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Characterization and initial field test of an 8–14 μm thermal infrared hyperspectral imager for measuring SO2 in volcanic plumes

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Abstract

The ability to image and quantify SO2 path-concentrations in volcanic plumes, either by day or by night, is beneficial to volcanologists. Gas emission rates are affected by the chemical equilibria in rising magmas and a better understanding of this relationship would be useful for short-term eruption prediction. A newly developed remote sensing long-wave thermal InfraRed (IR) imaging hyperspectral sensor – the Thermal Hyperspectral Imager (THI) – was built and tested. The system employs a Sagnac interferometer and an uncooled microbolometer in rapid scanning configuration to collect hyperspectral images of volcanic plumes. Each pixel in the resulting image yields a spectrum with 50 samples between 8 and 14 μm. Images are spectrally and radiometrically calibrated using an IR source with a narrow band filter and two blackbodies. In this paper, the sensitivity of the instrument for the purpose of quantifying SO2 using well constrained laboratory experiments is evaluated, and initial field results from Kīlauea volcano, Hawai’i, are presented. The sensitivity of THI was determined using gas cells filled with known concentrations of SO2 and using NIST-traceable blackbodies to simulate a range of realistic background conditions. Measurements made by THI were then benchmarked against a high spectral resolution off-the-shelf Michelson FTIR instrument. Theoretical thermal IR spectral radiances were computed with MODTRAN5 for the same optical conditions, to evaluate how well the (known) concentration of SO2 in the gas cells could be retrieved from the resulting THI spectra. Finally, THI was recently field-tested at Kīlauea to evaluate its ability to image the concentration of SO2 in a real volcanic plume. A path-concentration of 7150 ppm m was retrieved from measurements made near the Halema’uma’u vent.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this work was provided by NASA’s Earth Science Technology Office (Instrument Incubator Program, NNX14AE61G). We thank the United States Department of Interior National Parks Service for authorizing collection of the field data reported in this paper (Permit number HAVO-2015-SCI-0050). This is HIGP publication number 2224 and SOEST publication number 9720.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawai’i, 96822, USA

    Andrea Gabrieli, Robert Wright, Paul G. Lucey, John N. Porter, Harold Garbeil, Eric Pilger & Mark Wood

  2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawai’i, 96822, USA

    Andrea Gabrieli

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  1. Andrea Gabrieli
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  2. Robert Wright
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  3. Paul G. Lucey
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Correspondence to Andrea Gabrieli.

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Editorial responsibility: T.P. Fischer

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Gabrieli, A., Wright, R., Lucey, P.G. et al. Characterization and initial field test of an 8–14 μm thermal infrared hyperspectral imager for measuring SO2 in volcanic plumes. Bull Volcanol 78, 73 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-016-1068-6

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