Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Local Manifestations of Cometary Activity

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Comets are made of volatile and refractory material and naturally experience various degrees of sublimation as they orbit around the Sun. This gas release, accompanied by dust, represents what is traditionally described as activity. Although the basic principles are well established, most details remain elusive, especially regarding the mechanisms by which dust is detached from the surface and subsequently accelerated by the gas flows surrounding the nucleus.

During its 2 years rendez-vous with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, ESA’s Rosetta has observed cometary activity with unprecedented details, in both the inbound and outbound legs of the comet’s orbit. This trove of data provides a solid ground on which new models of activity can be built. In this chapter, we review how activity manifests at close distance from the surface, establish a nomenclature for the different types of observed features, discuss how activity is at the same time transforming and being shaped by the topography, and finally address several potential mechanisms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • J. Agarwal, M.F. A’Hearn, J.B. Vincent, C. Güttler, S. Höfner, H. Sierks, C. Tubiana, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, S. Boudreault, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, A. Gicquel, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutiérrez, M. Hofmann, S.F. Hviid, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, H.U. Keller, J. Knollenberg, J.R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. Lopez Moreno, F. Marzari, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, X. Shi, N. Thomas, Acceleration of individual, decimetre-sized aggregates in the lower coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 462, S78–S88 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2179. arXiv:1608.07933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.F. A’Hearn, M.J.S. Belton, W.A. Delamere, L.M. Feaga, D. Hampton, J. Kissel, K.P. Klaasen, L.A. McFadden, K.J. Meech, H.J. Melosh, P.H. Schultz, J.M. Sunshine, P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, D.D. Wellnitz, D.K. Yeomans, S. Besse, D. Bodewits, T.J. Bowling, B.T. Carcich, S.M. Collins, T.L. Farnham, O. Groussin, B. Hermalyn, M.S. Kelley, M.S. Kelley, J.Y. Li, D.J. Lindler, C.M. Lisse, S.A. McLaughlin, F. Merlin, S. Protopapa, J.E. Richardson, J.L. Williams, EPOXI at comet Hartley 2. Science 332, 1396 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204054

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Attree, O. Groussin, L. Jorda, D. Nébouy, N. Thomas, Y. Brouet, E. Kührt, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, J. Knollenberg, P. Hartogh, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, H.U. Keller, M.F. A’Hearn, A.T. Auger, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, D. Bodewits, S. Boudreault, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, M.R. El-Maarry, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, P.J. Gutiérrez, C. Güttler, S. Hviid, W.H. Ip, G. Kovacs, J.R. Kramm, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. Lopez Moreno, S. Lowry, S. Marchi, F. Marzari, S. Mottola, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, M. Pajola, I. Toth, C. Tubiana, J.B. Vincent, X. Shi, Tensile strength of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko nucleus material from overhangs. Astron. Astrophys. 611, A33 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732155. arXiv:1712.07508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Attree, O. Groussin, L. Jorda, S. Rodionov, A.T. Auger, N. Thomas, Y. Brouet, O. Poch, E. Kührt, M. Knapmeyer, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, J. Knollenberg, S. Hviid, P. Hartogh, Thermal fracturing on comets. Applications to 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron. Astrophys. 610, A76 (2018b). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731937. arXiv:1711.09809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.J.S. Belton, Cometary activity, active areas, and a mechanism for collimated outflows on 1P, 9P, 19P, and 81P. Icarus 210, 881–897 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.J.S. Belton, The origin of pits on 9P/Tempel 1 and the geologic signature of outbursts in Stardust-NExT images. Icarus 222, 477–486 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.J.S. Belton, B.E.A. Mueller, W.H. Julian, A.J. Anderson, The spin state and homogeneity of comet Halley’s nucleus. Icarus 93, 183–193 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Blum, B. Gundlach, S. Mühle, J.M. Trigo-Rodriguez, Comets formed in solar-nebula instabilities!—An experimental and modeling attempt to relate the activity of comets to their formation process. Icarus 235, 156–169 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.016. arXiv:1403.2610

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Bodewits, L.M. Lara, M.F. A’Hearn, F. La Forgia, A. Gicquel, G. Kovacs, J. Knollenberg, M. Lazzarin, Z.Y. Lin, X. Shi, C. Snodgrass, C. Tubiana, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, H.U. Keller, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, S. Boudreault, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutiérrez, C. Güttler, S.F. Hviid, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, J.R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, J.J. López-Moreno, F. Marzari, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, N. Thomas, I. Toth, J.B. Vincent, Changes in the physical environment of the inner coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with decreasing heliocentric distance. Astron. J. 152, 130 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/130. arXiv:1607.05632

