Summary
Accomplishing the act of balancing our technological progress with the accompanying risks for safety and health in our life quality, calls for modern analytical science. It should serve as an indicator for the correct balance of forces in the substantial sphere. However, today such an indicating role is based on rough estimations, or on insufficient or unconfirmed information with respect to concentrations, binding forms and local distributions of toxic or of essential substances within a sample. Moreover, many complex mechanisms of synergetic and antagonistic physiological interactions have not yet been clarified — and consequently, we have to take into account severe misjudgements of risks.
In addition, one has reached the limits of financial means required for the increasing control and survey tasks of daily analytical routine. Accordingly, only a long-term planned strategy for the development of more powerful, more reliable and more economic analytical methods, which moreover guarantee a better local distribution (microdistribution analysis), are the prerequisites for an improvement of this situation in analytical sciences.
In view of the future tasks and the ultimate limits of trace- and micro-distribution analysis of the elements, the present state and an outlook on reaching the limit of analysis are critically discussed. Main emphasis is placed here on the possibility of improving conventional determination methods such as AAS, OES, XRFA, MS, NAA with regard to better power of detection and reliability. But also innovative analytical principles such as laser atomic spectroscopy (RIS, LEI, LIF) are introducted. They promise to develop into an essential basis for micro and trace element analysis of tomorrow.
As instrumental methods are always the last step in an analytical procedure, a brief reference will be made to the problem of sample preparation, mainly with regard to the sources of systematic errors. As for trace analysis at the ng/ ml- or pg/ml-levels there are no reliable or certified standard reference materials available up to now, multistep procedures are still necessary. They must combine decomposition, preconcentration and determination methods in an optimal way to minimize systematic errors. The state-of-the-art of such multistep procedures in extreme elemental trace analysis will also be presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tölg G, Garten R (1985) Angew Chem (Int Ed Engl) 24:485
Tölg G (1988) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 329:735
Tölg G (1975) In: Svehla G (ed) Wilson's and Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry, vol III. Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, pp 1–184
Tölg G (1976) Naturwissenschaften 63:99
Tölg G (1977) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 283:257
Tschöpel P, Tölg G (1982) J Trace Microprobe Technol 1:1
Tölg G, Tschöpel P (1987) Anal Sci 3:199
Tölg G (1987) Analyst 112:365
Broekaert JAC, Tölg G (1987) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 326:495
Berndt H, Jackwerth E (1975) Spectrochim Acta 30B:169
Berndt H, Messerschmidt J (1979) Spectrochim Acta 34B:241
Berndt H, Messerschmidt J (1982) Anal Chim Acta 136:407
Berndt H (1988) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 331:321–323
Berndt H (1984) Spectrochim Acta 39B:1121
Dittrich K (1988) In: Fresenius W et al. (eds) Analytiker Taschenbuch, Bd 8. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York London Tokyo, in press
Welz B (1985) Atomic absorption spectrometry, 2nd engl edn. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim
Frech WE, Lundberg E, Cedergren A (1985) Progr Anal At Spectrosc 8:257
Berndt H, Schaldach G, KlockenkÄmper R (1987) Anal Chim Acta 200:573
Baasner J, Berndt H, Eiermann R (1986) In: Welz B (ed) Fortschritte in der atomspektrometrischen Spurenanalytik, Bd 2. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, pp 387–395
Berndt H, Sopczak D (1987) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 329:18
Langmyhr FJ, Wibertoe G (1985) Progr Anal At Spectrosc 8:193
2nd International Colloquium: Solid Sampling with Atomic Spectroscopic Methods, Wetzlar (1987) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 328:315
Stoeppler M, Kurfürst U, Grobecker KH (1985) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 322:687
Piwonka J, Kaiser G, Tölg G (1985) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 321:225
Fassel VA (1971) In: XVI Coll Spectrosc Intern, Heidelberg, Plenary Lectures and Reports, Hilger A, London, pp 63–93
Broekaert JAC (1987) Anal Chim Acta 196:1
Matousek JP, Orr BJ, Selby M (1984) Progr Anal At Spectrosc 7:275
