Electrical Modelling of Switching Arcs in a Low Voltage Relay at Low Currents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Setup
2.1. Experimental Switch
2.2. Circuit Schematic
2.3. Optical Setup
3. Methods and Data Processing
3.1. Electrical Data
3.2. High Speed Images Data
3.2.1. Binarization of an Arc Image
3.2.2. Arc Length Calculation
4. Results
4.1. Arc Voltage vs. Time and Initial Arc Voltage
4.2. Arc Length vs. Time
4.3. Arc Voltage as a Function of Arc Length
- Initial arc voltage at time instant of contact opening ();
- Short arc case when the arc length is less than transition value ;
- Long arc case when the arc length is greater than and equal to transition value ().
4.4. Electric Field
4.5. Proposed Arc Model
5. Discussion
6. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DC | Direct Current |
AC | Alternating Current |
LTE | Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium |
BNC | Bayonet Neill–Concelman |
RMS | Root Means Square |
SSR | Solid State Relay |
HSI | High Speed Images |
PC | Personal Computer |
SE | Standard Error |
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Function | Value |
---|---|
Resolution | 400 × 600 pixels |
Frame rate Type-1 | 179 |
Frame rate Type-2 | 80 |
Exposure time | 1 |
Trigger source | External trigger BNC (IO1) |
Trigger mode | Trigger end |
Type-1 Contacts | Type-2 Contacts | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(A) | (V/mm) | (%) | (V/mm) | (%) | (A) | (V/mm) | (%) | (V/mm) | (%) |
0.83 | 23.98 | 3.19 | 12.33 | 5.22 | 0.88 | 20.51 | 2.20 | 9.05 | 2.56 |
1.64 | 18.78 | 2.80 | 7.34 | 4.39 | 1.72 | 16.77 | 1.57 | 7.03 | 1.99 |
4.87 | 14.18 | 2.19 | 5.78 | 3.31 | 4.31 | 13.70 | 1.22 | 5.68 | 1.62 |
8.10 | 12.99 | 2.96 | 5.09 | 4.60 | 8.60 | 10.14 | 1.36 | 3.88 | 0.97 |
12.3 | 12.00 | 1.39 | 3.83 | 2.52 | 12.10 | 9.13 | 0.80 | 2.97 | 1.35 |
16.1 | 8.86 | 2.63 | 3.60 | 3.97 | 17.20 | 8.80 | 0.80 | 2.61 | 1.40 |
Type-1 Contacts | Type-2 Contacts | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
= 22.42 | = 0.285 | = 19.82 | = 0.293 | |
= 10.72 | = 0.408 | = 8.74 | = 0.385 |
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Najam, A.; Pieterse, P.; Uhrlandt, D. Electrical Modelling of Switching Arcs in a Low Voltage Relay at Low Currents. Energies 2020, 13, 6377. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236377
Najam A, Pieterse P, Uhrlandt D. Electrical Modelling of Switching Arcs in a Low Voltage Relay at Low Currents. Energies. 2020; 13(23):6377. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236377
Chicago/Turabian StyleNajam, Ammar, Petrus Pieterse, and Dirk Uhrlandt. 2020. "Electrical Modelling of Switching Arcs in a Low Voltage Relay at Low Currents" Energies 13, no. 23: 6377. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236377