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Boehnhardt, E. Pompei, G.P. Tozzi, O. Hainaut, N. Ageorges, S. Bagnulo, L. Barrera, T. Bonev, H.U. Käufl, F. Kerber, G. Locurto, O. Marco, E. Pantin, H. Rauer, I. Saviane, F. Selman, C. Sterken, M. Weiler, Broad- and narrowband visible imaging of comet 9P/Tempel 1 at ESO around the time of the Deep Impact event. Astron. Astrophys. 470, 1175–1183 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20066577

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.C. Boice, L.A. Soderblom, D.T. Britt, R.H. Brown, B.R. Sandel, R.V. Yelle, B.J. Buratti, M.D. Hicks, R.M. Nelson, M.D. Rayman, J. Oberst, N. Thomas, The Deep Space 1 encounter with comet 19p/Borrelly. Earth Moon Planets 89, 301–324 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021519124588

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Bruck Syal, P.H. Schultz, J.M. Sunshine, M.F. A’Hearn, T.L. Farnham, D.S.P. Dearborn, Geologic control of jet formation on comet 103P/Hartley 2. Icarus 222, 610 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Capaccioni, A. Coradini, G. Filacchione, S. Erard, G. Arnold, P. Drossart, M.C. De Sanctis, D. Bockelee-Morvan, M.T. Capria, F. Tosi, C. Leyrat, B. Schmitt, E. Quirico, P. Cerroni, V. Mennella, A. Raponi, M. Ciarniello, T. McCord, L. Moroz, E. Palomba, E. Ammannito, M.A. Barucci, G. Bellucci, J. Benkhoff, J.P. Bibring, A. Blanco, M. Blecka, R. Carlson, U. Carsenty, L. Colangeli, M. Combes, M. Combi, J. Crovisier, T. Encrenaz, C. Federico, U. Fink, S. Fonti, W.H. Ip, P. Irwin, R. Jaumann, E. Kuehrt, Y. Langevin, G. Magni, S. Mottola, V. Orofino, P. Palumbo, G. Piccioni, U. Schade, F. Taylor, D. Tiphene, G.P. Tozzi, P. Beck, N. Biver, L. Bonal, J.P. Combe, D. Despan, E. Flamini, S. Fornasier, A. Frigeri, D. Grassi, M. Gudipati, A. Longobardo, K. Markus, F. Merlin, R. Orosei, G. Rinaldi, K. Stephan, M. Cartacci, A. Cicchetti, S. Giuppi, Y. Hello, F. Henry, S. Jacquinod, R. Noschese, G. Peter, R. Politi, J.M. Reess, A. Semery, The organic-rich surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by VIRTIS/Rosetta. Science 347(1), aaa0628 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W.E. Celnik, T. Schmidt-Kaler, Structure and dynamics of plasma-tail condensations of comet P/Halley 1986 and inferences on the structure and activity of the cometary nucleus. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 233–248 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Chen, L. Jallo, M.A. Quintanilla, R. Dave, Characterization of particle and bulk level cohesion reduction of surface modified fine aluminum powders. Colloids Surf. A, Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 361(1), 66–80 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.03.015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775710001895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Chokshi, A.G.G.M. Tielens, D. Hollenbach, Dust coagulation. Astrophys. J. 407, 806–819 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1086/172562

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Choukroun, S. Keihm, F.P. Schloerb, S. Gulkis, E. Lellouch, Dark side of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in Aug.-Oct. 2014. MIRO/Rosetta continuum observations of polar night in the southern regions. Astron. Astrophys. 583, A28 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.F. Crifo, A.V. Rodionov, The dependence of the circumnuclear coma structure on the properties of the nucleus. Icarus 129, 72–93 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1997.5714

