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23 pages, 6289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics Associated with Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias and Their Prognostic Impact in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

by Alexander Schmitt, Michael Behnes, Jonas Rusnak, Muharrem Akin, Marielen Reinhardt, Noah Abel, Jan Forner, Julian Müller, Kathrin Weidner, Mohammad Abumayyaleh, Ibrahim Akin and Tobias Schupp

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(9), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092665 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Background: The occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias represents an established risk factor of mortality in heart failure (HF). However, data concerning their prognostic impact in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is limited. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate patient [...] Read more.

Background: The occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias represents an established risk factor of mortality in heart failure (HF). However, data concerning their prognostic impact in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is limited. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate patient characteristics associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmias and their prognostic impact in patients with HFmrEF. Methods: Consecutive patients hospitalized with HFmrEF (i.e., left ventricular ejection fraction 41–49% and signs and/or symptoms of HF) were retrospectively included at one institution from 2016 to 2022. The prognosis of patients with HFmrEF and different types of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (i.e., non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (nsVT), sustained VT (sVT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF) was investigated for the primary endpoint of long-term all-cause mortality at 30 months. Secondary endpoints included in-hospital all-cause mortality and long-term HF-related rehospitalization at 30 months. Results: From a total of 2184 patients with HFmrEF, 4.4% experienced ventricular tachyarrhythmias (i.e., 2.0% nsVT, 0.7% sVT, and 1.6% VF). The occurrence of nsVT was associated with higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, whereas the incidence of sVT/VF was associated with acute myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease. However, nsVT (25.0%; HR = 0.760; 95% CI 0.419–1.380; p = 0.367) and sVT/VF (28.8%; HR = 0.928; 95% CI 0.556–1.549; p = 0.776) were not associated with a higher risk of long-term all-cause mortality compared to patients with HFmrEF without ventricular tachyarrhythmias (31.5%). In-hospital cardiovascular mortality was more frequently observed in patients with HFmrEF and sVT/VF compared to those with HFmrEF but without sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias (7.7% vs. 1.5%; p = 0.004). Finally, the risk of rehospitalization for worsening HF was not affected by the presence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Conclusions: The occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients hospitalized with HFmrEF was low and not associated with long-term prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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53 pages, 7049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reassessing the Location, Magnitude, and Macroseismic Intensity Map of the 8 April 1893 Svilajnac (Serbia) Earthquake

by Miodrag I. Manić and Borko Đ. Bulajić

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3893; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093893 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

A devastating earthquake took place on 8 April 1893, close to the town of Svilajnac, central Serbia. Over the past decade, significant historical data on the effects of this earthquake has been collected from a variety of sources, including books, scientific publications, reports, [...] Read more.

A devastating earthquake took place on 8 April 1893, close to the town of Svilajnac, central Serbia. Over the past decade, significant historical data on the effects of this earthquake has been collected from a variety of sources, including books, scientific publications, reports, newspapers, and coeval chronicles. Additionally, this earthquake was recorded 750 km from the epicenter at the seismological station Rocca di Papa in Rome, Italy. Based on critical review and analysis of the historical data, we demonstrate that the epicentral area of this earthquake was 531 km², and the macroseismic effects were recorded at epicentral distances up to 600 km towards the west (Vienna, Austria) towards the north, up to 500 km (Košice–Michalovce, Slovakia), towards the east up to 460 km (Brašov–Borsec, Romania); and towards the south up to about 300 km (Radoviš, North Macedonia). Finally, we show that the key parameters of the 1893 Svilajnac earthquake are as follows: (1) epicentral intensity, I₀ = IX EMS-98, (2) the estimations of the moment magnitude and focal depth based on the observed intensities, M_W = 6.8 and h = 13 km, respectively, and (3) the epicenter coordinates, 44.160° N and 21.354° E. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Seismic Hazard Assessment)

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12 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

School Health Education and Teachers’ Preservice Training: The Case of Greece

by Pelagia Soultatou and Kyriacos Athanasiou

Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050483 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Background: School health education (SHE) serves as a primary pedagogical aspect of public health. This study aims to explore the curricula of preservice schoolteachers, examining whether graduate courses in Greek universities include SHE, how it is structured, and whether critical pedagogy principles are [...] Read more.

