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Ergebnisse von Art- und Gattungskreuzungen mit Gramineen im Zusammenhang mit den natürlichen Isolationsmechanismen zwischen den Arten

Results of interspecific and intergeneric crosses in Gramineae in relation to natural reproductive isolating mechanisms

Результаты скрещива ний видов и родов злак ов в связи с естественными изоляционными механ измами

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Zusammenfassung

Es werden Ergebnisse von umfangreichen Art- und Gattungskreuzungen zwischen verschiedenen Futtergräsern (Festuca, Lolium, Poa, Dactylis, Panicum, Pennisetum, Cenchrus u. a.) und zwischen verschiedenen Getreiden (Hordeum, Triticum, Secale, Avena, Aegilops) mitgeteilt. Die ermittelten Formen der Kreuzungsinkompatibilität werden unter Berücksichtigung evolutionistischer Gesichtspunkte als natürliche, reproduktive Isolationsmechanismen zwischen den Arten gedeutet. Die Schlußfolgerungen der Untersuchungen sind:

  1. 1.

    Die natürliche Selektion führte zu den verschiedensten prä- und postzygotischen interspezifischen Inkompatibilitätssystemen. Präzygotische Inkompatibilitätssysteme bedingen eine erhöhte Reproduktionsrate und haben dadurch einen unmittelbaren Selektionsvorteil. Postzygotische Isolationsmechanismen sind ein Nebenprodukt der Divergenzentwicklung beim Artbildungsprozeß. Die meisten Arten sind gleichzeitig durch mehrere Isolationsmechanismen getrennt.

  2. 2.

    Zwischen nahe verwandten Arten und Gattungen (z. B. zwischenLolium- undFestuca- Arten oder zwischenPoa- Arten) überwiegen postzygotische Kreuzungsbarrieren in Form von Fehlentwicklungen des Endosperms und/oder Embryos, der F1 (-Sterilität sowie des F2-Zusammenbruchs.

  3. 3.

    Zwischen phylogenetisch weit entfernten, sympatrischen Arten (z. B.Lolium oderFestuca×Poa oderBromus) tritt bereits starke gametische Inkompatibilität auf, die experimentell nicht überwunden werden konnte.

  4. 4.

    Bei mehreren Kombinationen wurden einzelne Idiotypen mit verringerter Inkompatibilitätsreaktion gefunden. In der KombinationFestuca arundinacea ×Dactylis glomerata wurden von einer Mutterpflanze drei F1-Bastarde erhalten. Generell sollten bei Art- und Gattungskreuzungen von jeder Art möglichst viele Pflanzen unterschiedlicher Herkünfte als Kreuzungseltern getestet werden.

  5. 5.

    Zwischen allogamen und autogamen Arten wurden große reziproke Unterschiede bezüglich ihrer Kreuzbarkeit festgestellt (z. B. beiTriticum aestivum×Secale cereale oderFestuca gigantea×Lolium multiflorum). Die allogamen Arten zeigen stärkere gametische Inkompatibilitätsreaktionen als die autogamen Arten.

Summary

Results are reported obtained after extensive interspecific and intergeneric crosses between some forage grasses (Festuca, Lolium, Poa, Dactyvlis, Panicum, Pennisetum, Cenchrus and others) and between some cereals (Hordeum, Triticum, Secale, Avena, Aegilops). Taking into consideration evolutionary aspects, the observed forms of cross-incompatibility may be explained as natural reproductive isolating mechanisms. The main conclusions are:

  1. 1.

    Natural selection gave rise to different pre- and postzygotic systems of interspecific incompatibility. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms are of direct selective advantage caused by an increased rate of reproduction. Postzygotic isolating mechanisms are a by-product of divergency arising during speciation. Usually, species are separated by means of several reproductive isolating mechanisms.

  2. 2.

    Postzygotic cross barriers were found to be prevalent in crosses between closely related species or genera (e.g. betweenLolium andFestuca species or between differentPoa species). Disturbed development of endosperm and embryo, hybrid sterility and hybrid breakdown were observed.

  3. 3.

    Between remotely related sympatric species strong gametic incompatibility was observed, however (e.g.Lolium orFestuca×Poa orBromus). In several experiments, it was not possible to overcome this.

  4. 4.

    In some intergeneric combinations, single idiotypes showed decreased incompatibility reactions. Three F1 hybrids were obtained from one mother plant after crossingFestuca arundinacea andDactylis glomerata. Generally a large number of different idiotypes should be tested in interspecific and intergeneric crosses.

  5. 5.

    Significant reciprocal differences as to crossability were found after crossing of self-incompatible and self-compatible species (e.g.Triticum aestivum×Secale cereale orFestuca gigantea×Lolium multiflorum). Gametic incompatibility was stronger in self-incompatible species than in self-compatible ones.

Краткое содержание

Сообщается о результ атах многочисленных видовых и родовых скрещиваний между различными кор мовыми (Festuca, Lolium, Poa, Dactylis, Panicum,Pennisetum, Cenchrus и др.) и зерновыми (Hordeum, Triticum, Secale, Avena,Aegilops) злаками. Наблюдавш иеся типы несовмести мости, с учётом эволюционных процессов, рассматри ваются как естествен ные репродуктивные изоляционные механи змы. Можно сделать сле дующие выводы.

  1. 1.

    Под влиянием естеств енного отбора образо вались различные презиготн ые и постзыготные межви довые системы несовм естимости. Презиготные системы несовместимости обу словливают повышенн ую норму репродукции и, благодаря этому, непо средственно дают их н осителям селекционное преиму щество. Постзиготные изоляц ионные механизмы являются побочным продуктом дивергент ного развития в проце ссах видообразования. Бол ьшинство видов отделены друг о т друга одновременно несколькими изоляци онными механизмами.

  2. 2.

    Между близкородстве нными видами и родами (напр, между видамиLolium иFestuca или между видамиPoa) наблюдаются преимущественно пос тзиготные барьеры скрещиваемо сти, в виде неправильн ого развития эндосперма или зародыша, стериль ности первого или нежизнеспособности второго поколения.

  3. 3.

    Между филогенетичес ки отдалёнными, симпа трическими видами (напр.Lolium илиFestuca при скрещиван ии сPoa илиBromus) проявляет ся уже сильная гаметная нес овместимость, котора я не могла быть преодолена экспериментальным п утём.

  4. 4.

    При скрещиваниях в ра зличных комбинациях были найдены отдельные идиотипы с ослабленн ой несовместимостью. Так в комбинацииFestuca arundinacea×Dactylis glomerata одно материнск ое растение дало три гибрида первого поколения. Ка к правило, следует во в сех межвидовых и межродо вых скрещиваниях опробо вать, в качестве родит ельских форм, возможно больше растений разл ичного происхождени я.

  5. 5.

    Между аллогамными и а втогамными видами бы ли найдены значительные реципрокные различи я по скрещиваемости (н апр, уTriticum aestivum ×Secale cereale или уFestuca gigantea×Lolium multiflorum). Аллог амные виды проявляют более силь ную гаметную реакцию несовместимости, чем автогамные виды.

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  1. Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, 4325, Gatersleben

    Fritz Matzk,  Kurt Gröber &  Martin Zacharias

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Matzk, F., Gröber, K. & Zacharias, M. Ergebnisse von Art- und Gattungskreuzungen mit Gramineen im Zusammenhang mit den natürlichen Isolationsmechanismen zwischen den Arten. Die Kulturpflanze 28, 257–284 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02014724

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