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19 pages, 776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Indicators to Evaluate the Overwintering Growth of Leaf-Vegetable Sweet Potato Seedlings and Their Main Influential Factors

by Xiao Xiao, Xiaoju Tu, Kunquan Zhong, An Zhang and Zhenxie Yi

Agriculture 2024, 14(5), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050762 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Whether the stems and leaves of leaf-vegetable sweet potatoes can be listed ahead of schedule is related to the improvement in economic benefits for farmers, and the key to all of this is to implement the safe overwintering of potato seedlings under the [...] Read more.

Whether the stems and leaves of leaf-vegetable sweet potatoes can be listed ahead of schedule is related to the improvement in economic benefits for farmers, and the key to all of this is to implement the safe overwintering of potato seedlings under the premise of saving production costs. Only in this way can we truly seize the “market opportunity” and achieve the goals of cost saving and increasing economic benefit. In this study, the main leaf-vegetable sweet potato variety Fucai 18 was used as the material, and the L9(3⁴) orthogonal experiment was carried out in a simple solar greenhouse environment for two consecutive years from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023, respectively. The effects of nine different combinations of factors on the above-ground and underground agronomic traits of overwintering sweet potato seedlings were studied under the conditions of four factors and three levels: planting density (a); different cutting seedlings (b); rooting agent concentration (c); and transplanting time (d). The methods of principal component analysis, membership function method, cluster analysis, grey correlation degree and stepwise regression analysis were used to evaluate the growth of overwintering seedlings, and try to screen out the key indicators that can be used to identify and evaluate the growth of overwintering sweet potato seedlings. Through range analysis, identify the optimal combination of four factors and three levels, and explore the main factors that have a significant impact on the key indicators for evaluating the growth of overwintering potato seedlings. The results indicate the following: (1) The use of simple sunlight greenhouse in Changsha area can achieve the safe overwintering of vegetable sweet potato seedlings. (2) Stem thickness, root length, and root diameter can be used as three key indicators for identifying and evaluating the growth potential of vegetable sweet potato overwintering seedlings. (3) Under four factors and three levels, the best combination was A3B3C1D1 (planting density of 250,000 plants/ha, stem tip core-plucking seedlings, rooting agent concentration of 50 mg/L, the first batch of transplanting time). (4) The transplanting time (D) is the main factor for the two key evaluation indicators of stem diameter and root diameter, while there is no significant difference in the three other factors. (5) Different cutting seedlings (B) are the main influencing factors for the key evaluation index of root length, while the other three factors have the following impact on root length: transplanting time (D) > rooting agent concentration (C) > planting density (A). The results of this study not only contribute to the construction of a safe overwintering cultivation technology system for vegetable sweet potato seedlings, but also provide a certain theoretical basis for the breeding of new cold-leaf-vegetable sweet potato varieties in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)

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15 pages, 16353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Stress and Water Irrigation Management Effects on the Fruit Color and Quality of ‘Hongro’ Apples

by Van Giap Do, Youngsuk Lee, Juhyeon Park, Nay Myo Win, Soon-Il Kwon, Sangjin Yang and Seonae Kim

Agriculture 2024, 14(5), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050761 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Increasing fruit crop production sustainability under climate change, particularly increasing temperatures, is a major challenge in modern agriculture. High temperatures affect apple fruit quality and decrease its color. Herein, we constructed an experimental field under temperature simulation to evaluate climate change mitigation strategies [...] Read more.

Increasing fruit crop production sustainability under climate change, particularly increasing temperatures, is a major challenge in modern agriculture. High temperatures affect apple fruit quality and decrease its color. Herein, we constructed an experimental field under temperature simulation to evaluate climate change mitigation strategies for apples. ‘Hongro’ apples were subjected to three treatments: (1) cultivation inside a vinyl house for heat treatment (heat induction), (2) cultivation under water irrigation (heat reduction), and (3) cultivation under normal atmospheric temperature (control). At harvest, the fruits of the heat treatment group exhibited poor coloration, with a lower gene expression and pigment accumulation than those of the water irrigation and control groups. Furthermore, the fruit quality of the heat treatment group decreased, with a lower soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), and smaller fruits. Additionally, a higher fruit disorder (cracking and spots) ratio was observed in the heat treatment group than in the water irrigation and control groups. However, the fruits of the water irrigation group exhibited higher quality indexes (flesh firmness, SSC, and TA) and less cracking than those of the heat treatment and control groups. Heat reduction, including water irrigation, may be used for orchard management to prevent climate change-induced increasing temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Management Approaches and Practices to Support Sustainable Horticultural and Fruit Plants Production)

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14 pages, 8255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Percent Canopy Cover and Health of Winter Wheat in No-Till and Conventional Tillage Plots Using a Drone

by Clement E. Akumu, Judith N. Oppong and Sam Dennis

Agriculture 2024, 14(5), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050760 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

The percent canopy cover and health of winter wheat are important crop performance indicators. Thus, understanding how tillage management practices affect these indicators is beneficial for improving crop performance and consequently yield. The availability of high-resolution drone data with spectral characteristics provides an [...] Read more.