Background: School health education (SHE) serves as a primary pedagogical aspect of public health. This study aims to explore the curricula of preservice schoolteachers, examining whether graduate courses in Greek universities include SHE, how it is structured, and whether critical pedagogy principles are integrated. Methods: A corpus of n = 21 documents was compiled, encompassing all educational departments in Greek higher education, including Departments of Early Childhood Education and Care (n = 3), Departments of Preschool Education (n = 9), and Departments of Primary Education (n = 9). Results: Content analysis revealed the presence of SHE in 11 out of 21 educational departments. Thematic analysis uncovered significant variability in the curricula, with greater emphasis placed on health-related topics rather than the methodologies and values of SHE. Critical pedagogy principles were not explicitly evident in the curricula, while a persistent biomedical orientation left little room for the development of concepts related to social justice. Conclusions: This study represents the first of its kind in Greece and among the few internationally to examine preservice training for schoolteachers in SHE. The findings underscore the need for revisions to align with the key lessons learned from the major public health crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is imperative to acknowledge that vulnerabilities have been exacerbated, and inequalities widened, necessitating a reassessment of current approaches to health education within teacher training programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Curriculum and Instruction)

17 pages, 4062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Valproic Acid Causes Redox-Regulated Post-Translational Protein Modifications That Are Dependent upon P19 Cellular Differentiation States

by Ted B. Piorczynski, Jouber Calixto, Haley C. Henry, Kelli England, Susannah Cowley, Jackson M. Hansen, Jonathon T. Hill and Jason M. Hansen

Antioxidants 2024, 13(5), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050560 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Valproic acid (VPA) is a common anti-epileptic drug and known neurodevelopmental toxicant. Although the exact mechanism of VPA toxicity remains unknown, recent findings show that VPA disrupts redox signaling in undifferentiated cells but has little effect on fully differentiated neurons. Redox imbalances often [...] Read more.

Valproic acid (VPA) is a common anti-epileptic drug and known neurodevelopmental toxicant. Although the exact mechanism of VPA toxicity remains unknown, recent findings show that VPA disrupts redox signaling in undifferentiated cells but has little effect on fully differentiated neurons. Redox imbalances often alter oxidative post-translational protein modifications and could affect embryogenesis if developmentally critical proteins are targeted. We hypothesize that VPA causes redox-sensitive post-translational protein modifications that are dependent upon cellular differentiation states. Undifferentiated P19 cells and P19-derived neurons were treated with VPA alone or pretreated with D3T, an inducer of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) antioxidant pathway, prior to VPA exposure. Undifferentiated cells treated with VPA alone exhibited an oxidized glutathione redox couple and increased overall protein oxidation, whereas differentiated neurons were protected from protein oxidation via increased S-glutathionylation. Pretreatment with D3T prevented the effects of VPA exposure in undifferentiated cells. Taken together, our findings support redox-sensitive post-translational protein alterations in undifferentiated cells as a mechanism of VPA-induced developmental toxicity and propose NRF2 activation as a means to preserve proper neurogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein Oxidative Modification in Brain function, Brain Ageing and Neurological Diseases)

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23 pages, 7982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Management of Irrigation and Potassium Fertilization to Mitigate the Effect of Light Frosts on the Phenolic and Volatile Compounds in Virgin Olive Oils

by Suony Antonelli, Sebastián Pozas, Jorge Saavedra-Torrico, Mauricio Donders, Chris Bustamante, Betsabet Sepúlveda, Francisco Tapia, Diego L. García-González and Nalda Romero

Antioxidants 2024, 13(5), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050559 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

The frequency of early frosts has increased in recent years, which are injurious to olive growing, causing losses in the yield and quality of virgin olive oil. In this research, it was studied how the management of agronomic factors mitigates frost damage in [...] Read more.

The frequency of early frosts has increased in recent years, which are injurious to olive growing, causing losses in the yield and quality of virgin olive oil. In this research, it was studied how the management of agronomic factors mitigates frost damage in Arbequina olives, minimizing the loss of phenols and volatiles in virgin olive oil, at different fruit ripening stages. A Box–Behnken design and multivariate analysis were performed, with three levels of irrigation, potassium fertilization, and foliar copper application (15 treatments). Virgin olive oil was extracted from fresh and frozen olives. Light frost caused a significant decrease in the total phenols and secoiridoid compounds in and the antioxidant capacity of the frost-affected oils, which were perceived as more pungent and had the slight defect of “frostbitten olives”. According to the Box–Behnken design, an 86% reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) or higher with 100 potassium oxide units (UK₂O) and a 100% ET₀ or higher with 250 UK₂O would be required to minimize the effect of light frost on phenols and volatiles. Partial Least Squares Regression–Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) differentiated the virgin olive oils according to their ripening stage and fresh and frost conditions. Moreover, PLS-DA positively correlated a 75–100% ET₀ and 0 Uk₂O with the dialdehydic form of the decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycone (p-HPEA-EDA), the dialdehydic form of the decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone (3,4-DHPEA-EDA), the dialdehydic form of the ligstroside aglycone (p-HPEA-EDA-DLA), and with fruity, pungent, and bitter attributes. Precision agronomic management based on the needs of the crop itself would avoid unnecessary stress on olive trees and oil damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolic Antioxidants)

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15 pages, 1488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Electron Beam Radiation on the Phenolic Composition and Bioactive Properties of Olive Pomace Extracts

by Joana Madureira, Inês Gonçalves, Jéssica Cardoso, Maria Inês Dias, Pedro M. P. Santos, Fernanda M. A. Margaça, Celestino Santos-Buelga, Lillian Barros and Sandra Cabo Verde

Antioxidants 2024, 13(5), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050558 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Olive pomace is an agro-industrial waste product generated from the olive oil industry and constituted by bioactive compounds with potential applications in several industrial sectors. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of electron beam (e-beam) radiation on olive pomace, [...] Read more.

