Abstract
A prerequisite for the development of a successful transformation system is the availability of efficient regeneration systems. Up to 1995 the only available regeneration system in cassava was an organized type of somatic embryogenesis. Transformation of these organized somatic embryogenic cultures with particle bombardment or Agrobacterium tumefaciens resulted in chimeric transformed embryos. However, the transformed sector was lost after repeated cycles of secondary somatic embryogenesis. After 1995 a less organized system of somatic embryogenesis was developed, so called friable embryogenic callus (FEC) and a system of adventitious shoot regeneration. The FEC regeneration system was combined successfully with particle bombardment. Selection of transgenic plants was based on either luciferase activity, or resistance to the aminoglycoside paromomycin or the herbicide phosphinothricin. Furthermore, protoplasts of FEC are able to regenerate into plants and can be transformed by electroporation. The adventitious shoot regeneration system was combined successfully with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. For this mature somatic embryos were cocultivated with Agrobacterium and cultured for adventitious shoot development. After selection based on the aminoglycoside geneticin or on hygromycin transgenic plants were formed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fauquet, C.M., C. Schöpke, P. Chavarriaga, A. Sangarel & R.N. Beachy, 1993. Genetic engineering technologies to control viruses and their application to cassava viruses. In: W.M. Roca & A.M. Thro (Eds.). Proceedings CBN: first International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, pp. 190–207, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia 25–28 August 1992, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, working document 123.
Gresshoff, P.M. & C.H. Doy, 1974. Development and differentiation of haploid Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Planta 107: 161–170.
Guerineau, F. & P.M. Mullineaux, 1993. Plant transformation and expression vectors. In: R.R.D. Croy (Ed.). Plant molecular biology, pp. 121–148. Labfax, BIOS Scientific publishers, Oxford, UK.
Hughes, J., C. de Carvalho, J.P. Francisco & B.S. Murray, 1994. Purification, characterization and cloning of α-hydroxynitrile lyase from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 311: 496–502.
Konan, N.K., R.S. Sangwan & B.S. Sangwan, 1994. Somatic embryogenesis from cultured mature cotyledons of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Plant, Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 37: 91–102.
Li, H.Q., Y.W. Huang, C.Y. Liang & J.Y. Guo, 1995. Improvement of plant regeneration from secondary somatic embryos of cassava. In: Proceedings CBN: second International Scientific Meeting of Cassava Biotechnology Network, Bogor, Indonesia, 22–26 August, pp. 289–302, Cali, Columbia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, working document 150.
Li, H.Q., C. Sauter, I. Potrykus & J. Puonti-Kaerlas, 1996. Genetic transformation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Nature Biotechnology 14: 736–740.
Lonsdale, D.M., 1987. The molecular biology and genetic manipulation of the cytoplasm of higher plants. In: P.W.J. Rigby (Ed.). Genetic Engineering 6, pp. 48–95. Academic Press. London-Orlando.
Luong, H.T., P.R. Shewry & P.A. Lazzeri, 1995. Transient gene expression in cassava somatic embryos by tissue electroporation. Plant Science 107: 105–115.
Mathews, H., C. Schöpke, R. Carcamo, P. Chavarriaga, C. Fauquet & R.N. Beachy, 1993. Improvement of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in cassava. Plant Cell Rep. 12: 328–333.
Mroginsky, L.E. & A. Scocchi, 1993. Somatic embryogenesis of Argentine cassava varieties. In: W.M. Roca & A.M. Thro (Eds). Proceedings CBN: first International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, pp. 175–180, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia 25–28 August 1992, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, working document 123.
Mukherjee, A., 1995. Embryogenesis and regeneration from cassava calli of anther and leaf. In: Proceedings CBN: second International Scientific Meeting of Cassava Biotechnology Network, Bogor, Indonesia, 22–26 August, pp. 375–377, Cali, Columbia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, working document 150.
Murashige, T. & F. Skoog, 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco cultures. Physiol Pl 15: 473–497.
Narayanaswamy, T.C., N.M. Ramaswamy & S.R. Sree Rangaswamy, 1995. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in cassava. In: Proceedings CBN: second International Scientific Meeting of Cassava Biotechnology Network, Bogor, Indonesia, 22–26 August, pp. 324–329, Cali, Columbia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, working document 150.
Ng, S.Y.C., 1992. Tissue culture of root and tuber crops at IITA. In: G. Thottappilly, L.M. Monti, D.R. Mohan Raj & A.W. Moore (Eds). Biotechnology: enhancing research on tropical crops in Africa, pp. 135–141. CTA/IITA co-publication, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Ow, D.W., K.V. Wood, M. DeLuca, J.R. De Wet, D.R. Helinski & S.H. Howell, 1986. Transient and stable expression of the firefly luciferase gene in plant cells and transgenic plants. Science 234: 856–859.
Raemakers, C.J.J.M., 1993. Primary and cyclic somatic embryogenesis in cassava. PhD thesis Agricultural University of Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 119, ISBN 90-5485-193-7.
