wt% Mn2O3. Mn-poor-Fe-rich (Ps32) epidote occurs in the less oxidized schist enclosing the viridine-piemontite bearing seam. Garnets vary widely in composition with end member variations (mol%) of Spess22.9–80.5; And0.2–11.7; Alm1.1–57.1; Pyr2.0–12.2; Gross7.0–49.0. The more manganiferous garnets occur in rocks with higher oxidation ratios while almandiferous varieties occur in schists with low oxidation ratios. Biotite ranges from green to red-brown varieties (increasing Ti and Fe) with Mg/ (Mg+Fe) ratios varying from 56 to 48. Ten to fifteen percent octahedral R2+ is replaced by Al indicating a trend towards eastonite-siderophyllite. The white micas deviate only slightly from dioctahedral stoichiometry but have up to 25% of octahedral sites occupied by Fe, Mg and to a lesser extent Mn and Ti as R2+ Si4+⇌2Al3+ and in highly oxidized rocks as (Fe,Mn)3+⇌Al3+. The white mica in the highly oxidized viridine-piemontite schist is pale pinkishorange, exhibits reverse pleochroism, and has between 0.30 and 0.43 wt% Mn2O3.
There is a close comparison, both in terms of stratigraphic thickness and Fe-Mn variation, between the Chiroro schist sequence and many oceanic cores so that the bulk chemistry and mineralogy of the pelitic schists is largely an extension of the original Eh-pH conditions of hemipelagic sedimentation and post-depositional adjustments during diagenesis. The thin viridine-piemontite bearing schist is correlated with an oxidized, Fe-Mn rich layer commonly found in present day oceanic cores. The viridine presumably formed by reaction of original ferro-manganese microgranules and clay minerals. Halmrolytic alteration of the underlying metabasalt resulted in leaching of Mn and Fe (in particular) into the overlying sediments and the formation of concentrations of haematite — manganese oxide — Mn garnet along the schist-epidote amphibolite contact.
Estimation of the P-T conditions of metamorphism from the phase relations and compositions in the epidote amphibolite associated with the manganiferous schist gives T °C = 530∼560 and a minimum P fluid > 3 kb which corresponds to the epidote amphibolite facies of Barrovian-type terrains.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abraham, K., Schreyer, W.: Minerals of the viridine hornfels from Darmstadt, Germany. Contrib. Mineral Petrol. 49, 1–20 (1975)
Abs-Wurmbach, I., Langer, K.: Synthetic Mn3+-kyanite and viridine, (Al2-xMn3+ x) SiO5, in the system Al3O3-MnO-MnO2-SiO2. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 49, 21–38 (1975)
Anastasiou, P., Langer, K.: Synthesis and physical properties Ca2Al3Mn3+ (Si2O7/SiO4/O/OH). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 60, 225–245 (1977)
Bäckström, H.: Manganandalusite from Vestanå (Swed.). Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forhandl. 18, 286–289 (1896)
Berzukov, P.L.: Sedimentation in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Intern. Geol. Congr., 21st Copenhagen, 1960, Rept. Soviet Geologists, 45–58 (1960)
Bischoff, J.L., Dickson, F.W.: Sea water — basalt interaction at 200 °C and 500 bars: implications for origin of sea-floor heavymetal deposits and regulation of sea water chemistry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 25, 385–397 (1975)
Bradley, J.E.S., Bradley, O.: Observations on the colouring of pink and green zoned tourmaline. Mineral. Mag. 30, 26–38 (1953)
Cann, J.R.: Spilites from the Carlsberg Ridge, Indian Ocean. J. Petrol. 10, 1–19 (1969)
Carmichael, I.S.E.: The iron-titanium oxides of salic volcanic rocks and their associated ferromagnesian silicates. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 14, 36–64 (1967)
Clarke, F.W.: Data of geochemistry. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 770 (1924)
Clifford, T.N.: Spessartine and magnesium biotite in coticule-bearing rocks from Mill Hollow, Alstead Township, New Hampshire, U.S.A. A contribution to the petrology of metamorphosed manganiferous sediments. N. Jb. Mineral. Abhandl. 94, 1369–1400 (1960)
Cooper, A.F.: Piemontite schists from the Haast River, New Zealand. Mineral. Mag. 38, 64–71 (1971)
Eugster, H.P.: Thermal and ionic equilibria among muscovite, K-feldspar and alumino-silicate assemblages. Fortschr. Mineral. 47, 106–123 (1962)
Foster, M.D.: Interpretation of the composition of trioctahedral micas. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, 354-B, 11–46 (1960)
Grapes, R.H.: Actinolite-hornblende pairs in metamorphosed gabbros, Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 49, 125–140 (1975)
Grapes, R.H., Hashimoto, S.: The Hidaka viridine: A second look. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. 17, 607–612 (1977)
Grapes, R.H., Hashimoto, S., Miyashita, S.: Amphiboles of a metagabbro-amphibolite sequence, Hidaka Metamorphic Belt, Hokkaido. J. Petrol. 18, 285–318 (1977)
Guidotti, C.V., Cheney, J.T., Guggenheim, S.: Distribution of titanium between coexisting muscovite and biotite in pelitic schists from northwestern Maine. Am. Mineralogist 62, 438–448 (1977)
Hart, R.: A model for chemical exchange in the basalt-seawater system of oceanic layer II. Can. J. Earth Sci. 10, 799–816 (1973)
Hart, S.R., Erlank, A.J., Kable, E.J.D.: Sea floor basalt alteration: some chemical and strontium isotope effects. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 44, 219–230 (1974)