The percent canopy cover and health of winter wheat are important crop performance indicators. Thus, understanding how tillage management practices affect these indicators is beneficial for improving crop performance and consequently yield. The availability of high-resolution drone data with spectral characteristics provides an opportunity to examine the percent canopy cover and health of winter wheat in different tillage systems. This is because the use of drones provides real-time high spatial resolution and temporal images to effectively monitor winter wheat conditions throughout the growing season. Nonetheless, very limited studies have utilized drone data for assessing the percent canopy cover and health conditions of winter wheat for different tillage practices. This study aimed to examine the percent canopy cover and health of winter wheat in no-till and conventional tillage plots using a drone. We used the mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) ± Standard Deviation (SD) (0.89 ± 0.04) of winter wheat for the growth stages of tillering, jointing, and boot/heading to generate the percent wheat canopy cover. The Normalized Difference Red-Edge (NDRE) produced for winter wheat at the middle and late growth stages was used as a proxy for wheat health condition. We found that the mean percentage canopy cover of winter wheat was about 4% higher in no-till compared to conventional tillage plots in most of the growing season. The mean NDRE ± standard error (SE) of winter wheat was about 0.44 ± 0.01 and 0.43 ± 0.01 for no-till and conventional tillage plots, respectively, during the mid- and late growth stages. There was no significant difference in either the percent canopy cover or health of winter wheat between no-till and conventional tillage plots. The results generated in this study could be used to support farmers’ decision-making process regarding tillage practices and wheat crop performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)

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15 pages, 2741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Behavior of Thiamethoxam and Clothianidin in Young Oilseed Rape Plants before Flowering, Monitored by QuEChERS/LC–MS/MS Protocol

by Izabela Hrynko, Gulzhakhan Ilyasova, Magdalena Jankowska, Ewa Rutkowska, Piotr Kaczyński and Bożena Łozowicka

Agriculture 2024, 14(5), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050759 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Nitro-substituted neonicotinoid insecticides have been widely used until recently to control a range of important agricultural pests. Growing concerns about thiamethoxam’s toxicity to pollinators have led to its use being restricted or to it even being banned in some countries. Nevertheless, in Asia, [...] Read more.

Nitro-substituted neonicotinoid insecticides have been widely used until recently to control a range of important agricultural pests. Growing concerns about thiamethoxam’s toxicity to pollinators have led to its use being restricted or to it even being banned in some countries. Nevertheless, in Asia, Africa, Southeast Europe, and South America thiamethoxam is still used. Although thiamethoxam has been intensively studied all over the world, its dissipation dynamics have not been studied in depth. The subject of the present study was to (1) develop and validate a QuEChERS/LC-MS/MS protocol for the determination of thiamethoxam and its main metabolite clothianidin in samples of young oilseed rape plants with high chlorophyll content, and (2) make a comparison of the degradation behaviors of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in two crops of winter oilseed rape, cultivated on soils with different pH. For determination of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in plant material with high chlorophyll content, a QuEChERS/LC–MS/MS protocol enabling the detection of low levels of compound concentrations was developed. The proposed clean-up protocol provided recoveries within the range of 92–98% for the compounds under analysis. Precision, calculated as relative standard deviation, was below 20%. Satisfactory linearity of the method was obtained in the concentration range under analysis (0.001–1.0 mg kg⁻¹). Differences in degradation of both insecticides, depending on the physico-chemical properties of the soil, were observed. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin residues disappeared in plants very quickly, and they were not detected below the limit of quantitation in oilseed rape at the flowering stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)

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13 pages, 1417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Implications of Remote Dielectric Sensing-Guided Management

by Yu Nomoto, Teruhiko Imamura, Toshihide Izumida, Nikhil Narang and Koichiro Kinugawa

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2906; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102906 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Background: Remote dielectric sensing (ReDS) systems can quantify the degree of pulmonary congestion rapidly and non-invasively. However, the clinical implications of ReDS-guided medication adjustment remain uncertain. Methods: Patients hospitalized to treat cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, valvular disease, and coronary artery disease, and [...] Read more.

Background: Remote dielectric sensing (ReDS) systems can quantify the degree of pulmonary congestion rapidly and non-invasively. However, the clinical implications of ReDS-guided medication adjustment remain uncertain. Methods: Patients hospitalized to treat cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, valvular disease, and coronary artery disease, and underwent ReDS measurement before index discharge between 2021 and 2022 were included. According to our institutional protocol, ReDS values were blinded to the attending clinicians until February 2022 (blind period). After the period, ReDS values were timely opened to the attending clinicians, and medications such as diuretics were adjusted according to the ReDS values (target value between 20% and 35%) before index discharge (open period). A composite primary outcome of all-cause death and heart failure readmissions was compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 183 patients were included (median 79 years old, 101 men), consisting of 138 patients in the blind period and 45 patients in the open period. During a median of 646 (401, 818) days after the index discharge, 33 patients experienced the primary outcome of interest. Management during the open period, where medications were adjusted according to ReDS values, was independently associated with a lower incidence of the primary outcome with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.22 (95% confidence interval 0.05–0.94, p = 0.041), as compared with those of the blind period. Conclusions: According to the findings of the present retrospective study, ReDS-guided management may have the potential to reduce the risk of mortality and heart failure admission in individuals hospitalized for cardiovascular diagnoses. Further prospective randomized control trials involving those with a variety of background etiologies and clinical scenarios are warranted to validate our findings and establish optimal ReDS-guided management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Heart Failure Management: From Precision Medicine to Therapeutic Innovations)

