Chichibabin “isodesmopyridine” synthesis
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Isodesmopyridine (1, Fig. 1) and desmopyridine (2) are 2,3,5- and 3,4,5- trisubstituted pyridines, respectively, which were isolated from the hydrolysates of bovine ligamentum nuchae in 2001 by Suyama and co-workers, and are one of the crosslinking amino acids of elastin [1]. Elastin is the main component of elastic fibers existing in vertebrate tissues such as lung, skin, blood vessels and ligamentum [2]. Biosynthetically, 1 and 2 are considered to be formed through Chichibabin pyridine synthesis between dehydrolysinonorleucine and allysine [1]. It was suggested that the amount of 1 and 2 in human aorta elastin would gradually increase with age. Thus, 1 and 2 could be effective biomarkers for the aortic elastin damaged by ammonia.
Previously, our group achieved the first total synthesis of 2 starting from 4-aminopyridine over six steps via chemo- and regioselective palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira and Negishi cross-coupling reactions [3]. We also accomplished the synthesis of isodesmosine and desmosine, which are also known as elastin crosslinking amino acids [4], via Pr(OTf)3-assisted Chichibabin pyridinium synthesis starting from allysine and lysine derivatives [5], [6]. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of 1 via Pr(OTf)3-assisted Chichibabin pyridine synthesis from allysine derivatives and ammonium salts with optimization of the reaction conditions.
Section snippets
Results and discussion
We commenced the study with preparation of allysine derivative 3 according to the literature procedure [5a]. With 3 in hand, we firstly attempted the synthesis of 1 via Chichibabin pyridinium synthesis of 1,2,3,5-tetrasubstituted pyridinium 5. Four equivalents of allysine 3 and one equivalent of benzylamine hydrochloride 4 were reacted with 50 mol% Pr(OTf)3 in H2O at room temperature for 24 h to afford 5 in 19% yield (Scheme 1). Hydrogenolysis of 5 was attempted with H2 gas in the presence of
Conclusion
In summary, the first total synthesis of isodesmopyridine (1) was accomplished via Pr(OTf)3-assisted Chichibabin pyridine synthesis in maximum 30% yield starting from protected allysine 3 and NH4OAc. This achievement might be helpful for the development of useful biomarkers for the aortic elastin damaged by ammonia. This could also lead to elucidation of the biosynthesis of 1 through Chichibabin pyridine synthesis.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP25750388 and JP17K01953. We are grateful to Ms. Daria A. Baut (Sophia University) for manuscript suggestion.
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