Olive pomace is an agro-industrial waste product generated from the olive oil industry and constituted by bioactive compounds with potential applications in several industrial sectors. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of electron beam (e-beam) radiation on olive pomace, specifically on phenolic compounds (by HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS) and the bioactive properties (antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antimicrobial activities) of crude olive pomace (COP) and extracted olive pomace (EOP) extracts. The amount of total flavonoid content and the reducing power of COP extracts were higher than those obtained for EOP extracts. The results suggested that e-beam radiation at 6 kGy increased both total phenolic and total flavonoid contents as well as the reducing power of COP extracts, due to the higher extractability (>2.5-fold) of phenolic compounds from these samples, while decreasing the scavenging activity of extracts. The extracts of both olive pomaces showed antibacterial potential, and COP extracts at 400 µg/mL also presented antiproliferative activity against A549, Caco-2, 293T, and RAW264.7 cell lines, with both properties preserved with the e-beam treatment. All in all, e-beam radiation at 6 kGy appears to be a promising technology to valorize the pollutant wastes of the olive oil industry through enhancing phenolic extractability and bioactive properties, and, furthermore, to contribute to the environmental and economical sustainability of the olive oil industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants)

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15 pages, 1747 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physical Activity and Oxidative Stress in Aging

by Rosamaria Militello, Simone Luti, Tania Gamberi, Alessio Pellegrino, Alessandra Modesti and Pietro Amedeo Modesti

Antioxidants 2024, 13(5), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050557 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Biological aging, characterized by changes in metabolism and physicochemical properties of cells, has an impact on public health. Environment and lifestyle, including factors like diet and physical activity, seem to play a key role in healthy aging. Several studies have shown that regular [...] Read more.

Biological aging, characterized by changes in metabolism and physicochemical properties of cells, has an impact on public health. Environment and lifestyle, including factors like diet and physical activity, seem to play a key role in healthy aging. Several studies have shown that regular physical activity can enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms, including the activity of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. However, intense or prolonged exercise can also lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production temporarily, resulting in oxidative stress. This phenomenon is referred to as “exercise-induced oxidative stress”. The relationship between physical activity and oxidative stress in aging is complex and depends on various factors such as the type, intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise, as well as individual differences in antioxidant capacity and adaptation to exercise. In this review, we analyzed what is reported by several authors regarding the role of physical activity on oxidative stress in the aging process as well as the role of hormesis and physical exercise as tools for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia, an aging-related disease. Finally, we reported what has recently been studied in relation to the effect of physical activity and sport on aging in women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Physical Activity on Oxidative Stress in Muscle Aging)

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15 pages, 3105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of OSC (Off-Site Construction) Level Measurement Methods

by Chulwoo Im, Jung-In Kim, Inhan Kim and Jungho Yu

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051281 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Studies have shown that the implementation of OSC (off-site construction) is beneficial. However, most studies have relied on simulated project data to forecast the potential advantages of OSC, often using surveys or expert consultations as their primary research methods. Others have based their [...] Read more.

Studies have shown that the implementation of OSC (off-site construction) is beneficial. However, most studies have relied on simulated project data to forecast the potential advantages of OSC, often using surveys or expert consultations as their primary research methods. Others have based their analyses on a specific sample size, focusing on cost savings and reduced construction time. Such approaches inherently possess limitations. In this study, we define “OSC level measurement” as the comprehensive process of quantifying the application of OSC elements throughout the project lifecycle. Numerous studies have proposed methods for OSC level measurements. However, they vary in their applicability to different facility types and project phases and employ country-specific quantification items and methods. These variations complicate the comparison or integration of OSC measurement methods on an international scale. The comprehensiveness of the representations in the existing industry foundation classes (IFCs), which is required to carry out automated OSC level measurement, is not yet investigated. This study aimed to systematically compare and analyze various methods for measuring OSC levels in construction projects. We intend to provide researchers and professionals with the necessary characteristics and requirements to develop standardized OSC level measurement methods in the future. The key takeaways emphasize the need for establishing the necessary standardization of the list of OSC elements, creating a framework for standardized quantification items using IFC elements based on BIM data to measure the extent of OSC elements’ application, and unifying the quantification methods for assessing the proportion of OSC elements. Ultimately, this standardization will pave the way for more informed decision making, innovation, and the implementation of sustainable solutions in the construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning Models in Buildings)