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9 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness, Safety and Patients’ Satisfaction of Nabiximols (Sativex^®) on Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity and Related Symptoms in a Swiss Multicenter Study

by Rosaria Sacco, Gianna Carla Riccitelli, Giulio Disanto, Julien Bogousslavsky, Ariane Cavelti, David Czell, Christian Philipp Kamm, Uta Kliesch, Simon Peter Ramseier, Claudio Gobbi and Chiara Zecca

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2907; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102907 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Background: Cannabinoid oro-mucosal spray nabiximols is approved for patients with moderate to severe multiple sclerosis spasticity (MSS) resistant to other antispastic medications. Few real-world data are available on the effectiveness, safety and patients’ satisfaction in MS patients treated with nabiximols as monotherapy. [...] Read more.

Background: Cannabinoid oro-mucosal spray nabiximols is approved for patients with moderate to severe multiple sclerosis spasticity (MSS) resistant to other antispastic medications. Few real-world data are available on the effectiveness, safety and patients’ satisfaction in MS patients treated with nabiximols as monotherapy. Methods: To investigate the effectiveness, tolerability and satisfaction of nabiximols in a real-life multicentric Swiss cohort as monotherapy or with stable doses of other antispastic medications, and explore clinical features which may predict treatment response. The following data were collected at treatment start (baseline) and 12 weeks thereafter: Modified Ashworth scale (MAS), scores at numerical rating scales ranging from 0 (absent) to 10 (considerable) for effect on spasticity (sNRS), pain (pNRS), gait (gNRS), urinary symptoms (uNRS), tolerability (tNRS) as assessed by the treating neurologist, and overall treatment satisfaction (TsNRS) and tolerability (tNRS) as assessed by the patient. Results: Ninety-five patients (44 relapsing remitting, 37 secondary progressive and 14 primary progressive MS; median age = 53 (IQR 45–62); female 70%; median EDSS 6 (IQR 4–6), concomitant antispastic treatments in 54% of patients) were included. From baseline to week 12, median MAS score decreased from 3.0 to 2.0 (p < 0.001). Median scores of the each NRS also significantly decreased (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). At week 12, the median TsNRS and tTS scores were 8/10 (IQR: 6–9) and 9/10 (IQR: 7–10), respectively, and 93.7% of patients continued to use nabiximols at the average dose of six sprays/day. No clinical factors, including use of nabiximols as add on vs. monotherapy, were associated with responder status. Conclusions: Our first Swiss, multicentric, observational, real-life study supports and enhances previous finding of nabiximols as monotherapy and as add-on therapy, being an effective, safe and well-tolerated treatment option for resistant MS spasticity and spasticity-related symptoms (pain, bladder dysfunction and gait). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis, Treatment and Clinical Management)

12 pages, 6352 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Dynamization of Plate Fixation to Promote Natural Bone Healing

by Michael Bottlang, Sunil S. Shetty, Connor Blankenau, Jennifer Wilk, Stanley Tsai, Daniel C. Fitzpatrick, Lawrence J. Marsh and Steven M. Madey

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2905; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102905 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

The controlled dynamization of fractures can promote natural fracture healing by callus formation, while overly rigid fixation can suppress healing. The advent of locked plating technology enabled new strategies for the controlled dynamization of fractures, such as far cortical locking (FCL) screws or [...] Read more.

The controlled dynamization of fractures can promote natural fracture healing by callus formation, while overly rigid fixation can suppress healing. The advent of locked plating technology enabled new strategies for the controlled dynamization of fractures, such as far cortical locking (FCL) screws or active plates with elastically suspended screw holes. However, these strategies did not allow for the use of non-locking screws, which are typically used to reduce bone fragments to the plate. This study documents the first in vivo study on the healing of ovine tibia osteotomies stabilized with an advanced active plate (AAP). This AAP allowed plate application using any combination of locking and non-locking screws to support a wide range of plate application techniques. At week 9 post-surgery, tibiae were harvested and tested in torsion to failure to assess the healing strength. The five tibiae stabilized with an AAP regained 54% of their native strength and failed by spiral fracture through a screw hole, which did not involve the healed osteotomy. In comparison, tibiae stabilized with a standard locking plate recovered 17% of their strength and sustained failure through the osteotomy. These results further support the stimulatory effect of controlled motion on fracture healing. As such, the controlled dynamization of locked plating constructs may hold the potential to reduce healing complications and may shorten the time to return to function. Integrating controlled dynamization into fracture plates that support a standard fixation technique may facilitate the clinical adoption of dynamic plating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Orthopedic Trauma Surgery)

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25 pages, 1640 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Comprehensive Review of the Imaging Recommendations for Diagnosis, Staging, and Management of Thyroid Carcinoma

by Nivedita Chakrabarty, Abhishek Mahajan, Sandip Basu and Anil K. D’Cruz

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2904; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102904 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Thyroid cancer is the most common head and neck cancer (HNC) in the world. In this article, we comprehensively cover baseline, posttreatment, and follow-up imaging recommendations for thyroid carcinomas along with the eighth edition of the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system proposed [...] Read more.

