Abstract
The complex structure of glucose oxidase (GOX) with the substrate glucose was determined using a docking algorithm and subsequent molecular dynamics simulations. Semiempirical quantum chemical calculations were used to investigate the role of the enzyme and FAD co-enzyme in the catalytic oxidation of glucose. On the basis of a small active site model, substrate binding residues were determined and heats of formation were computed for the enzyme substrate complex and different potential products of the reductive half reaction. The influence of the protein environment on the active site model was estimated with a point charge model using a mixed QM/MM method. Solvent effects were estimated with a continuum model. Possible modes of action are presented in relation to experimental data and discussed with respect to related enzymes. The calculations indicate that the redox reaction of GOX differs from the corresponding reaction of free flavins as a consequence of the protein environment. One of the active site histidines is involved in substrate binding and stabilization of potential intermediates, whereas the second histidine is a proton acceptor. The former one, being conserved in a series of oxidoreductases, is also involved in the stabilization of a C4a-hydroperoxy dihydroflavin in the course of the oxidative half reaction.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Combs, B.S., Carper, W.R. and Stewart, J.J.P., J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 258 (1992) 235.
Weibel, M.K. and Bright, H.J., J. Biol. Chem., 246 (1971) 2734.
Müller, F., In Müller, F. (Ed.) Chemistry and Biochemistry of Flavoenzymes, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991, pp. 1–71.
Cavener, D.R., J. Mol. Biol., 223 (1992) 811.
Ritter von Onciul, A. and Clark, T., J. Comput. Chem., 14 (1993) 392.
Ciarkowski, J. and Oldziej, S., Eur. Biophys. J., 22 (1993) 207.
Andrés, J., Safort, V.S., Martins, J.B.L., Beltrán, A. and Moliner, V., J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 330 (1995) 411.
Venanzi, T.J., Bryant, B.P. and Venanzi, C.A., J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design, 9 (1995) 439.
Chang, C.-C. and Huang, P.C., Protein Eng.,9 (1996) 1165.
Silva, A.M., Cachau, R.E., Sham, H.L. and Erickson, J.W., J. Mol. Biol., 255 (1996) 321.
Stavrev, K.K. and Zerner, M.C., Chem. Eur. J., 2 (1996) 83.
Cunningham, M.A., Ho, L.L., Nguyen, D.T., Gillian, R.E. and Bash, A., Biochemistry, 36 (1997) 4800.
Peräkylä, M. and Pakkanen, T.A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115 (1993) 10958.
Beveridge, A.J. and Ollis, D.L., Protein Eng., 8 (1995) 135.
Damborský, J., Kutý, M., Němec, M. and Koča, J., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 37 (1997) 562.
Hu, H., Liu, H. and Shi, Y., Proteins, 27 (1997) 545.
Mulholland, A.J. and Richards, W.G., Proteins, 27 (1997) 9.
Wladkowski, B.D., Krauss, M. and Stevens, W.J., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117 (1995) 10357.
Alagona, G., Ghio, C. and Kollman, P.A., J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 371 (1996) 287.
Lee, H., Darden, T.A. and Pedersen, L.G., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 (1996) 3946.
Garmer, D.R., J. Phys. Chem., B101 (1997) 2945.
Mulholland, A.J., Grant, G.H. and Richards, W.G., Protein Eng., 6 (1993) 133.
Hecht, H.J., Kalisz, H.M., Hendle, J., Schmid, R.D. and Schomburg, D., J. Mol. Biol., 229 (1993) 153.
Meyer, M., Wilson, P. and Schomburg, D., J. Mol. Biol., 264 (1996) 199.
Chu, S.S.C. and Jeffrey, G.A, Acta Crystallogr., 24 (1968) 830.
Schomburg, D. and Reichelt, J., J. Mol. Graph., 6 (1988) 161.
Pearlman, D.A., Case, D.A., Caldwell, J.C., Seibel, G.L., Singh, U.C., Weiner, P. and Kollman, P.A, AMBER 4.0, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A., 1991.
Cornell, W.D., Cieplak, P., Bayly, C.I., Gould, I.R., Merz, K.M., Ferguson, D.M., Spellmeyer, D.C., Fox, T., Caldwell, J.W. and Kollman, P.A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117 (1995) 5179.
Woods, R.J., Dwek, R.A. and Fraser-Reid, B., J. Phys. Chem., 99 (1995) 3832.
Voet, J.G., Coe, J., Epstein, J., Matossian, V. and Shipley, T., Biochemistry, 20 (1981) 7182.
Jorgensen, W.L., Chandrasekhar, J., Madura, J.D., Imey, R. and Klein, M., J. Chem. Phys., 79 (1983) 926.
Ryckaert, J.P., Cicotti, G. and Berendsen, H.J.C., J. Comput. Phys., 23 (1977) 327.
Cox, S.R. and Williams, D.E., J. Comput. Chem., 2 (1981) 304.