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12 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessReview

Managing Severe Cancer Pain with Oxycodone/Naloxone Treatment: A Literature Review Update

by Paolo Formenti, Michele Umbrello, Mauro Pignataro, Giovanni Sabbatini, Lorenzo Dottorini, Miriam Gotti, Giovanni Brenna, Alessandro Menozzi, Gaetano Terranova, Andrea Galimberti and Angelo Pezzi

J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(5), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14050483 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Severe cancer pain substantially affects patients’ quality of life, increasing the burden of the disease and reducing the disability-adjusted life years. Although opioid analgesics are effective, they may induce opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OIBD). Oxycodone/naloxone combination therapy has emerged as a promising approach to [...] Read more.

Severe cancer pain substantially affects patients’ quality of life, increasing the burden of the disease and reducing the disability-adjusted life years. Although opioid analgesics are effective, they may induce opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OIBD). Oxycodone/naloxone combination therapy has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate opioid-induced constipation (OIC) while providing effective pain relief. This review provides an updated analysis of the literature of the last decade regarding the use of oxycodone/naloxone in the management of severe cancer pain. Through a comprehensive search of databases, studies focusing on the efficacy, safety, and patient experience of oxycodone/naloxone’s prolonged release in severe cancer pain management were identified. Furthermore, the literature discusses the mechanism of action of naloxone in mitigating OIC without compromising opioid analgesia. Overall, the evidence suggests that oxycodone/naloxone combination therapy offers a valuable option for effectively managing severe cancer pain while minimizing opioid-induced constipation, thereby improving patients’ quality of life. However, further research is needed to optimize dosing regimens, evaluate long-term safety, and assess patient outcomes in diverse cancer populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anesthesiology and Pain Management in Clinical Medicine)

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13 pages, 977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Tomato Variety Affects the Survival of Shigella flexneri 2a in Fruit Pericarp

by Tania Henriquez, Simona Guerra, Marta Nerini, Diane Purchase and Massimiliano Marvasi

Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050379 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

The presence of enteric pathogens in produce can serve as a significant means of transmitting infections to consumers. Notably, tomatoes, as a type of produce, have been implicated in outbreaks caused by various human pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica and pathogenic Escherichia coli. [...] Read more.

The presence of enteric pathogens in produce can serve as a significant means of transmitting infections to consumers. Notably, tomatoes, as a type of produce, have been implicated in outbreaks caused by various human pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica and pathogenic Escherichia coli. However, the survival characteristics of Shigella spp. in tomatoes have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we assess the survival of S. flexneri 2a in two distinct varieties of post-harvested tomatoes. S. flexneri 2a was used to inoculate both regular-sized Vine tomatoes and cherry-type Mini Plum tomatoes. Our findings reveal no significant difference in Shigella survival in the pericarp of both varieties on day 2 post-inoculation. However, a significant disparity emerges on day 6, where all recovered Shigella colonies exclusively belong to the Mini Plum variety, with none associated with the Vine type. When Shigella was inoculated into the locular cavity (deep inoculation), no significant difference between varieties was observed. Additionally, we investigate the potential role of the SRL pathogenicity island (SRL PAI) in the survival and fitness of S. flexneri 2a in post-harvested tomatoes. Our results indicate that while the SRL PAI is not linked to the survival of the strains in tomato, it does impact their fitness. These findings underscore the variability in Shigella strains’ survival capabilities depending on the tomato variety, highlighting the importance of understanding Shigella ecology beyond the human host and identifying molecular determinants influencing bacterial survival to mitigate the risk of future outbreaks. The significance of this data on Shigella persistence in fresh vegetables should not be underestimated, as even a small number of Shigella cells can pose a threat to the health of individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

22 pages, 2945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)—Dipterose-BSF—Enhanced Zebrafish Innate Immunity Gene Expression and Resistance to Edwardsiella tarda Infection

by Haruki Nishiguchi, Ibnu Bangkit Bioshina Suryadi, Muhammad Fariz Zahir Ali, Chiemi Miura and Takeshi Miura

Insects 2024, 15(5), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050326 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Dietary management using immunostimulants to protect fish health and prevent bacterial infection is widely practiced. Many insect species possess various bioactive substances that can improve animal health. We previously identified several bioactive polysaccharides derived from insects, including dipterose-BSF from black soldier fly ( [...] Read more.