Thyroid cancer is the most common head and neck cancer (HNC) in the world. In this article, we comprehensively cover baseline, posttreatment, and follow-up imaging recommendations for thyroid carcinomas along with the eighth edition of the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system proposed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). We include characterization and risk stratification of thyroid nodules on ultrasound (US) proposed by various international bodies. Management guidelines (depending upon the type of thyroid carcinoma) based on the international consensus recommendations (mainly by the American Thyroid Association) are also extensively covered in this article, including the role of a radioiodine scan. The management of recurrent disease is also briefly elucidated in this article. In addition, we cover the risk factors and etiopathogenesis of thyroid carcinoma along with the non-imaging diagnostic workup essential for thyroid carcinoma management, including the significance of genetic mutations. US is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice, with US-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) being the procedure of choice for tissue diagnosis. The roles of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (FDG-PET/CT) in thyroid carcinoma staging are also specified. Through this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive reference guide for the radiologists and the clinicians in the pursuit of optimal care for patients with thyroid carcinoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

24 pages, 1684 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Approach in Heart Valve Surgery: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies

by Pietro Giorgio Malvindi, Olimpia Bifulco, Paolo Berretta, Michele Galeazzi, Jacopo Alfonsi, Mariano Cefarelli, Carlo Zingaro, Hossein M. Zahedi, Christopher Munch and Marco Di Eusanio

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2903; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102903 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols aim to reduce postoperative complications and promote earlier recovery. Although it is well established in noncardiac surgery fields, the ERAS approach has only recently been adopted in cardiac surgery. The aim of this review is to [...] Read more.

Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols aim to reduce postoperative complications and promote earlier recovery. Although it is well established in noncardiac surgery fields, the ERAS approach has only recently been adopted in cardiac surgery. The aim of this review is to evaluate the status and implementation of ERAS protocols in patients undergoing heart valve surgery and to summarise associated clinical results. Methods: A literature search for the period January 2015 and January 2024 was performed through online databases. Clinical studies (randomised controlled trials and cohort studies) on patients undergoing heart valve surgical procedures and comparing ERAS and conventional approaches were included. The data extracted covered studies and populations characteristics, early outcomes and the features of each ERAS protocol. Results: There were 14 studies that fulfilled the final search criteria and were ultimately included in the review. Overall, 5142 patients were identified in the 14 studies, with 2501 in ERAS groups and 2641 patients who were representative of control groups. Seven experiences exclusively included patients who underwent heart valve surgery. Twelve out of fourteen protocols involved multiple interventions from the preoperative to postoperative phase, while two studies reported actions limited to intraoperative and postoperative care. We found high heterogeneity among the included protocols regarding key actions targeted for improvement and measured outcomes. All the studies showed that ERAS pathways can be safely adopted in cardiac surgery and in most of the experiences were associated with shorter mechanical ventilation time, reduced postoperative opioid use and reduced ICU and hospital stays. Conclusions: As demonstrated in noncardiac surgery, the adoption of structured ERAS protocols has the potential to improve results in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. Further evidence based on larger populations is needed, including more homogenous pathways and reporting further outcomes in terms of patient satisfaction, recovery and quality of life after surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Medicine)

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15 pages, 315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Early Rehabilitation and the Acceptance of the Disease on the Quality of Life of Patients after Hip Arthroplasty: An Observational Study

by Joanna Chojnowska, Jolanta Lewko, Joanna Chilińska, Mateusz Cybulski, Wioletta Pogroszewska, Elżbieta Krajewska-Kułak and Regina Sierżantowicz

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2902; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102902 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Background: The early introduction of physiotherapy significantly shortens the time required for a patient to regain full mobility after hip arthroplasty. Obtaining the expected result is determined by cooperation with a physiotherapist and the patient’s involvement in the rehabilitation process. The aim of [...] Read more.