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.F. Crifo, A.V. Rodionov, K. Szegö, M. Fulle, Challenging a paradigm: do we need active and inactive areas to account for near-nuclear jet activity? Earth Moon Planets 90, 227–238 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.F. Crifo, G.A. Loukianov, A.V. Rodionov, V.V. Zakharov, Direct Monte Carlo and multifluid modeling of the circumnuclear dust coma. Spherical grain dynamics revisited. Icarus 176, 192–219 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. De Sanctis, F. Capaccioni, M. Ciarniello, G. Filacchione, M. Formisano, S. Mottola, A. Raponi, F. Tosi, D. Bockelée-Morvan, S. Erard, C. Leyrat, B. Schmitt, E. Ammannito, G. Arnold, M.A. Barucci, M. Combi, M.T. Capria, P. Cerroni, W.H. Ip, E. Kuehrt, T.B. McCord, E. Palomba, P. Beck, E. Quirico (VIRTIS Team), G. Piccioni, G. Bellucci, M. Fulchignoni, R. Jaumann, K. Stephan, A. Longobardo, V. Mennella, A. Migliorini, J. Benkhoff, J.P. Bibring, A. Blanco, M. Blecka, R. Carlson, U. Carsenty, L. Colangeli, M. Combes, J. Crovisier, P. Drossart, T. Encrenaz, C. Federico, U. Fink, S. Fonti, P. Irwin, Y. Langevin, G. Magni, L. Moroz, V. Orofino, U. Schade, F. Taylor, D. Tiphene, G.P. Tozzi, N. Biver, L. Bonal, J.P. Combe, D. Despan, E. Flamini, S. Fornasier, A. Frigeri, D. Grassi, M.S. Gudipati, F. Mancarella, K. Markus, F. Merlin, R. Orosei, G. Rinaldi, M. Cartacci, A. Cicchetti, S. Giuppi, Y. Hello, F. Henry, S. Jacquinod, J.M. Rees, R. Noschese, R. Politi, G. Peter, The diurnal cycle of water ice on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Nature 525, 500 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Delbo, G. Libourel, J. Wilkerson, N. Murdoch, P. Michel, K.T. Ramesh, C. Ganino, C. Verati, S. Marchi, Thermal fatigue as the origin of regolith on small asteroids. Nature 508, 233–236 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13153

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. El-Maarry, O. Groussin, N. Thomas, M. Pajola, A.T. Auger, B. Davidsson, X. Hu, S.F. Hviid, J. Knollenberg, C. Güttler, C. Tubiana, S. Fornasier, C. Feller, P. Hasselmann, J.B. Vincent, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H.U. Keller, H. Rickman, M.F. A’Hearn, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, S. Besse, D. Bodewits, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, J.D.P. Deshapriya, M. Fulle, P.J. Gutierrez, M. Hofmann, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, G. Kovacs, J.R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, Surface changes on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko suggest a more active past. Science 355, 1392–1395 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aak9384

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.L. Farnham, Dust jet activity in comet 103P/Hartley 2, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, vol. 1667 (2012), p. 6241

    Google Scholar 

  • T.L. Farnham, A.L. Cochran, A McDonald Observatory study of comet 19P/Borrelly: placing the Deep Space 1 observations into a broader context. Icarus 160, 398–418 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2002.6969. arXiv:astro-ph/0208445

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.L. Farnham, D.G. Schleicher, Physical and compositional studies of comet 81P/Wild 2 at multiple apparitions. Icarus 173, 533–558 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.08.021

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.L. Farnham, B.E.A. Mueller, M.M. Knight, N.H. Samarasinha, Narrowband observations of comet Tempel 1 in support of the Deep Impact mission, in AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts, vol. 37 (2005) p. 43.05

    Google Scholar 

  • T.L. Farnham, D.D. Wellnitz, D.L. Hampton, J.Y. Li, J.M. Sunshine, O. Groussin, L.A. McFadden, C.J. Crockett, M.F. A’Hearn, M.J.S. Belton, P. Schultz, C.M. Lisse, Dust coma morphology in the Deep Impact images of comet 9P/Tempel 1. Icarus 187, 26–40 (2007). 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.036

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.L. Farnham, N.H. Samarasinha, B.E.A. Mueller, Comet 81P/Wild, in International Astronomical Union Circular, vol. 9138 (2010), p. 2

    Google Scholar 

  • T.L. Farnham, S. Besse, L.M. Feaga, J.M. Sunshine, M.F. A’Hearn, D. Lindler, D. Bodewits, C.M. Lisse, M.J.S. Belton (Dixi Team), Jet activity in comet 103P/Hartley 2 as observed by the Deep Impact Spacecraft, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011), p. 2160