Singh, U.C. and Kollman, P.A., J. Comput. Chem., 5 (1984) 129.
Lee, C., Yang, W. and Parr, R.G., Phys. Rev., B37 (1988) 785.
Becke, A.D., J. Chem. Phys., 98 (1993) 5648.
Hehre, W.J., Ditchfield, R. and Pople, J.A., J. Chem. Phys., 56 (1972) 2257.
Peräkyla, M. and Pakkanen, T.A., Proteins, 21 (1995) 22.
Frisch, M.J., Trucks, G.W., Schlegel, H.B., Gill, P.M.W., Johnson, B.G., Robb, M.A., Cheeseman, J.R., Keith, T., Petersson, G.A., Montgomery, J.A., Raghavachari, K., Al-Laham, M.A., Zakrzewski, V.G., Ortiz, J.V., Foresman, J.B., Cioslowski, J., Stefanov, B.B., Nanayakkara, A., Challacombe, M., Peng, C.Y., Ayala, P.Y., Chen, W., Wong, M.W., Andres, J.L., Replogle, E.S., Gomperts, R., Martin, R.L., Fox, D.J., Binkley, J.S., Defrees, D.J., Baker, J., Stewart, J.P., Head-Gordon, M., Gonzalez, C. and Pople J.A., GAUSSIAN 94, Revision B.3, Gaussian Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A., 1995.
Schmidt, M.W., Baldridge, K.K., Boatz, J.A., Elbert, T.S., Gordon, M.S., Jensen, J.H., Koseki, S., Matsunaga, N., Nguyen, K.A., Su, S., Windus, T.L., Dupuis, M. and Montgomery, J., J. Comput. Chem., 14 (1993) 1347.
Stewart, J.J.P., J. Comput. Chem., 10 (1989) 209.
Vamp 6.1, Oxford Molecular Ltd., Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Sandford-on-Thames, Oxford OX4 4GA, U.K.
Hawkins, G.D., Lynch, G.C., Giessen, D.J., Rossi, I., Storer, J.W., Liotard, D.A., Cramer, C.J. and Truhlar, D.G., AMSOL 5.4 Quantum Chemistry Exchange Program 606, based in part on AMPAC 2.1, Liotard, D.A., Healy, E.F., Ruiz, J.M. and Dewar, M.J.S.
Liotard, D.A., Hawkins, G.D., Lynch, G.C., Truhlar, D.G. and Cramer, C.J., J. Comput. Chem., 16 (1995) 422.
Beck, B., Rauhut, G. and Clark, T., J. Comput. Chem., 15 (1994) 1064.
Kohen, A., Jonsson, T. and Klinman, J.P., Biochemistry, 36 (1997) 2603.
Stewart, J.J.P., J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design, 4 (1990) 1.
Meyer, M., J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 304 (1994) 45.
NIST Chemistry Web Book, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, August1997 Release (http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry). Proton affinity data compiled and evaluated by E.D. Hunter and S.G. Lias.
Schröder, S., Daggett, V. and Kollman, P.A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113 (1991) 8922.
Meyer, M., Hartwig, H. and Schomburg, D., J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 364 (1996) 139.
Zheng, Y.-J. and Ornstein, R.L., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 (1996) 9402.
Meyer, M., J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 417 (1997) 163.
Wouters, J., Durant, F., Champagne, B. and André, J.-M., Int. J. Quantum Chem., 64 (1997) 721.
Massey, V., J. Biol. Chem., 269 (1994) 22459.
Jurema, M.W. and Shields, G.C., J. Comput. Chem., 14 (1992) 89.
Lively, T.N., Jurema, M.W. and Shields, G.C., Int. J. Quantum Chem., 21 (1994) 95.
Kallies, B. and Mitzner, R., J. Mol. Model., 1 (1995) 68.
Manstein, D.J., Pai, F., Schopfer, L.M. and Massey, V., Biochemistry, 25 (1986) 6807.
Sanner, C., Macheroux, P., Rüterjans, H., Müller, F. and Bacher, A., Eur. J. Biochem., 196 (1991) 663.
Li, J., Vrielink, A., Brick, P. and Blow, D.M., Biochemistry, 32 (1993) 11507.
Derewenda, Z.S., Derewenda, U. and Kobos, P.M., J. Mol. Biol., 241 (1994) 83.
Wahl, M.C. and Sundaralingam, M., Trends Biochem. Sci., 22 (1997) 97.
Ornstein, R.L. and Zheng, Y.L., J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 14 (1997) 657.
Kraulis, P., J. Appl. Crystallogr., 24 (1991) 946.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Meyer, M., Wohlfahrt, G., Knäblein, J. et al. Aspects of the mechanism of catalysis of glucose oxidase: A docking, molecular mechanics and quantum chemical study. J Comput Aided Mol Des 12, 425–440 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008020124326
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008020124326