Background: The early introduction of physiotherapy significantly shortens the time required for a patient to regain full mobility after hip arthroplasty. Obtaining the expected result is determined by cooperation with a physiotherapist and the patient’s involvement in the rehabilitation process. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life, life satisfaction, and motor ability of patients after hip arthroplasty. Methods: This study included 147 patients who underwent hip arthroplasty at the Orthopedic and Trauma Department. The research material was collected using questionnaires, and the study used the Barthel Index (BI), Harris Hip Score (HHS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS), and Quality of Life Assessment Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). In the studied group of patients, the Excia cementless endoprosthesis was primarily used (69.39%), as well as the Metha Short Hip prosthesis (15.65%), AM hip prosthesis (10.20%), and bipolar hip prosthesis (4.76%). Results: The analyzed group of patients included 95 women (64.63%) and 52 men (35.37%); the average age was 67 years. Six weeks after hip arthroplasty, mild disability occurred in 53.74% of the patients, while the remaining 46.26% had no disability, and 95.24% of the patients achieved a high level of acceptance of the disease and quality of life. Conclusions: Early improvement after hip replacement surgery contributes to eliminating the disability of the hip joint in the following areas: pain sensation, functionality, lack of deformation, and range of motion. Each subsequent stage of treatment increased the level of acceptance of the disease in the study group. The applied surgical treatment increased satisfaction with overall health and quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

11 pages, 1494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revamping of a Full-Scale Membrane Plant for Landfill Leachate Pretreatment Using Partial Nitritation

by Laura Palli, Francesca Tuci, Letizia Macellaro La Franca, Donatella Fibbi and Riccardo Gori

Membranes 2024, 14(5), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14050115 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

This paper describes a case study involving a revamping of a full-scale membrane bioreactor that treats landfill leachate and other liquid wastes. The main change was the introduction of nitritation/denitritation in alternating cycles instead of the classic denitrification/nitrification process, together with the installation [...] Read more.

This paper describes a case study involving a revamping of a full-scale membrane bioreactor that treats landfill leachate and other liquid wastes. The main change was the introduction of nitritation/denitritation in alternating cycles instead of the classic denitrification/nitrification process, together with the installation of fine bubble diffusers, a reduction in the volume of the biological compartment, and an increase in the equalization volume. The most significant results were obtained for the biological compartment, with a decrease in the specific energy consumption of 46.6%. At the same time, the removal efficiency of COD, BOD, and TN substantially remained the same before and after plant revamping, while the removal efficiency of TP increased over the years, reaching an average value of almost 71%. Regarding the ultrafiltration unit, the specific flux (or permeability) was characterized by an increasing trend. At the same time, the specific energy consumption of this section decreased by 9.4%. These results led to the conclusion that the changes introduced with the revamp led to a more stable process, a reduction in membrane fouling, and important energy savings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Special Issue in Honor of Professor Simon Judd)

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19 pages, 4011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Multi-Scale Fusion Method for Ancient Bronze Ware X-ray Images in NSST Domain

by Meng Wu, Lei Yang and Ruochang Chai

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4166; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104166 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

X-ray imaging is a valuable non-destructive tool for examining bronze wares, but the complexity of the coverings of bronze wares and the limitations of single-energy imaging techniques often obscure critical details, such as lesions and ornamentation. Therefore, multiple imaging is required to fully [...] Read more.

X-ray imaging is a valuable non-destructive tool for examining bronze wares, but the complexity of the coverings of bronze wares and the limitations of single-energy imaging techniques often obscure critical details, such as lesions and ornamentation. Therefore, multiple imaging is required to fully present the key information of bronze artifacts, which affects the complete presentation of information and increases the difficulty of analysis and interpretation. Using high-performance image fusion technology to fuse X-ray images of different energies into one image can effectively solve this problem. However, there is currently no specialized method for the fusion of images of bronze artifacts. Considering the special requirements for the restoration of bronze artifacts and the existing fusion framework, this paper proposes a new method. It is a novel multi-scale morphological gradient and local topology-coupled neural P systems approach within the Non-Subsampled Shearlet Transform domain. It addresses the absence of a specialized method for image fusion of bronze artifacts. The method proposed in this paper is compared with eight high-performance fusion methods and validated using a total of six evaluation metrics. The results demonstrate the significant theoretical and practical potential of this method for advancing the analysis and preservation of cultural heritage artifacts. Full article

21 pages, 7901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Feasibility of Removing Graffiti from Railway Vehicles Using Ultra-Freezing Air Projection

by Aina Vega-Bosch, Virginia Santamarina-Campos, Pilar Bosch-Roig, Juan Antonio López-Carrillo, Vicente Dolz-Ruiz and Mercedes Sánchez-Pons

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4165; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104165 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Unauthorised graffiti is a challenge in urban environments, affecting railway structures, stations, tracks, and vehicles. Inefficient cleaning methods increase the costs and downtime of railcars, limiting passenger transport. In turn, they are harmful to the operator’s health and the environment, due to the [...] Read more.

Unauthorised graffiti is a challenge in urban environments, affecting railway structures, stations, tracks, and vehicles. Inefficient cleaning methods increase the costs and downtime of railcars, limiting passenger transport. In turn, they are harmful to the operator’s health and the environment, due to the VOCs they release. This study focuses on the feasibility of dry-ice blasting, replacing carbon dioxide with ambient air as an innovative and sustainable solution to remove graffiti from rail vehicles. Experimental tests have been carried out with 13 different aerosols, controlling the temperature (<−80 °C), pressure (up to 3 bar), projection distance (0.5 cm) and exposure times (30″/1′/2′/4′/6′/8′/++). The results showed that ultra-freezing with ambient air preserved the integrity of the support materials and altered the topography, colourimetry and adhesion of the aerosols tested, achieving the total removal of one of the paints. Preliminary results suggest that ultra-freezing with ambient air could be a viable and sustainable solution for graffiti removal on railway structures, transferable to other urban environments. Full article

27 pages, 6698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Subsoil and Building Material Properties on Mine-Induced Soil–Structure Interaction Effect

by Maciej Zajac, Krystyna Kuzniar and Tadeusz Tatara

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4164; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104164 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Soil–structure interaction (SSI) refers to the dynamic interaction between a structure and the surrounding soil on which it rests. The behavior of the soil can significantly affect the response of the building structure. In the context of civil engineering and structural analysis, SSI [...] Read more.