Raemakers, C.J.J.M., J. Bessembinder, G. Staritsky, E. Jacobsen & R.G.F. Visser, 1993a. Induction, germination and shoot development of somatic embryos in cassava. Plant, Cell Tiss an Cult. 33: 151–156.
Raemakers, C.J.J.M., M. Amati, G. Staritsky, E. Jacobsen & R.G.F. Visser, 1993b. Cyclic somatic embryogenesis in cassava. Ann Bot 71: 289–294.
Raemakers, C.J.J.M., C.M. Schavemaker, E. Jacobsen & R.G.F. Visser, 1993c. Improvements of cyclic somatic embryogenesis of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Plant Cell Rep. 12: 226–229.
Raemakers, C.J.J.M., E. Sofiari, E. Kanju, E. Jacobsen & R.G.F. Visser, 1995a. NAA induced somatic embryogenesis in cassava. In: Proceedings CBN: second International Scientific Meeting of Cassava Biotechnology Network, Bogor, Indonesia, 22–26 August, pp. 355–364, Cali, Columbia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, working document 150.
Raemakers, C.J.J.M., E. Jacobsen & R.G.F. Visser, 1995b. Histology of somatic embryogenesis and evaluation of somaclonal variation. In: Proceedings CBN: second International Scientific Meeting of Cassava Biotechnology Network, Bogor, Indonesia, 22–26 August, pp. 336–354, Cali, Columbia, Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical, working document 150.
Raemakers, C.J.J.M., E. Sofiari, N. Taylor, G. Henshaw, E. Jacobsen & R.G.F. Visser, 1996. Production of transgenic cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plants by particle bombardment using luciferase activity as selection marker. Molecular Breeding (in press).
Salehuzzaman, S.N.I.M., E. Jacobsen & R.G.F. Visser, 1994. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA-encoding granula-bound starch synthase in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its anti-sense expression in potato. Plant Mol Biol 23: 947–962.
Schenk, R.U. & A.C. Hildebrandt, 1972. Medium and techniques for induction and growth of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cell cultures. Can J Bot 50: 99.
Schöpke, C., N. Taylor, R. Carcamo, G. Henshaw, R.N. Beachy & C. Fauquet, 1995. Transformation of cassava embryoids by microbombardment of embryogenic suspensions. In: Proceedings CBN: second International Scientific Meeting of Cassava Biotechnology Network, Bogor, Indonesia, 22–26 August, pp. 257–263, Cali, Columbia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, working document 150.
Schöpke, C., N. Taylor, R. Carcamo, N.K. Konan, P. Marmey, G. Henshaw, R.N. Beachy & C. Fauquet, 1996. Regeneration of transgenic cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from microbombarded embryogenic suspensions cultures. Nature Biotechnology 14: 731–735.
Sofiari, E., 1996. Regeneration and transformation of cassava. PhD thesis Wageningen Agricultural University of Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 136, ISBN 90-5485-536-3.
Stamp, J.A. & G.G. Henshaw, 1982. Somatic embryogenesis in cassava. Z für Pflanzenph 105: 183–187.
Stamp, J.A. & G.G. Henshaw, 1987a. Somatic embryogenesis from clonal leaf tissue of cassava. Ann of Bot 59: 445–450.
Stamp, J.A. & G.G. Henshaw, 1987b. Secondary somatic embryogennesis and plant regeneration in cassava. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult. 10: 227–233.
Stamp, J.A., 1987c. Somatic embryogenesis in cassava: the anatomy and morphology of the regeneration process. Annals of Botany 59: 451–459.
Sudarmonowati, E. & G.G. Henshaw, 1993. The induction of somatic embryogenesis of recalcitrant cultivars using picloram and dicamba. In: W.M. Roca & A.M. Thro (Eds). Proceedings CBN: first Internacional Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, pp. 129–134, Cartagena de Indias, Columbia 25–28 August 1992, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, working document 123.
Szabados, L., R. Hoyos & W. Roca, 1987. In vitro somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of cassava. Plant Cell Rep. 6: 248–251.
Taylor, N.J. & G.G. Henshaw, 1993. The induction of somatic embryogenesis in fifteen African and one South American cassava cultivars. In: W.M. Roca & A.M. Thro (Eds). Proceedings CBN: first International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, pp. 134–140, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia 25–28 August 1992, Centro International de Agricultura Tropical, working document 123.
Taylor, N.J., M. Edwards & G.G. Henshaw, 1995. Production of friable embryogenic calli and suspension culture system in two genotypes of cassava. In: Proceedings CBN: second international Scientific Meeting of Cassava Biotechnology Network, Bogor, Indonesia, 22–26 August, pp. 229–240, Cali, Columbia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, working document 150.
Wolters, A.M.A., H.C.H. Schoenmakers, J.J. van der Meulen-Muiser, E. van der Knaap, F.H.M. Derks, M. Koornneef & A. Zelcer, 1991. Limited DNA elimination from the irradiated potato parent in fusion products of albino Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum tuberosum. Theor Appl Genet 83: 225–232.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Raemakers, C., Sofiari, E., Jacobsen, E. et al. Regeneration and transformation of cassava. Euphytica 96, 153–161 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002970925897
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002970925897