Abstract
The effects of temperature, pH and oxygen level onsecondary carotenoids (SC) accumulation in Chlorococcum sp. were investigated. The optimaltemperature, pH and oxygen level for the yields ofsecondary carotenoids and astaxanthin were35 °C, pH 8 and 10% (v/v), respectively. Whilethe ratio (R) of products containing hydroxyl group(s) to those containing keto group (s) increased withthe increase of temperature and pH, R value decreasedwith the level of oxygen. These results indicate thathigher temperature and pH favor the introduction ofhydroxyl group to the corresponding substrates,however, under high oxygen level keto group wasrelatively easy to be added compared to the additionof hydroxyl.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM (1993) Oxidents, antioxidents and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc. natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91: 12365-12367.
Andrewes AG, Phaff JH, Starr MP (1976) Carotenoids of Phaffia rhodozyma, a red-pigmented fermenting yeast. Phytochemistry 15: 1003-1007.
Bauernfeind JC (1981) Carotenoids as colorant and vitamin A precursor. Academic Press, New York, 938 pp.
Borowitzka MA (1988) Vitamins and fine chemicals from microalgae. In Borowitzka MA, Borowitzka LJ (eds), Micro-algal Biotechnology. Cambridge U.P., Cambridge, pp. 153-196.
Borowitzka MA, Borowitzka LJ (1988) Dunaliella. In Borowitzka MA, Borowitzka LJ (eds), Micro-algal Biotechnology. Cambridge U.P., Cambridge, pp. 27-59.
Brown TE, Richardson FL, Vaughn ML (1967) Development of red pigmentation in Chlorococcum wimmeri (Chlorophyta: Chlorococcales). Phycologia 6: 167-184.
Donkin P (1976) Ketocarotenoid biosynthesis by Haematococcus pluvialis. Phytochemistry 15: 711-715.
Grung M, D'Souza FML, Borowitzka M, Liaaen-Jensen S (1992) Algal carotenoids 51. Secondary carotenoids 2. Haematococcus pluvialis aplanospores as a source of (3S,3S0)-astaxanthin esters. J. appl. Phycol. 4: 165-171.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1989) Free radicals in biology and medicine, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 23-49.
Hartmann A, Hurek T (1988) Effect of carotenoid overproduction on oxygen tolerance of nitrogen fixation in Azospirillum brasilense sp 7. J. gen. Microbiol. 134: 2449-2455.
Ingraham MA, Steenbock H (1935) The relation of micro-organisms to carotenoids and vitamin A. II. The production of carotenoids by Mycobacteium phlei. Biochem. J. 29: 2553-2562.
Johnson EA, Lewis MJ (1979) Astaxanthin formation by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. J. gen. Microbiol. 115: 173-183.
Kakizono T, Kakizono N, Nagai S (1993) Enhanced carotenoid biosynthesis by oxidative stress in acetate-induced cyst cells of a green unicellular alga, Haematococcus pluvialis. Appl. environ. Microbiol. 59: 867-873.
Kessler E, Czygen F (1965) Chlorella zofingiensis Donz: Isolierung neuer Stamme und ihre physiologisch-biochemischen Eigenschaften. Ber. Tanischen. Gesell. 78: 342-347.
Lee YK, Pirt SJ (1981) Energetics of photosynthetic algal growth: influence of intermittent illumination in short (40s) cycle. J. gen. Microbiol. 124: 433-452.
Lee YK, Ding SY (1995) Effect of dissolved oxygen partial pressure on the accumulation of astaxanthin in chemostat cultures of Haematococcus lacustris (Chlorophyta). J. Phycol. 31: 922-924.
Lee YK, Zhang DH (1999) Production of astaxanthin by Haematococcus. In Cohen Z (ed.), Chemicals from Microalgae. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 173-195.
Liu BH, Lee YK (1999) Composition and biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids in the astaxanthin-producing green alga Chlorococcum sp. Biotechnol. Lett. 21: 1007-1010.
Mackinney G (1952) Carotenoids. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 25: 473-492.
Miki W (1991) Biological function and activity of animal carotenoids. Pure appl. Chem. 63: 141-146.
Schiedt K, Bischof S, Glinz E (1993) Metabolism of carotenoids and in vivo racemization of (3S, 3S+)-astaxanthin in crustacean Penaeus. Methods Enzymol. 214: 148-168.
Schroeder WA, Johnson EA (1993) Antioxidant role of carotenoids in Phaffia rhodozyma. J. gen. Mircobiol. 139: 907-912.
Tjahjono AE, Hayama Y, Kakizono T, Terada Y, Nishio N, Nagai S (1994) Hyper-production of astaxanthin in a green alga Haematococcus pluvialis at elevated temperatures. Biotechnol. Lett. 16: 133-138.
Torrisen OJ, Hardy RW, Shearer KD (1989) Pigmentation of salmonids. Carotenoid deposition and metabolism. Aquatic Sciences 1: 209-225.
Tsavalos AT, Harkaer M, Daniels M, Young AJ (1992) Secondary carotenoids synthesis in mircoalgae. In Murata N (ed.), Research in photosynthesis. VIII. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 47-51.
Yokoyama A, Izumida H, Miki W (1994) Production of astaxanthin and 4-ketozeaxanthin by the marine bacterium, Agrobacterium aurantiacum. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 58: 1842-1844.
Zhang DH, Lee YK (1999) Ketocarotenoid production by a mutant of Chlorococcum sp. in an outdoor tubular photobioreactor. Biotechnol. Lett. 21: 7-10.
Zhang DH, Lee YK, Ng ML, Phang SM (1997) Composition and accumulation of secondary carotenoids in Chlorococcum sp. J. appl. Phycol. 9: 147-155.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, BH., Lee, YK. Secondary carotenoids formation by the green alga Chlorococcum sp.. Journal of Applied Phycology 12, 301–307 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008185212724
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008185212724