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Assessment of the ecological and human health risks from metals in shrimp aquaculture environments in Central Java, Indonesia

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Abstract

The occurrence and contamination level of seven important toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Zn) and three additional metals (Al, Fe, and Mn) in the water, sediment, and shrimp muscle in aquaculture areas located in Central Java, Indonesia, were investigated. The results suggest that the majority of metals have higher concentrations in the inlet followed by the outlet and ponds. Cd dissolved in the waters exhibited the highest level in Pekalongan (3.15 ± 0.33 μg L−1). Although Pb was not detected in the water, it was detected in the sediment, and the concentration ranged from 7.6 to 15.40 mg kg−1 dw. In general, the heavy metal concentrations in the sediments were found to decrease in the sequence Al > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Co > Pb. Concentrations below the effects range low level based on the Canadian sediment quality guidelines were found for Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn, whereas moderate sediment pollution (25–75 mg kg−1 dw) was observed for Cr (all regions), Cu (except in the Pekalongan region), and Zn (Brebes and Tegal regions) according to the US EPA standard. The status of the waters was evaluated by calculating a pollution index derived mostly from Mn and Zn. The ecological risk (geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (ERI)) determined in the sediments indicated that all studied areas had low to moderate contamination. The concentrations of all metals in shrimp were generally below the maximum limits for seafood, except for Zn (in all stations), Pb, and Cr (Tegal and Pekalongan). The hazard index values for metals indicated that consuming shrimp would not have adverse effects on human health.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Elodie Vermeille, Wulandari Sarasati, Jamaludin, Rizqy Firmansyah, Helmi Mubarak, and Jessica for their support and help during the sampling campaign and during sample processing in the laboratory. Finally, we also thank the reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.

Funding

This study received financial support from the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), the Ministry of Finance, the Directorate General of Higher Education (DIKTI), and the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia, provided through the framework of the BUDI-LN program and a doctoral research grant.

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Hidayati, N.V., Prudent, P., Asia, L. et al. Assessment of the ecological and human health risks from metals in shrimp aquaculture environments in Central Java, Indonesia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 41668–41687 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09967-8

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