Soil–structure interaction (SSI) refers to the dynamic interaction between a structure and the surrounding soil on which it rests. The behavior of the soil can significantly affect the response of the building structure. In the context of civil engineering and structural analysis, SSI becomes particularly important when considering the response of structures to dynamic loads such as earthquakes or so-called paraseismic loads, e.g., mining tremors. Several factors contribute to SSI. Soil and building structure material properties, foundation type, and loading conditions are the most important parameters. The article concerns SSI in the case of mining rock bursts in Poland. The influence of changes in site material conditions and building material properties on the SSI phenomenon was investigated. A few variants of different properties of typical construction materials (brick, reinforced concrete, and cellular concrete) in the case of selected representative building structure were considered. The subsoil material properties from the wide range were also taken into account. Numerical three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) analysis was applied. The adopted models of the soil-structure system were verified by data from in situ experimental vibration measurements. A significant influence of the subgrade material and the building structure material on the SSI was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Materials Science and Engineering in Vibrations and Seismicity)

20 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Spatial Cognition in Online Virtual Museum Environments: Integrating Game-Based Navigation Strategies for Improved User Experience

by Yuxin Zhang, Boning Zhang, Wansok Jang and Younghwan Pan

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4163; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104163 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Online Virtual Museums (OVM) serve as vital conduits for the global propagation of cultural heritage but grapple with the challenge of user disorientation due to the absence of physical references. Leveraging the successful paradigm of game-based virtual navigation, this study investigates the potential [...] Read more.

Online Virtual Museums (OVM) serve as vital conduits for the global propagation of cultural heritage but grapple with the challenge of user disorientation due to the absence of physical references. Leveraging the successful paradigm of game-based virtual navigation, this study investigates the potential integration of game mini-map navigation design elements into OVM to enhance spatial cognition. Through empirical investigation, a conceptual model was developed to probe the role of core mini-map design elements (interactivity, visual guidance, and information content) in augmenting spatial cognition. Results indicate that optimizing these elements significantly enhances user immersion and presence, thereby improving spatial cognition. Specifically, information content and visual guidance exerted stronger effects on immersion and presence, respectively. This research contributes a novel perspective on incorporating game design strategies into non-game virtual experiences, offering practical guidance for enhancing navigation in OVM and similar virtual environments. This bridges the gap between virtual museum navigation and game design, propelling the evolution of more dynamic, interactive, and user-centric virtual environments, thus fostering the preservation and dissemination of digital cultural heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for User-Centered Design and User Experience)

20 pages, 83668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Boosting the Performance of Deep Ear Recognition Systems Using Generative Adversarial Networks and Mean Class Activation Maps

by Rafik Bouaouina, Amir Benzaoui, Hakim Doghmane and Youcef Brik

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4162; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104162 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Ear recognition is a complex research domain within biometrics, aiming to identify individuals using their ears in uncontrolled conditions. Despite the exceptional performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in various applications, the efficacy of deep ear recognition systems is nascent. This paper proposes [...] Read more.

Ear recognition is a complex research domain within biometrics, aiming to identify individuals using their ears in uncontrolled conditions. Despite the exceptional performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in various applications, the efficacy of deep ear recognition systems is nascent. This paper proposes a two-step ear recognition approach. The initial step employs deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGANs) to enhance ear images. This involves the colorization of grayscale images and the enhancement of dark shades, addressing visual imperfections. Subsequently, a feature extraction and classification technique, referred to as Mean-CAM-CNN, is introduced. This technique leverages mean-class activation maps in conjunction with CNNs. The Mean-CAM approach directs the CNN to focus specifically on relevant information, extracting and assessing only significant regions within the entire image. The process involves the implementation of a mask to selectively crop the pertinent area of the image. The cropped region is then utilized to train a CNN for discriminative classification. Extensive evaluations were conducted using two ear recognition datasets: mathematical analysis of images (MAI) and annotated web ears (AWEs). The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach shows notable improvements and competitive performance: the Rank-1 recognition rates are 100.00% and 76.25% for MAI and AWE datasets, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

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13 pages, 829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Defect Detection Method for Composite Materials Based on Deep Learning Networks

by Jing Cheng, Wen Tan, Yuhao Yuan, Zirui Zhao and Yuxiang Cheng

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4161; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104161 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Compared to traditional industrial materials, composites have higher durability and compressive strength. However, some components may have flaws due to the manufacturing process. Traditional defect detection methods have low accuracy and cannot adapt to complex shooting environments. Aiming to address the issues of [...] Read more.