Kollotzek D, Tschöpel P, Tölg G (1984) Spectrochim Acta 39B:625
Haas DL, Caruso JA (1984) Anal Chem 56:2014
Risby TH, Talmi Y (1983) Crit Rev Anal Chem 14:231
Deruaz D, Mermet JM (1986) Analusis 14:107
Cammann K, Lendero L, Feuerbacher H, Ballschmiter K (1983) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 316:194
Kollotzek D, Oechsle D, Kaiser G, Tschöpel P, Tölg G (1984) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 318:485
Kaiser G, Götz D, Tölg G, Knapp G, Maichin B, Spitzy H (1978) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 291:278
Noijiri Y, Otsuki A, Fuwa K (1986) Anal Chem 58:544
Volland G, Tschöpel P, Tölg G (1981) Spectrochim Acta 312:901
Aziz A, Broekaert JAC, Leis F (1982) Spectrochim Acta 37B:381
Falk H, Hoffmann E, Lüdke Ch (1981) Spectrochim Acta 36B:767
Falk H (1988) Crit Rev Anal Chem 19:29
Moenke-Blankenburg L (1986) Progr Anal At Spectrosc 9:335
Omenetto N, Winefordner JD (1979) Progr Anal At Spectrosc 2:1
Travis JC, Turk GC, Schenk JR, van Dijk CA (1984) Progr Anal At Spectrosc 7:199
Letokhov VS (1987) Laser photoionization spectroscopy. Academic Press, Orlando, p 215
Hurst GS, Payne MG (1988) Spectrochim Acta B, in press
Fassett JDD, Travis JC (1988) Spectrochim Acta B, in press
Niemax K (1987) Naturwissenschaften 74:474
Niemax K (1985) Appl Phys B 38:147
Hergenröder R, Niemax K, Spectrochim Acta B, submitted
Van Grieken R, Markowicz A, Torök Sz (1986) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 324:825
KlockenkÄmper R (1982) In: Ullmans EncyklopÄdie der technischen Chemie, Bd 5. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 501–518
William KL (1987) An introduction to X-ray spectrometry. Allen & Unwin, Boston
KlockenkÄmper R (1987) Spectrochim Acta 42B:423
Yoneda Y, Horiuchi T (1971) Rev Sci Instrum 42:1069
Wobrauschek P, Aiginger H (1975) Anal Chem 47:852
Schwenke H, Knoth J (1983) Nucl Instrum Methods 193:239
Michaelis W, Knoth J, Prange A, Schwenke H (1985) Adv X-Ray Anal 28:75
Prange A (1987) GIT Fachz Lab 6:513
Von Bohlen A, KlockenkÄmper R, Otto H, Tölg G, Wiecken B (1987) Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59:403
Von Bohlen A, KlockenkÄmper R, Tölg G, Wiecken B (1988) Fresenius Z Anal Chem, in press
Ruch C, Rastegar F, Heimburger R, Maier EA, Leroy MJF (1985) Anal Chem 57:1691
Garten RPH (1984) In: Fresenius W et al. (eds) Analytiker Taschenbuch, Bd 4. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 259–286
Li HK, Malmqvist KG, Carlson LE, Akselsson KR (1984) Nucl Instrum Methods B3:347
Li HK, Malmqvist KG (1985) Nucl Instrum Methods B12:257
Gilfrich JV, Sketton ET, Quadri SB, Kirkland JP, Nagel DJ (1983) Anal Chem 55:187
Iida A, Goshi Y (1984) Adv X-Ray Anal 28:61
Ketelsen P, Knöchel A, Petersen W (1986) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 323:807
Iida A, Yoshinaga A, Sakurai K, Goshi Y (1986) Anal Chem 58:394
Heumann KG (1982) Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Phys 45:87
Heumann KG, Beer F, Weiss H (1983) Mikrochim Acta 1983:95
Gray AL, Date AR (1983) Analyst 108:1033
Houk RS (1986) Anal Chem 58:97A
Jakubowski N, Stuewer D, Tölg G, to be published
Donohue DL, Young JP, Smith DH (1982) Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Phys 43:293
Tschöpel P (1982) Pure Appl Chem 54:913
Tschöpel P (1980) In: Ullmanns EncyklopÄdie der technischen Chemie, Bd 5. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, p 27
Knapp G (1984) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 317:213
Schramel P, Hasse S, Knapp G (1987) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 326:142
Knapp G (1985) Int J Environ Anal Chem 22:71
Tölg G (1983) Pure Appl Chem 55:1989
Mizuike A (1983) Enrichment techniques for inorganic trace analysis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Mizuike A (1986) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 324:672
BÄchmann K (1981) Crit Rev Anal Chem 12:1
Zolotov YuA, Bodnya VA, Zagruzina AN (1982/83) Crit Rev Anal Chem 14:93
Van Grieken R (1982) Anal Chim Acta 143:3
Cassidy RM (1981) In: Lawrence JF (ed) Trace analysis, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 121–192
Möller J (1988) In: Fresenius W et al. (eds) Analytiker Taschenbuch, Bd 7. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo, pp 198–275
Tyson JF (1985) Analyst 110:419
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Dedicated to Prof. Dr. W. Fresenius in gratitude on the occasion of his 75th birthday.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tölg, G. Where is analysis of trace elements in biotic matrices going to?. Z. Anal. Chem. 331, 226–235 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00481889
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00481889