Abstract
This article reviews the empirical evidence regarding the effects of mergers on corporate efficiency. In light of this evidence it then evaluates the effectiveness of U.S. merger policy as articulated in the 1992 Guidelines of the Department of Justice. It argues that the 1992 Guidelines and the U.S. Government's policies toward business more generally over the past 12 years have been characterized by a bias for bigness. It concludes that this bias will only be eliminated when government authorities in charge of merger policy recognize that many mergers lower economic efficiency and design and enforce their policies accordingly.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, Walter and James W. Brock (1988) ‘Reaganomics and the Transmogrification of the Merger Policy’,Antitrust Bulletin,33, 339–359.
Bhagat, Sanjai, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny (1990) ‘Hostile Takeovers in the 1980s: The Return to Corporate Specialization’,Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1–84.
Caves, Richard E. (1989) ‘Mergers, Takeovers and Economic Efficiency: Foresight vs. Hindsight’,International Journal of Industrial Organization,7, 151–174.
Caves, Richard E. and David R. Barton (1990)Efficiency in U.S. Manufacturing Industries. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Davis, Steve J. and John C. Haltiwanger (1991) ‘Wage Dispersion Between and Within U.S. Manufacturing Plants, 1963–1986,Brookings Papers on Economics. Microeconomics, 115–180.
Drucker, Peter (1982) ‘Why Some Mergers Work and Many Don't’,Forbes, Jan. 18.
Faltermayer, Edmund (1991) ‘The Deal Decade: Verdict on the '80s’,Fortune,124, Aug. 26, 58–70.
Geroski, P. A. (1984) ‘On the Relationship Between Aggregate Merger Activity and the Stock Market’,European Economic Review,25, 223–233.
Goldberg, Lawrence G. (1973) ‘The Effect of Conglomerate Mergers on Competition’,Journal of Law and Economics,16, 137–158.
Greer, Douglas F. (1986) ‘Acquiring in Order to Avoid Acquisition’,Antitrust Bulletin,31, 155–186.
Halpern, Paul (1983) ‘Corporate Acquisitions: A Theory of Special Cases? A Review of Event Studies Applied to Acquisitions’,Journal of Finance,38, 297–317.
Hogarty, Thomas F. (1970) ‘Profits from Mergers: The Evidence of Fifty Years’,St. John's Law Review, special edn44, 378–391.
Hughes, Alan (1989) ‘The Impact of Merger: A Survey of Empirical Evidence for the UK’, in James Fairburn and John Kay eds,Mergers and Merger Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jensen, Michael C. and Richard S. Ruback (1983) ‘The Market for Corporate Control’,Journal of Financial Economics,11, 5–50.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. (1992) ‘Industrial De-Diversification and Its Consequences for Productivity’,Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,18, 427–438.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. and Donald Siegel (1987) ‘Productivity and Changes in Ownership of Manufacturing Plants’,Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 643–673.
Magenheim, Ellen B. and Dennis C. Mueller (1987) ‘On Measuring the Effect of Acquisitions on Acquiring Firm Shareholders, or Are Acquiring Firm Shareholders Better Off After an Acquisition Than They Were Before?’, in John C. Coffee, Jr., Louis Lowenstein, and Susan Rose-Ackerman, eds,Knights, Raiders, and Targets. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Manne, Henry G. (1965) ‘Mergers and the Market for Corporate Control’,Journal of Political Economy,73, 110–120.
Markham, Jesse W. (1955) ‘Survey of the Evidence and Findings on Mergers’, inBusiness Concentration and Price Policy, New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
McDougall, Fred M. and David K. (1986)The Determinants and Effects of Corporate Takeovers in Australia 1970–1981 Victoria: Australian Institute of Management.
McIntyre, Robert S. (1992) ‘Return of the Merger Maniacs’,Washington Post, June 7, 1992, p. C5.
Melicher, Ronald W., Johannes Ledolter, and Louis J. D'Antonio (1983) ‘A Time Series Analysis of Aggregate Merger Activity’,Review of Economics and Statistics,65, 423–430.
Mueller, Dennis C. (1969) ‘A Theory of Conglomerate Mergers’,Quarterly Journal of Economics,83, 643–659.
Mueller, Dennis C. (1972) ‘A Life Cycle Theory of the Firm’,Journal of Industrial Economics,20, 199–219.
Mueller, Dennis C. (1977) ‘The Effects of Conglomerate Mergers: A Survey of the Empirical Evidence’,Journal of Banking and Finance,1, 315–347.
Mueller, Dennis C. (1979) ‘Do We Want a New, Tough Antimerger Law?,Antitrust Bulletin,24, pp. 807–36. repr in Michael Keenan and Lawrence J. White, eds, (1982)Mergers and Acquisitions. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Mueller, Dennis C., ed. (1980)The Determinants and Effects of Mergers: An International Comparison.
Mueller, Dennis C. (1987)The Corporation: Growth, Diversification and Mergers. London: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Mueller, Dennis C. (forthcoming) ‘Mergers: Theory and Evidence’, in Guiliano Mussati, ed,Mergers. Markets and Public Policy. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Nelson, Ralph L. (1957)Mergers Movements in American Industry, 1895–1956. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
Peters, Thomas J. and Robert H. Waterman (1982)In Search of Excellence. New York: Warner Books.
Porter, Micheal (1987) ‘From Competitive Advantange to Corporate Strategy,Harvard Business Review,13, 43–59.
Ravenscraft. David J. and F. M. Scherer (1987) ‘Mergers and Managerial Performance’, in John C. Coffee, Jr., Lousis Lowenstein, and Susan Rose-Ackerman, eds,Takeovers and Contests for Corporate Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rhoades, Stephen A. (1987) ‘The Operating Performance of Acquired Firms in Banking’, in R. L. Wills, J. A. Caswell, and J. D. Culbertson, eds,Issues After a Century of Federal Competition Policy. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Roll, Richard (1986) ‘The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers’,Journal of Business,59, 197–216.
Salinger, Michael (1992) Standard Errors in Event Studies’,Journal of Financial and Quantitive Analysis,27, 39–53.
Stigler, George J. (1950) ‘Monopoly and Oligopoly by Merger’,American Economic Review,40, 23–34.
Williamson, Oliver E. (1968) ‘Economies as an Anti-Trust Defense: The Welfare Trade-offs’,American Economic Review,58, 18–36, with correction in C. K. Rowley, ed, (1972)Readings in Industrial Economics. London: Macmillan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mueller, D.C. U.S. merger policy and the 1992 Merger Guidelines. Rev Ind Organ 8, 151–162 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01034174
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01034174