Dietary management using immunostimulants to protect fish health and prevent bacterial infection is widely practiced. Many insect species possess various bioactive substances that can improve animal health. We previously identified several bioactive polysaccharides derived from insects, including dipterose-BSF from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae; this can stimulate innate immunity in mammalian macrophage RAW264.7 cells. However, the effect of dietary dipterose-BSF on the immune system of teleosts remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the immune status of zebrafish (Danio rerio) after 14 days of dietary inclusion of dipterose-BSF (0.01, 0.1, and 1 µg/g), followed by an immersion challenge using Edwardsiella tarda. To identify changes in the transcriptional profile induced by dipterose-BSF, we performed RNA-sequencing analyses of the liver and intestine. Differentially expressed genes were investigated, with both organs showing several upregulated genes, dominated by nuclear factor and tumor necrosis factor family genes. Gene Ontology analysis revealed several terms were significantly higher in the experimental group compared with the control group. Challenge tests suggested that dietary dipterose-BSF had some positive effects on disease resistance in fish, but these effects were not pronounced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Edible Insects as Feed and Food: Opportunities and Challenges)

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27 pages, 4180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Material Flows in an Industrial Enterprise: A Comprehensive Case Study Analysis

by Luboslav Dulina, Jan Zuzik, Beata Furmannova and Sławomir Kukla

Machines 2024, 12(5), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050308 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

The primary objective of this research endeavor was to devise an improved workplace design tailored to the demands of a digital factory environment. With the overarching aim of enhancing efficiency and productivity, a comprehensive proposal was formulated to improve layout configurations within the [...] Read more.

The primary objective of this research endeavor was to devise an improved workplace design tailored to the demands of a digital factory environment. With the overarching aim of enhancing efficiency and productivity, a comprehensive proposal was formulated to improve layout configurations within the designated enterprise. The key focus lies in minimizing material transit across individual workstations, thereby mitigating potential bottlenecks and streamlining operations. Employing a structured workplace research framework, this study delved into material flow analysis techniques, augmented by the utilization of visTABLE software. While visTABLE served solely to visualize the work environment effectively, it played a crucial role in validating proposed solutions. Notably, the investigation yielded a discernible reduction in beam production time, marking a significant improvement of 10 min. These findings underscored the efficacy of the proposed solutions in addressing specific operational challenges faced by the company. Furthermore, this study facilitated a deeper understanding and visualization of the processes intrinsic to the digital factory environment. Elucidating workflow procedures at the workplace enabled stakeholders to identify areas for further improvement and refinement. In doing so, the research contributed to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of operations within the digital factory, paving the way for continued improvement and innovation in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Human-Robot Collaboration in Industry 4.0)

20 pages, 4039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Mathematical Modeling of Critical Impact Force and Rollover Velocity of Coach Tripped Rollover Based on Numerical Analysis Method

by Xinye Wu, Zhiwei Wang and Shenghui Chen

Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050543 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Although the probability of a rollover accident is lower than that of other forms of collision, rollover is a serious accident that can break the symmetry of the vehicle and cause serious loss of life and property. There are many factors affecting rollovers, [...] Read more.

Although the probability of a rollover accident is lower than that of other forms of collision, rollover is a serious accident that can break the symmetry of the vehicle and cause serious loss of life and property. There are many factors affecting rollovers, such as the environment, the vehicle, and the driving control. A coach comprises a complex dynamic system; as such, the accuracy and rationality of the used mathematical model are decisive in the study of coach rollover warning and control. By analogy with the modeling method of an automobile collision accident, the general process of a coach rollover accident is analyzed in this study in combination with the contact form and freedom of motion characteristic of the coach body and external environment. According to the principle of conservation of energy, the mathematical models of critical rollover impact force in a collision between vehicles and obstacles and in a collision between two vehicles are established, allowing for analysis of the relationships between the critical tripped rollover impact forces required for a 90° rollover and the continuous action time and collision point height. During the collision between the vehicle and the obstacle, the occurrence of a vehicle rollover is related not only to the impact force in the collision process but also to the collision duration time. Even if the impact force is relatively small, the collision lasts long enough that a second collision may occur until the vehicle rolls over. In the process of a two-vehicle collision, the critical rollover impact force is not only related to the vehicle mass but also to the vehicle wheelbase and the height of the collision point. Based on the law of conservation of momentum, the mathematic models of 90-degree rollover and 180-degree rollover are established, and the critical rollover velocities are calculated. The purpose of this study is to provide reference and guidance for the research methods of vehicle rollover stability and anti-rollover control in the intelligent vehicle era. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design Theory, Optimal Control and Intelligent Algorithms of Electric Vehicles and Intelligent Vehicles)

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14 pages, 439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Schwarzschild–de Sitter Metric of Nonlocal dS Gravity

by Ivan Dimitrijevic, Branko Dragovich, Zoran Rakic and Jelena Stankovic

Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050544 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

It is already known that a simple nonlocal de Sitter gravity model, which we denote as

\sqrt{d S}

gravity, contains an exact vacuum cosmological solution that mimics dark energy and dark matter and is in very good agreement with the standard model of [...] Read more.