    Google Scholar 

  • T.L. Farnham, D. Bodewits, J.Y. Li, J. Veverka, P. Thomas, M.J.S. Belton, Connections between the jet activity and surface features on comet 9P/Tempel 1. Icarus 222, 540–549 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.06.019

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.M. Feaga, M.F. A’Hearn, J.M. Sunshine, O. Groussin, T.L. Farnham, Asymmetries in the distribution of H2O and \(\mbox{CO}_{2}\) in the inner coma of comet 9P/Tempel 1 as observed by Deep Impact. Icarus 190, 345–356 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.L. Finson, R.F. Probstein, A theory of dust comets. I. Model and equations. Astrophys. J. 154, 353–380 (1968)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Fornasier, C. Feller, J.C. Lee, S. Ferrari, M. Massironi, P.H. Hasselmann, J.D.P. Deshapriya, M.A. Barucci, M.R. El-Maarry, L. Giacomini, S. Mottola, H.U. Keller, W.H. Ip, Z.Y. Lin, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, J. Agarwal, M. A’Hearn, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, M. Fulle, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutierrez, C. Güttler, M. Hofmann, S.F. Hviid, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, G. Kovacs, R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, M.L. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. Lopez Moreno, F. Marzari, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, M. Pajola, X. Shi, N. Thomas, I. Toth, C. Tubiana, J.B. Vincent, The highly active Anhur-Bes regions in the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet: results from OSIRIS/ROSETTA observations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 469, S93–S107 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1275. arXiv:1707.02945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Fulle, J. Blum, S.F. Green, B. Gundlach, A. Herique, F. Moreno, S. Mottola, A. Rotundi, C. Snodgrass, The refractory-to-ice mass ratio in comets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 482, 3326–3340 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2926

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Groussin et al., Gravitational slopes, geomorphology and material strengths of the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from OSIRIS observations. Astron. Astrophys. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Grün, J. Gebhard, A. Bar-Nun, J. Benkhoff, H. Düren, G. Eich, R. Hische, W.F. Huebner, H.U. Keller, G. Klees, H. Kochan, G. Kölzer, H. Kroker, E. Kührt, P. Lämmerzahl, E. Lorenz, W.J. Markiewicz, D. Möhlmann, A. Oehler, J. Scholz, K.J. Seidensticker, K. Roessler, G. Schwehm, G. Steiner, K. Thiel, H. Thomas, Development of a dust mantle on the surface of an insolated ice-dust mixture—results from the KOSI-9 experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 15 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1029/93JE01134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Grün, J. Agarwal, N. Altobelli, K. Altwegg, M.S. Bentley, N. Biver, V. Della Corte, N. Edberg, P.D. Feldman, M. Galand, B. Geiger, C. Götz, B. Grieger, C. Güttler, P. Henri, M. Hofstadter, M. Horanyi, E. Jehin, H. Krüger, S. Lee, T. Mannel, E. Morales, O. Mousis, M. Müller, C. Opitom, A. Rotundi, R. Schmied, F. Schmidt, H. Sierks, C. Snodgrass, R.H. Soja, M. Sommer, R. Srama, C.Y. Tzou, J.B. Vincent, P. Yanamandra-Fisher, M.F. A’Hearn, A.I. Erikson, C. Barbieri, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, J. Burch, L. Colangeli, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, L.M. Feaga, M. Ferrari, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, A. Gicquel, M. Gillon, S.F. Green, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutiérrez, M. Hofmann, S.F. Hviid, W.H. Ip, S. Ivanovski, L. Jorda, H.U. Keller, M.M. Knight, J. Knollenberg, D. Koschny, J.R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, P.L. Lamy, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. Lòpez-Moreno, J. Manfroid, E.M. Epifani, F. Marzari, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, P. Palumbo, J.W. Parker, H. Rickman, R. Rodrigo, J. Rodrìguez, E. Schindhelm, X. Shi, R. Sordini, A.J. Steffl, S.A. Stern, N. Thomas, C. Tubiana, H.A. Weaver, P. Weissman, V.V. Zakharov, M.G.G.T. Taylor, The 2016 Feb 19 outburst of comet 67P/CG: an ESA Rosetta multi-instrument study. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 462, S220–S234 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Gundlach, J. Blum, H.U. Keller, Y.V. Skorov, What drives the dust activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko? Astron. Astrophys. 583, A12 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525828. arXiv:1506.08545