Heinrich, E.W., Corey, A.F.: Manganian andalusite from Kiawa Mountain, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. Am. Mineralogist 44, 1261–1271 (1959)
Hsu, L.C.: Selected phase relationships in the system Al-Mn-Fe-Si-O-H: A model for garnet equilibria. J. Petrol. 9, 40–63 (1968)
Huebner, J.S.: Stability relations of rhodochrosite in the system manganese-carbon-oxygen. Am. Mineralogist 54, 457–481 (1969)
Huggins, F.E., Virgo, D., Huckenholz, H.G.: Titanium-containing silicate garnets, II. The crystal chemistry of melanites and schorlomites. Am. Mineralogist 62, 646–665 (1977)
Klemm, G.: Über Viridin, eine Abart des Andalusites. Notizbl. Ver. Erdk. Darmstadt 32, 4–13 (1911)
Kramm, U.: Chloritoid stability in manganese-rich low grade metamorphic rocks, Ven-Stavelot Massif, Ardennes. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 41, 179–196 (1973)
Kramm, U.: The coticule rocks (spessartine quartzites) of the Venn-Stavelot Massif, Ardennes, a volcanoclastic metasediment? Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 56, 135–155 (1976)
Krauskoff, K.B.: Separation of manganese from iron in sedimentary processes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 12, 61–84 (1957)
Kulish, E.A.: Manganiferous rocks with viridine from the Archean of the Aldan Shield. Acad. Sci. USSR, Siberian Branch, Geol. and Geophys. 1, 53–65 (in Russian) (1961)
Kwak, T.A.P.: Ti in biotite and muscovite as an indication of metamorphic grade in the almandine amphibolite facies rocks from Sudbury, Ontario. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 32, 1222–1229 (1968)
Liou, J.G.: Synthesis and stability relations of epidote, Ca2Al2Fe-Si2O12(OH). J. Petrol. 14, 381–413 (1973)
Liou, J.G., Kuniyoshi, S., Ito, K.: Experimental studies of the phase relations between greenschist and amphibolite in a basaltic system. Am. J. Sci. 274, 613–632 (1974)
Lynn, D.C., Bonatti, E.: Mobility of manganese in diagenesis of deep-sea sediments. Marine Geology 3, 457–474 (1965)
Manning, P.G.: Effect of second nearest-neighbor interaction on Mn3+ absorption in pink and black tourmalines. Can. Mineral. 11, 971–977 (1973)
Miyashiro, A.: Data on garnet-biotite equilibrian in some metamorphic rocks of the Ryoke zone. Mineral. Abs. 13, 479 (1975)
Miyashiro, A., Shido, F., Ewing, M.: Metamorphism in the Mid-Atlantic Ridges near 24° and 30° N. Roy. Soc. (London) Phil. Trans. A268, 589–603 (1971)
Mottana, A.: Melting of spessartine at high pressure. N. Jb. Mineral. Monatsh. 1974, 256–271 (1974)
Mottl, M.J., Corr, R.F., Holland, H.D.: Chemical exchange between sea water and mid-ocean ridge basalt during hydrothermal alteration: an experimental study. (Abs.). Geol. Soc. Am. Ann. Mtgs. 879–880 (1974)
Ödman, O.H.: Manganese mineralization in the Ultevis District, Jokkmokk, North Sweden, Pt. 2, Mineralogical notes. Sveriges Geol. Undersokn. Arksbok, Ser. C, Auhandl, och Uppsal. No. 516, 44(2) (1950)
Richardson, S.M.: A pink muscovite with reverse pleochroism from Archer's Post, Kenya. Am. Mineralogist. 60, 73–78 (1975)
Schiller, E.A., Taylor, F.C.: Spessartine-quartz rocks (coticules) from Nova Scotia. Am. Mineralogist 50, 1477–1481 (1965)
Scott, R.B., Hajash, A., Jr.: Initial submarine alteration of basaltic pillow lavas: A microprobe study. Am. J. Sci. 276, 480–501 (1976)
Seifert, F.: Low-temperature compatibility relations of cordierite in haplopelites in the system K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. J. Petrol. 11, 73–99 (1970)
Serdychenko, D.P.: On the chemical composition of manganese-bearing andalusite. Zap. Vses. Min. Obs. 78(2), 133–135. (In Russian) (1949)
Smith, D., Albee, A.L.: Petrology of a piemontite-bearing gneiss, San Gorgonio Pass, California. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 16, 189–203 (1967)
Stensrud, H.L.: Does Piemontite represent only greenschist facies metamorphism? Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 40, 79–82 (1973)
Suzuki, J., Bamba, T., Suzuki, Y.: On the viridine-quartz schist from the Chiei area, Hidaka Province, Hokkaido. Proc. Japan Acad. 41(8), 722–727 (1965)
Suzuki, J., Bamba, T., Suzuki, Y.: On the viridine-quartz schist from the Chisak area, Hidaka Province, Hokkaido. Japan Assoc. Pet. Min. Econ. Geologists 60, 167–181 (In Japanese with English Abstract) (1968)
Trommsdorff, V., Schwander, H., Peters, Tj.: Mangansilikate der alpinen Metamorphose in Radiolariten des Julier-Bernina-Gebietes. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 50, 599–605 (1970)
Wedepohl, K.H.: Spurenanalytische Untersuchungen an Tiefzonen aus dem Atlantik. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 18, 200–231 (1960)
Wones, D.L., Eugster, H.P.: Stability of biotite, experiment, theory and applications. Am. Mineralogist 50, 1238–1272 (1965)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This paper is dedicated to Professor Kenzo Yagi on the occasion of his retirement from the Chair of Mineralogy, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grapes, R.H., Hashimoto, S. Manganiferous schists and their origin, Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido, Japan. Contr. Mineral. and Petrol. 68, 23–35 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375444
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375444