It is already known that a simple nonlocal de Sitter gravity model, which we denote as

\sqrt{d S}

gravity, contains an exact vacuum cosmological solution that mimics dark energy and dark matter and is in very good agreement with the standard model of cosmology. This success of

\sqrt{d S}

gravity motivated us to investigate how it works at a lower-than-cosmic scale—galactic and the solar system. This paper contains our investigation of the corresponding Schwarzschild–de Sitter metric of the

\sqrt{d S}

gravity model. To obtain an exact solution, it is necessary to solve the corresponding nonlinear differential equation, which is a very complicated and difficult problem. What we obtained is a solution to a linearized equation, which is related to space metrics far from the massive body, where the gravitational field is weak. The obtained approximate solution is of particular interest for examining the possible role of nonlocal de Sitter gravity

\sqrt{d S}

in describing the effects in galactic dynamics that are usually attributed to dark matter. This solution was tested on the Milky Way and the spiral galaxy M33 and is in good agreement with observational measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry and the Dark Universe)

16 pages, 6831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigations on the Cavitation Bubble Dynamics near the Boundary of a Narrow Gap

by Zhifeng Wang, Yihao Yang, Zitong Guo, Qingyi Hu, Xiaoyu Wang, Yuning Zhang, Jingtao Li and Yuning Zhang

Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050541 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Cavitation bubbles near narrow gaps widely exist within microfluidic control devices. In the present paper, a laser-induced cavitation bubble is arranged in a narrow gap composed of two parallel plates. The inception position of the bubble is set to be at the same [...] Read more.

Cavitation bubbles near narrow gaps widely exist within microfluidic control devices. In the present paper, a laser-induced cavitation bubble is arranged in a narrow gap composed of two parallel plates. The inception position of the bubble is set to be at the same distance from the two plates so that the dynamic behaviors of the bubble are symmetrical. The collapse and rebound dynamics of the bubble near the boundary of a narrow gap are investigated through high-speed photography. The bubble behaviors (e.g., shape deformation, translational movement, and jet characteristics) are analyzed while considering the influence of the dimensionless distance between the bubble and the boundary and the dimensionless gap width. The principal findings include the following: (1) When the dimensionless distance is small, a violent jet towards the gap is generated during the bubble collapse stage, along with a weak counter-jet towards the boundary appearing during the rebound stage. (2) As the dimensionless distance increases, the translational distance of the bubble during the collapse stage initially decreases, then increases, and finally decreases to zero. (3) Within the parameter range considered in this paper, the dimensionless width mainly affects the expansion degree and movement direction of the bubble cloud during its rebound and subsequent stages. The above research findings can provide experimental support for bubble-driven flow control, pumping, and liquid mixing in microfluidic channels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physics)

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12 pages, 1486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Radar Cross-Section Calculation Method Based on the Combination of the Spectral Element Method and the Integral Method

by Hongyu Zhao, Jingying Chen, Mingwei Zhuang, Xiaofan Yang and Jianliang Zhuo

Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050542 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

This article proposes a novel method for calculating radar cross-sections (RCSs) that combines the spectral element method and the integral method, allowing for RCS calculations at any position in a free space or a half-space. This approach replaces the field source with an [...] Read more.

This article proposes a novel method for calculating radar cross-sections (RCSs) that combines the spectral element method and the integral method, allowing for RCS calculations at any position in a free space or a half-space. This approach replaces the field source with an incident field using the scattered field equation of the spectral element method, enabling the arbitrary placement of the field source without being limited by the computational domain. By applying the superposition theorem and the volume equivalence principle, the scattered field of the objects at any position is obtained through integral equations, eliminating limitations on the computation points imposed by the computational domain. Based on Green’s function’s important role throughout the calculation process and its symmetry properties, the RCS calculation of symmetric models will be more advantageous. Finally, several examples, including symmetry models, are provided to validate both the feasibility and accuracy of this proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Symmetry in Innovative Microwave/Millimeter-Wave/THz Antenna, Circuit and Radar System)

13 pages, 395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Variance Estimation in Stratified Random Sampling through a Log-Type Estimator for Finite Populations

by Gullinkala Ramya Venkata Triveni, Faizan Danish and Olayan Albalawi

Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050540 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

In this research, a logarithmic-type estimator was formulated for estimating the finite population variance in stratified random sampling. By ensuring that the sampling process is symmetrically conducted across the population, biases can be minimized, and the sample is more likely to be representative [...] Read more.

