Abstract
Several high-temperature processes in chemical,petrochemical, and energy-processing industry arecharacterized by H2S-containing atmospheres,confronting engineers with severe corrosion attack ofthe metallic components. Sulfidation is observed onmaterials used for heat exchangers within theheat-recovery zones. The damage is originated not onlyby the relatively fast growth rates of the sulfidescales, but is also due to the loss of their limitedprotective effect by cracking. Scale failure, as aconsequence of stresses generated during scale growthand by temperature changes, was investigated on a carbon steel, a low-chromium steel (1Cr-0.4Mo, T12),a ferritic-chromium steel (12Cr-1Mo), and on austeniticsteel (18Cr-9Ni, AISI 321). The experiments in thetemperature range 400-600°C (700°C), withsubsequent cooling to ambient temperature, wereaccompanied by acoustic-emission measurements in orderto detect scale cracking. Critical parameters for scalefailure are presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
M. Schulte, A. Rahmel, and M. Schütze, Oxid.Met. 49, 33 (1998).
M. Schulte, Die Rolle vonDeckschichtspannungen bei der Hochtemperatur-Sulfidierung von Stählen des Apparatebaus, Berichte aus der Werkstofftechnik, Shaker Verlag, Aachen, 1997.
M. Schütze, High-Temperature Corrosion of AdvancedMaterials and Protective Coatings, Y. Saito, B. Onay, and T. Maruyama, eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992), p. 39.
N. F. Rhines and J. S. Wolf, Metall. Trans. 1, 1701 (1970).
F. Gesmundo, F. Viani, W. Znamirowski, K. Godlewski, and F. Bregani, Werkst. Korros. 43, 83 (1992).
M. I. Manning, Corr. Sci. 21,301 (1981).
J. K. Tien and J. M. Davidson, in Stress Effectsand the Oxidation of Metals, J. V. Cathcart, ed. (TMS-AIME, New York, 1975), p. 200.
A. M. Huntz, Mat. Sci. Technol. 4,1079 (1988).
E. Metcalfe and M. I. Manning, The Spalling ofSteam-Grown Oxide from Austenitic and Ferritic Alloys, Report RDy Ly Ry 1966, Central Electricity Generating Board (CERL, Leatherhead, 1977).
M. Schütze, Mechanical properties of oxide scales, Oxid. Met.44, 1 (1995).
J. Armitt et al., The Spalling of Steam-Grown Oxide from Superheater and Reheater Tube Steels, EPRI Report FP-686 (Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, California, 1978).
M. I. Manning and E. Metcalfe, Proc. 6th Europ. Congr. Met. Corr.(London, 1977), p. 121.
M. D. Thoughless, J. W. Hutchinson,and E. G. Liniger, Acta Metall. Mat. 40, 2639 (1992).
A.G. Evans, G. B. Crumley, and R. E. Demaray, Oxid. Met. 20, 193 (1983).
J. Robertson and M. I. Manning, Mat. Sci. Technol.6, 81 (1990).
A. Brenner and S. Senderoff, J. Res. Nat.Bur. Stand. 42, 105 (1949).
S. R. J. Saunders, H. E. Evans, M. Li, D. D. Gohil, and S. Osgerby, Oxid. Met. 48, 189 (1997).
W. Christl, A. Rahmel, and M. Schütze, Oxid. Met.31, 1 (1989).
M. Schütze, Protective Oxide Scales andTheir Breakdown (Wiley, Chichester, 1997).
Gmehlin,Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Vol. 59; Eisen, part A, 8 edn. (Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1939), p. 1168.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schulte, M., Schutze, M. The Role of Scale Stresses in the Sulfidation of Steels. Oxidation of Metals 51, 55–77 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018850102074
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018850102074