Skip to main content
Log in

Alkali metal intercalation into SnS2

UHV investigations of (0001) surfaces

Applied Physics A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The intercalation of sodium and potassium into the layered semiconductor SnS2 has been investigated by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). After deposition of the alkali metals onto (0001) cleavage planes of SnS2 in ultra high vacuum (UHV), semiconducting intercalation phases were formed. They seem to be homogeneous and disordered under the given experimental conditions. The valence electrons of the alkali metals are transferred into electronic states of the host lattice, whose valence band density of states changes significantly during intercalation. The underlying changes of the binding properties of the host lattice are discussed. The course of intercalation can be separated into three phases. During an induction period the concentration of the alkali metal on the surface remains very small, the electronic states of the substrate are shifted by band bending. During an intercalation period the topotactic reaction proceeds. After reaching saturation compositions of the intercalation phase at the surface, the alkali metal diffuses into the bulk. Crystal or surface defects seem to have a significant influence on the kinetics of intercalation and on the stoichiometry of the intercalation compounds.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. R.B. Somoano, J.A. Woollam: In Intercalated Layered Materials, ed. by F. Levy (Reidel, Dordrecht 1978) pp. 307–319

    Google Scholar 

  2. W.Y. Liang: In Intercalation in Layered Materials, ed. by M.S. Dresselhaus (Plenum, New York 1986) pp. 31–74

    Google Scholar 

  3. H. Tributsch: Struct. Bonding 49, 127 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  4. E. Bucher: Appl. Phys. 17, 1 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  5. M.S. Whittingham: Science 192, 1126 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  6. M.S. Whittingham: In Intercalation Chemistry, ed. by M.S. Whittingham, A.J. Jacobson (Academic, New York 1982) pp. 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  7. M.S. Whittingham: Prog. Solid State Chem. 12, 41 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  8. D.H. Shen, S. Subbarao, S.P.S. Yen, R.B. Somoano: J. Power Sources 18, 127 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  9. S. Subbarao, D.H. Shen, S. Dawson, F. Deligiannis, J. Taraszliewicz, G. Halpert: J. Power Sources 22, 269 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  10. R.R. Haering, J.A.R. Stiles, K. Brandt: U.S. Patent No. 4 224 390 (1980)

  11. K. Brandt: J. Power Sources 18, 117 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  12. D. Fouchard, J.B. Taylor: J. Power Sources 21, 195 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  13. R.H. Friend, A.D. Yoffe: Adv. Phys. 36, 1 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  14. R. Schöllhorn: Physica B 99, 89 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  15. W.R. McKinnon: In Chemical Physics of Intercalation, ed. by A.P. Legrand, S. Flandrois (Plenum, New York 1987) pp. 181–194

    Google Scholar 

  16. C. Umrigar, D.E. Ellis, D. Wang, H. Krakauer, M. Pasternak: Phys. Rev. B 26, 4935 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  17. M.A. Py, R.R. Haering: Can. J. Phys. 61, 76 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  18. M.A. Py, R.R. Haering: Can. J. Phys. 62, 10 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  19. R.F. Frindt: In Chemical Physics of Intercalation, ed. by A.P. Legrand, S. Flandrois (Plenum, New York 1987) pp. 195–208

    Google Scholar 

  20. A. Fujimori, S. Suga, H. Negishi, M. Inoue: Phys. Rev. B 38, 3676 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  21. M.S. Dresselhaus, M. Lagues: In Intercalation in Layered Materials, ed. by M.S. Dresselhaus (Plenum, New York 1986) pp. 271–290

    Google Scholar 

  22. F.S. Ohuchi, W. Jaegermann, B.A. Parkinson: Surf. Sci. 194, L 69 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  23. W. Jaegermann, F.S. Ohuchi, B.A. Parkinson: Surf. Interf. Anal. 12, 293 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  24. F.S. Ohuchi, W. Jaegermann, C. Pettenkofer, B.A. Parkinson: Langmuir 5, 439 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  25. C. Pettenkofer, W. Jaegermann: In preparation

  26. A. Schellenberger, R. Schlaf, T. Mayer, E. Holub-Krappe, C. Pettenkofer, W. Jaegermann, U.A. Ditzinger, H. Neddermeyer: Surf Sci. (in press)

  27. H.I. Starnberg, H.P. Hughes: J. Phys. C 20, 4429 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  28. H. Nozaki, I. Imai: Physica B 105, 74 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  29. A.K. Abass, H.A. Jassim, K.J. Majeid, R.H. Misho: Phys. Status Solidi A 91, 129 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Simunek, G. Wiech: Phys. Rev. D 30, 923 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  31. J. Robertson: J. Phys. C 12, 4753 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  32. A. LeBlanc, M. Danot, J. Rouxel: Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1, 87 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  33. A. LeBlanc, J. Rouxel: C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris Sér. C 274, 786 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  34. B.A. Parkinson: Langmuir 4, 967 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  35. C. Laubschat, M. Prietsch, M. Domke, E. Weschke, T. Mandel, G. Remmers, J.E. Ortega, C. Xue, G. Kaindl: In Metallization and Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces, ed. by I.P. Batra (Plenum, New York 1989) pp. 425–438

    Google Scholar 

  36. C.D. Wagner, W.M. Riggs, L.E. Davis, J.F. Moulder, G.E. Mullenberg: Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer Corp., Eden Prairie Minnesota)

  37. J.H. Scofield: J. Electron. Spectrosc. 8, 129 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  38. G. Margaritondo, J.E. Rowe: Phys. Rev. B 19, 3266 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Y. Bertrand, A. Barski, R. Pinchaux: Phys. Rev. B 31, 5494 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  40. R.H. Williams, R.B. Murray, D.W. Govan, J.M. Thomas, E.L. Evans: J. Phys. C 6, 3631 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  41. M. Bronold, C. Pettenkofer, W. Jaegermann: In preparation

  42. R.C. Weast (ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC, Boca Raton, Florida 1989)

    Google Scholar 

  43. W. Jaegermann, F.S. Ohuchi, B.A. Parkinson: Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 93, 29 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  44. R.B. Shalvoy, G.B. Fisher, P.J. Stiles: Phys. Rev. B 15, 1680 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  45. C.M. Wolfe, N. Holonyah, G.E. Stillman: Physical Properties of Semiconductors (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs 1989)

    Google Scholar 

  46. R.B. Shalvoy, G.B. Fisher, P.J. Stiles: Phys. Rev. B 15, 2021 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  47. C.P. Bahl, E.L. Evans, J.M. Thomas: Proc. R. Soc. A 306, 53 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  48. W. Jaegermann, D. Schmeißer: Surf. Sci. 165, 143 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  49. R.T.K. Baker, J.J. Chludzinski, R.D. Sherwood: J. Mater. Sci. 22, 3831 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  50. H.P.B. Rimmington, A.A. Balchin, B.K. Tanner: J. Crystal Growth 15, 51 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  51. W. Jaegermann, F.S. Ohuchi, B.A. Parkinson: Surf. Sci. 201, 211 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bronold, M., Pettenkofer, C. & Jaegermann, W. Alkali metal intercalation into SnS2 . Appl. Phys. A 52, 171–179 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00324413

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00324413

PACS

Navigation