Variation of atmospheric tritium concentrations in three different chemical forms in Fukuoka, Japan

Abstract

Atmospheric tritium concentrations of tritiated water vapor (HTO), tritiated hydrogen (HT) and tritiated hydrocarbons (primarily tritiated methane, CH₃T) have been measured in Fukuoka prefecture, Japan from 1984 to the present to establish a general database on the behavior of atmospheric tritium. HTO concentrations expressed in Bq/l-H₂O vary within a range of 1.19 to 2.45, giving an overall average value of 1.86±0.077. HTO concentrations expressed in-mBq/m³-air vary within a range of 7.8 to 46.1 and have a strong correlation with the atmospheric humidity, being high in the summer and low in winter. In the case of HT and CH₃T, no seasonal variations were observed with average monthly values of 23.1 to 61.0 mBq/m³-air and 8.3 to 23.9 mBq/m³-air, respectively. The present HTO concentrations are already close to the tritium level before nuclear testings. However, the present HT and CH₃T concentrations are still higher by a factor of about 140 and 30, respectively, than those before the testings. Specific activities are estimated to be 14.6–16.7 TU for HTO, 5.5·10⁵–1.0·10⁶ TU for HT and 3.2·10⁴–4·10⁴ TU for CH₃T. The apparent difference in the specific activities suggests a very slow transformation of these species in the atmosphere or a continuous supply of HT and CH₃T with high specific activity. Residence time for atmospheric HT was found to be 6.5 years over the period 1988–92 and 10 years for 1988–95. These times are longer than 4.8 years given by Mason and Östlund in the 1970s, and thus indicate a supply to the atmosphere of HT from various tritium sources.