Compared to traditional industrial materials, composites have higher durability and compressive strength. However, some components may have flaws due to the manufacturing process. Traditional defect detection methods have low accuracy and cannot adapt to complex shooting environments. Aiming to address the issues of high computational requirements in traditional detection models and the lack of lightweight detection capabilities, the Ghost module is used instead of convolutional arithmetic to construct a lightweight model. To reduce the computational complexity of the feature extraction module, we have incorporated an improved Efficient Channel Attention mechanism to improve the model’s feature extraction capabilities. A rapid defect classification method is implemented to determine whether there are defects in the image or not by comparing the performance and running speed of models such as AlexNet, VGGNet, and ResNet. And ablation experiments are conducted for each model. The results show that the Ghost module model, which incorporates the improved Efficient Channel Attention mechanism, has a significant optimization effect on the convolutional neural network model. It can achieve a high accuracy rate when constructing lightweight models. It improves the running speed of the model, making it more efficient to use and deploy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage Monitoring and Defect Identification Based on Deep/Machine Learning)

26 pages, 1896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Solution for Seismic Stability of 3D Rock Slope Reinforced with Prestressed Anchor Cables

by Yushan Yang, Hong Liao, De Zhou and Jianqun Zhu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4160; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104160 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Currently, the study of analytical solutions for the seismic stability of slopes under anchorage conditions is one of the hottest subjects in engineering. In this paper, an analytical solution for the seismic safety of the three-dimensional (3D) two-stage rock slope reinforced with prestressed [...] Read more.

Currently, the study of analytical solutions for the seismic stability of slopes under anchorage conditions is one of the hottest subjects in engineering. In this paper, an analytical solution for the seismic safety of the three-dimensional (3D) two-stage rock slope reinforced with prestressed anchor cables governed by the nonlinear Hoek–Brown criterion was deduced, in which the analyses of seismicity were performed by the latest modified pseudo-dynamic method. This method supplements the consideration of the damping effect of the rock medium on seismic waves, which is more in line with the real seismic situation. A mathematical geometric model was developed for calculating the external forces work and internal energy dissipation acting on 3D rotating rock masses reinforced with prestressed anchor cables, in which the seismic work rate was calculated using a new layer-by-layer superposition summation method. The analytical solution of the safety factor could be collated as an explicit function of several variables, and then, the optimal value was obtained by the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. To corroborate the accuracy of new analytical solutions, the results were contrasted with those of the pertinent literature. The results of the two comparisons were very close. Ultimately, the sensitivity analyses and coupling effects of seismic pseudo-dynamic factors and prestressing anchorage factors were carried out. It was found that even small seismic intensities had a large effect on the stability of rock slopes with developed joints. Increasing the number of steps and prestressing anchors can effectively improve the stability of rock slopes under seismic effects. The conclusions have significant implications for the anchorage design of the 3D two-stage rock slope as seismic events occur. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Slope Stability and Earth Retaining Structures)

30 pages, 10961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Features of the Stress–Strain State of 3D Metal Objects Produced by Additive Microplasma Deposition of the Powder of a Fe–Cr–Ni–B–Si System

by Volodymyr Korzhyk, Shiyi Gao, Vladyslav Khaskin, Oleksandr Voitenko, Oksana Konoreva, Viktor Kvasnytskyi and Andrii Perepichay

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4159; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104159 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

The objective of this study was the additive microplasma powder deposition of 3D metal products. The regularities of the influence of technological parameters of additive microplasma deposition of spatial objects using the powder filler material of a Fe–Cr–Ni–B–Si system on the formation of [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was the additive microplasma powder deposition of 3D metal products. The regularities of the influence of technological parameters of additive microplasma deposition of spatial objects using the powder filler material of a Fe–Cr–Ni–B–Si system on the formation of the microstructure and stress–strain state of 3D product material were studied in this work. Product walls with a layered metal structure with a deposited layer height of about 650 µm and 3.0–3.5 mm thickness were formed as a result of additive microplasma deposition of the HYF–103 powder of a Fe–Cr–Ni–B–Si system. The deposited metal ensured a high ultimate strength (above 600 MPa). The finite element method was used to derive the solution of the thermomechanical problem of additive deposition of 3D prototypes («cylinder», «triangular prism», «square prism», «reverse cone», «straight cone») with HYF–103 powder. The equivalent stresses of the highest magnitude (565 MPa) were predicted in the model sample of the “reverse cone” type, and the lowest stresses (552 MPa) were present in the sample of the “straight cone” type. For all the models, the maximal values of radial movements corresponded to the range of 0.22–0.28 mm. The respective technological mode of deposition was selected to minimize the stress–strain state of the produced 3D objects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Functional Metal Materials: Process, Microstructure and Performance)

3 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

International Perspectives on Inclusion in Education: Exploring Common Ground from Different Angles

by Juho Honkasilta and Athanasios Koutsoklenis

Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050532 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Inclusion in education is a globally shared principle, and its aim is to guarantee, secure, and promote the equality and equity of all people by removing barriers to learning and social participation [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue International Perspectives on Inclusion in Education)

15 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumer Psychology of Mysterious Consumption: Embracing Uncertainty through a Perception of Control

by Wei Ding and Seunghee Han

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050411 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Mysterious consumption, characterized by product purchases without knowledge of their exact nature, is gaining popularity in the modern marketplace. In two online experiments, we examined how consumers’ psychological states, particularly their sense of personal control, influence their perception and intent to purchase mysterious [...] Read more.

