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Geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks of the Sonakhan and Mahakoshal greenstone belts, Central India: Implications for paleoweathering, paleogeography and mechanisms of greenstone belt development

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Abstract

A comparative study of the Precambrian Sonakhan (SGB) and Mahakoshal (MGB) greenstones belts of Central India has been undertaken to decipher their provenance, paleoweathering, paleogeography, and tectonics. As compared to the Upper Continental Crust (UCC), the MGB samples are enriched while the SGB samples are depleted in mafic elements indicating the presence of mafic rocks in the source of the MGB. This is complemented by the Ni–Cr diagram. The REE concentrations, LREE fractionated patterns and negative Eu anomalies of the MGB and SGB samples indicate derivation of sediments from a highly fractionated granitic source. Since MGB samples also contain the geochemical signature of mafic rocks, it is, therefore proposed that the MGB clastic load were derived from two sources (mafic + felsic) with arc character. This is attested by Cr and Zr relationships, and LILE enrichment, and HFSE depletion. These features suggest that the SGB developed as autochthonous while the MGB developed as an allochthonous belt. The chemical alteration indices such as chemical index of alteration (CIA), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA), and index of compositional variability for MGB samples indicate that they were dominantly derived as the first cycle (with minor recycled) sediments from bimodal sources (dominantly continental arcs) by intense chemical weathering as compared to the SGB samples, which were derived from felsic sources (dominantly cratonic rocks), and partly by recycling through a low chemical weathering. The CIA and PIA values of the samples reveal a change in the climatic conditions from Late Archean to Late Paleoproterozoic. Such change is interpreted in terms of migration of the Indian plate from high latitudes in the Late Archean to lower latitudes during the Late Paleoproterozoic. This is consistent with the paleomagnetic data that placed India in the configuration of 2.45 Ga Ur and 1.78 Ga Columbia supercontinents.

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Data availability

All data generated and analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

Abbreviations

SGB:

Sonakhan greenstone belt

MGB:

Mahakoshal greenstone belt

UCC:

Upper Continental Crust

REE:

Rare earth elements

LREE:

Light REE

HREE:

Heavy REE

LILE:

Large ion lithophile element

HFSE:

High field strength element

CIA:

Chemical index of alteration

PIA:

Plagioclase index of alteration

ICV:

Index of compositional variability

BIF:

Banded iron formations

TTG:

Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite

CITZ:

Central Indian Tectonic Zone

XRF:

X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer

∑REE:

Total rare earth elements

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Acknowledgements

We wish to express sincere thanks to the Director of National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad, and the Director of Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun for providing laboratory facilities during chemical analysis. We are thankful to the Chairperson, Department of Geology, A.M.U., India for providing the necessary facilities to carry out this investigation. H. Wani thankfully acknowledges the financial support of UGC, Govt. of India in the form of a research project F. No. 40-304/2011 (SR). We also thank three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and critical reviews.

Funding

HW acknowledges the financial support from UGC, Govt. of India in the form of a research project F. No. 40-304/2011(SR). MEAM is thankful to the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India for financial support in the form of a Research Project (SR/S4/ES-180/2005).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Government Degree College for Women Pulwama, Exchange Road, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, 192301, India

    Hamidullah Wani

  2. Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India

    M. E. A. Mondal & Iftikhar Ahmad

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  1. Hamidullah Wani
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Contributions

Data acquisition: HW, MEAM. Conception: MEAM, IA. Writing/Drafting: HW, IA. Data interpretation: HW, MEAM, IA. Revision: MEAM, IA. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to M. E. A. Mondal.

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Wani, H., Mondal, M.E.A. & Ahmad, I. Geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks of the Sonakhan and Mahakoshal greenstone belts, Central India: Implications for paleoweathering, paleogeography and mechanisms of greenstone belt development. Acta Geochim 41, 64–83 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-021-00496-w

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