In this research, a logarithmic-type estimator was formulated for estimating the finite population variance in stratified random sampling. By ensuring that the sampling process is symmetrically conducted across the population, biases can be minimized, and the sample is more likely to be representative of the population as a whole. We conducted a comprehensive numerical study and simulation study to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimator. The mean squared error values were computed for both our proposed estimator and several existing ones, including the standard unbiased variance estimator, difference-type estimator, and other considered estimators. The results of the numerical study and simulation study demonstrated that the proposed log-type estimator outperforms the other considered estimators in terms of MSE and percentage relative efficiency. Graphical representations of the results are also provided to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed estimator. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that the proposed log-type estimator is a valuable addition to the existing literature on variance estimation in stratified random sampling. It provides a more efficient and accurate estimate of the population variance, which can be beneficial for various statistical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

4 pages, 152 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue: “Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Measure of Stress: Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors”

by Elena Shadrina and Cino Pertoldi

Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050539 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

The main cause of stress, according to Selye [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Measure of Stress: Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors)

9 pages, 932 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Modeling of Biofoam Destabilization by Biodefoamers in Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Activated Sludge

by Cynthia Dlangamandla, Ncumisa Mpongwana, Seteno K. O. Ntwampe, Moses Basitere and Boredi S. Chidi

Water 2024, 16(9), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091293 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Biofoam formation in wastewater treatment is a challenge globally. Previously, we successfully proposed the use of biodefoamers instead of synthetic defoamers for environmental protection. In this study, we report on biodefoamation modeling using activated sludge organisms. Overall, the rate law model was determined [...] Read more.

Biofoam formation in wastewater treatment is a challenge globally. Previously, we successfully proposed the use of biodefoamers instead of synthetic defoamers for environmental protection. In this study, we report on biodefoamation modeling using activated sludge organisms. Overall, the rate law model was determined to adequately describe foam drainage including collapse while applying biodefoamers. The target industry is the poultry processing industry whereby foam formation during wastewater treatment is an ongoing challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)

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19 pages, 5558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of Apoptosis in Porcine Ovarian Granulosa Cells Triggered by T-2 Toxin

by Yige Chen, Xianrui Zheng, Ren Zhou, Huibin Zhang, Yangguang Liu, Xiaojing Hu and Zongjun Yin

Genes 2024, 15(5), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15050579 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

T-2 toxin (T-2), an A-type mono mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium species, disrupts DNA/RNA and protein synthesis upon entering the body, resulting in pathological conditions in various tissues/organs and posing a significant threat to human and animal health. However, the mechanisms underlying its [...] Read more.

T-2 toxin (T-2), an A-type mono mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium species, disrupts DNA/RNA and protein synthesis upon entering the body, resulting in pathological conditions in various tissues/organs and posing a significant threat to human and animal health. However, the mechanisms underlying its toxicity remain unclear. With the goal of learning how T-2 affects reproduction in animals, we utilized primary porcine ovarian granulosa cells (pGCs) as a carrier in vitro and constructed concentration models for analyzing cell morphology and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Our findings showed that T-2 could influence pGCs morphology, induce cell cycle arrest, and promote apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The results of RNA-seq analyses indicated that a total of 8216 genes exhibited significant differential expression (DEG) following T-2 treatment, of which 4812 were observed to be down-regulated and 3404 were up-regulated. The DEGs following T-2 toxin treatment of pGCs had a notable impact on many metabolic pathways such as PI3K-Akt, Ras, MAPK, and apoptosis, which in turn altered important physiological processes. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated that the differences in the harmful effects of T-2 might be caused by the varying control of cellular processes and the pathway responsible for steroid metabolism. These results present further insights regarding the mechanism of T-2 action on sow reproductive toxicity, enhance our understanding of T-2 reproductive toxicological effects, and lay a theoretical foundation for the judicious prevention of T-2-induced reproductive toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pig Genetic and Genomic Breeding of 2024)

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12 pages, 4659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic Analysis of Zinc Finger-Homeodomain Transcription Factors (ZF-HDs) in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

by Meng-Di Liu, Hao Liu, Wen-Yan Liu, Shou-Fei Ni, Zi-Yi Wang, Zi-Han Geng, Kong-Yao Zhu, Yan-Fang Wang and Yan-Hong Zhao

Genes 2024, 15(5), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15050578 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Zinc finger-homeodomain transcription factors (ZF-HDs) are pivotal in regulating plant growth, development, and diverse stress responses. In this study, we found 8 ZF-HD genes in barley genome. Theses eight HvZF-HD genes were located on five chromosomes, and classified into ZHD and MIF subfamily. [...] Read more.