Mysterious consumption, characterized by product purchases without knowledge of their exact nature, is gaining popularity in the modern marketplace. In two online experiments, we examined how consumers’ psychological states, particularly their sense of personal control, influence their perception and intent to purchase mysterious products in the context of purchasing a random flight ticket. Study 1 demonstrated that when consumers experience low personal control, as opposed to high personal control, they are less likely to value the uncertainty inherent in random flight tickets, resulting in decreased purchase intentions. Study 2 revealed that introducing even limited choice options to random flight tickets can enhance consumers’ appreciation of uncertainty, thereby increasing their purchase intention. This effect was especially notable among those initially hesitant to embrace uncertainty, ultimately boosting their intent to purchase. These findings deepen our understanding of consumer psychology surrounding mystery consumption and provide practical insights for marketers seeking to tailor their products and marketing appeals to consumers’ psychological states. Full article

18 pages, 532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utility of Single Items within the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): A Bayesian Network Approach and Relative Importance Analysis

by Jenny Mei Yiu Huen, Augustine Osman, Bob Lew and Paul Siu Fai Yip

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050410 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) comprises four content-specific items widely used to assess the history of suicide-related thoughts, plans or attempts, frequency of suicidal ideation, communication of intent to die by suicide and self-reported likelihood of a suicide attempt. Each item focuses on [...] Read more.

The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) comprises four content-specific items widely used to assess the history of suicide-related thoughts, plans or attempts, frequency of suicidal ideation, communication of intent to die by suicide and self-reported likelihood of a suicide attempt. Each item focuses on a specific parameter of the suicide-related thoughts and behaviors construct. Past research has primarily focused on the total score. This study used Bayesian network modeling and relative importance analyses on SBQ-R data from 1160 U.S. and 1141 Chinese undergraduate students. The Bayesian network analysis results showed that Item 1 is suitable for identifying other parameters of the suicide-related thoughts and behaviors construct. The results of the relative importance analysis further highlighted the relevancy of each SBQ-R item score when examining evidence for suicide-related thoughts and behaviors. These findings provided empirical support for using the SBQ-R item scores to understand the performances of different suicide-related behavior parameters. Further, they demonstrated the potential value of examining individual item-level responses to offer clinically meaningful insights. To conclude, the SBQ-R allows for the evaluation of each critical suicide-related thought and behavior parameter and the overall suicide risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Complexity of Internalizing Disorders in Suicidal Youth and Suicide Prevention)

18 pages, 8711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Characteristics and U–Pb Dating of Granites in the Western Granitoid Belt of Thailand

by Etsuo Uchida, Takumi Yokokura, Sota Niki and Takafumi Hirata

Geosciences 2024, 14(5), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14050135 - 14 May 2024

Abstract

This paper presents the integration of magnetic susceptibility measurements and whole-rock geochemical compositional and Nd–Sr isotopic ratio analyses for granite samples collected from the Ranong, Lam Pi, Ban Lam Ru, and Phuket granite bodies in the Western Granitoid Belt of Thailand. In addition, [...] Read more.

This paper presents the integration of magnetic susceptibility measurements and whole-rock geochemical compositional and Nd–Sr isotopic ratio analyses for granite samples collected from the Ranong, Lam Pi, Ban Lam Ru, and Phuket granite bodies in the Western Granitoid Belt of Thailand. In addition, U–Pb dating was performed on zircons extracted from the samples. All samples are proper granites based on their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics. Two samples collected from the Lam Pi granite body were classified as magnetite-series and I-type. The remaining granite samples were classified as ilmenite-series and S- or A-type. Furthermore, all granites were classified as syn-collision granites. Excluding the magnetite-series samples from the Lam Pi granite body, the other samples exhibit enrichment in incompatible elements, such as Nb, Sn, Ta, Pb, Bi, Th, U, Ce, Rb, and Cs. Zircon U–Pb dating yielded ages of ca. 60 Ma for the magnetite-series granites from the Lam Pi granite body, whereas ages of 88–84 Ma were obtained for the other granite bodies. Initial Nd–Sr isotopic ratios indicate a higher contribution of mantle material in the Lam Pi magnetite-series granites and a higher contribution of continental crust material in the other granites. Based on these compositional and zircon U–Pb age data, it is inferred that the 88–84 Ma granites formed as a result of the thickening of the continental crust owing to the collision between the Sibumasu and the West Burma blocks. In contrast, the ca. 60 Ma Lam Pi magnetite-series granites are thought to have been generated via partial melting of the mantle wedge associated with the subduction of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the West Burma Block. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geochemistry)

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