Zinc finger-homeodomain transcription factors (ZF-HDs) are pivotal in regulating plant growth, development, and diverse stress responses. In this study, we found 8 ZF-HD genes in barley genome. Theses eight HvZF-HD genes were located on five chromosomes, and classified into ZHD and MIF subfamily. The collinearity, gene structure, conserved motif, and cis-elements of HvZF-HD genes were also analyzed. Real-time PCR results suggested that the expression of HvZF-HD4, HvZF-HD6, HvZF-HD7 and HvZF-HD8 were up-regulated after hormones (ABA, GA3 and MeJA) or PEG treatments, especially HvZF-HD6 was significantly induced. These results provide useful information of ZF-HD genes to future study aimed at barley breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Land Plants: Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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15 pages, 2909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transparent Cellulose/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids with Improved Ultraviolet-Shielding Properties Prepared from Cotton Textile Waste

by Zhen Xu, Yingying Ma, Xiaohui Yao, Hongxu Wang, Qian Zhang, Qiance Ma, Zhanrui Zhang, Guangmei Xia, Jinming Zhang and Fengshan Zhang

Polymers 2024, 16(9), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091269 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Plastics offer many advantages and are widely used in various fields. Nevertheless, most plastics derived from petroleum are slow to degrade due to their stable polymer structure, posing serious threats to organisms and ecosystems. Thus, developing environmentally friendly and biodegradable plastics is imperative. [...] Read more.

Plastics offer many advantages and are widely used in various fields. Nevertheless, most plastics derived from petroleum are slow to degrade due to their stable polymer structure, posing serious threats to organisms and ecosystems. Thus, developing environmentally friendly and biodegradable plastics is imperative. In this study, biodegradable cellulose/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MCNT) hybrid gels and films with improved ultraviolet-shielding properties were successfully prepared using cotton textile waste as a resource. It was proven that MCNTs can be dispersed evenly in cellulose without any chemical or physical pretreatment. It was found that the contents of MCNTs had obvious effects on the structures and properties of hybrid films. Particularly, the averaged transmittance of cellulose/MCNT composite films in the range of 320–400 nm (T_320–400) and 290–320 nm (T_290–320) can be as low as 19.91% and 16.09%, when the content of MCNTs was 4.0%, much lower than those of pure cellulose films (T_320–400: 84.12% and T_290–320: 80.03%). Meanwhile, the water contact angles of the cellulose/MCNT films were increased by increasing the content of MCNTs. Most importantly, the mechanical performance of cellulose/MCNT films could be controlled by the additives of glycerol and MCNTs. The tensile strength of the cellulose/MCNT films was able to reach as high as 20.58 MPa, while the elongation at break was about 31.35%. To summarize, transparent cellulose/MCNT composites with enhanced ultraviolet-shielding properties can be manufactured successfully from low-cost cotton textile waste, which is beneficial not only in terms of environmental protection, but also the utilization of natural resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)

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14 pages, 1705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Efficacy of OSU-2S in the Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Screening of Potential Targets of Action

by Mengyuan Han, Xiangran Liu, Sendaer Hailati, Nurbiya Nurahmat, Dilihuma Dilimulati, Alhar Baishan, Alifeiye Aikebaier and Wenting Zhou

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(5), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17050582 - 01 May 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: OSU-2S is a derivative of FTY720 and exhibits significant inhibitory effects on various cancer cells. There is currently no research on the mechanism of the impact of OSU-2S on NSCLC development. We analysed and validated the hub genes and pharmacodynamic effects [...] Read more.

(1) Background: OSU-2S is a derivative of FTY720 and exhibits significant inhibitory effects on various cancer cells. There is currently no research on the mechanism of the impact of OSU-2S on NSCLC development. We analysed and validated the hub genes and pharmacodynamic effects of OSU-2S to treat NSCLC. (2) Methods: The hub genes of OSU-2S for the treatment of NSCLC were screened in PharmMapper, genecard, and KM Plotter database by survival and expression analysis. The effect of OSU-2S on hub gene expression was verified by Western blot analysis. The ex vivo and in vivo efficacy of OSU-2S on tumour growth was verified using A549 cells and a xenografted animal model. (3) Results: A total of 7 marker genes for OSU-2S treatment of NSCLC were obtained. AURKA and S1PR1 were screened as hub genes. Significant differences in the expression of AURKA and S1PR1 between normal and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues were found in the GEPIA2 database; Western blot showed that OSU-2S could affect p-AURKA and S1PR1 protein expression. OSU-2S significantly inhibited tumour growth in A549 cells and xenografted animal models. (4) Conclusions: Our study confirms the inhibitory effect of OSU-2S on NSCLC, screens and demonstrates its potential targets AURKA(p-AURKA) and S1PR1, and provides a research basis for treating NSCLC with OSU-2S. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Research in Pharmacological Therapies)

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