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Güttler, M. Krause, R.J. Geretshauser, R. Speith, J. Blum, The physics of protoplanetesimal dust agglomerates. IV. Toward a dynamical collision model. Astrophys. J. 701, 130–141 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/701/1/130. arXiv:0906.0088

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.C. Hansen, K. Altwegg, J.J. Berthelier, A. Bieler, N. Biver, D. Bockelée-Morvan, U. Calmonte, F. Capaccioni, M.R. Combi, J. de Keyser, B. Fiethe, N. Fougere, S.A. Fuselier, S. Gasc, T.I. Gombosi, Z. Huang, L. Le Roy, S. Lee, H. Nilsson, M. Rubin, Y. Shou, C. Snodgrass, V. Tenishev, G. Toth, C.Y. Tzou, C.S. Wedlund (Rosina Team), Evolution of water production of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: an empirical model and a multi-instrument study. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 462, S491–S506 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Hässig, K. Altwegg, H. Balsiger, A. Bar-Nun, J.J. Berthelier, A. Bieler, P. Bochsler, C. Briois, U. Calmonte, M. Combi, J. De Keyser, P. Eberhardt, B. Fiethe, S.A. Fuselier, M. Galand, S. Gasc, T.I. Gombosi, K.C. Hansen, A. Jäckel, H.U. Keller, E. Kopp, A. Korth, E. Kührt, L. Le Roy, U. Mall, B. Marty, O. Mousis, E. Neefs, T. Owen, H. Rème, M. Rubin, T. Sémon, C. Tornow, C.Y. Tzou, J.H. Waite, P. Wurz, Time variability and heterogeneity in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 347, aaa0276 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Hermalyn, T.L. Farnham, S.M. Collins, M.S. Kelley, M.F. A’Hearn, D. Bodewits, B. Carcich, D.J. Lindler, C. Lisse, K. Meech, P.H. Schultz, P.C. Thomas, The detection, localization, and dynamics of large icy particles surrounding comet 103P/Hartley 2. Icarus 222, 625–633 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.09.030

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Horányi, J.R. Szalay, S. Kempf, J. Schmidt, E. Grün, R. Srama, Z. Sternovsky, A permanent, asymmetric dust cloud around the Moon. Nature 522, 324–326 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14479

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.L. Johnson, K. Kendall, A.D. Roberts, Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 324, 301–313 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1971.0141

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.U. Keller, W.A. Delamere, H.J. Reitsema, W.F. Huebner, H.U. Schmidt, Comet P/Halley’s nucleus and its activity. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 807–823 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.U. Keller, S. Mottola, B. Davidsson, S.E. Schröder, Y. Skorov, E. Kührt, O. Groussin, M. Pajola, S.F. Hviid, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, M.F. A’Hearn, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, P.J. Gutiérrez, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, J.R. Kramm, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. Lopez Moreno, F. Marzari, H. Michalik, G. Naletto, L. Sabau, N. Thomas, J.B. Vincent, K.P. Wenzel, J. Agarwal, C. Güttler, N. Oklay, C. Tubiana, Insolation, erosion, and morphology of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron. Astrophys. 583, A34 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Kelley, D.J. Lindler, D. Bodewits, M.F. A’Hearn, C.M. Lisse, L. Kolokolova, J. Kissel, B. Hermalyn, A distribution of large particles in the coma of comet 103P/Hartley 2. Icarus 222, 634–652 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.09.037. arXiv:1304.4204

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Knollenberg, A mini outburst from the nightside of comet P67/Churyumov-Gerasimenko observed by the OSIRIS camera on Rosetta. Astron. Astrophys. (2015)

  • J. Knollenberg, E. Kührt, H.U. Keller, Interpretation of HMC images by a combined thermal and gasdynamic model. Earth Moon Planets 72, 103–112 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117509

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.J. Kossacki, T. Spohn, A. Hagermann, E. Kaufmann, E. Kührt, Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: hardening of the sub-surface layer. Icarus 260, 464–474 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.07.024

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Kramer, M. Noack, On the origin of inner coma structures observed by Rosetta during a diurnal rotation of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astrophys. J. Lett. 823, L11 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/823/1/L11. arXiv:1607.03825

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Kramer, M. Läuter, M. Rubin, K. Altwegg, Seasonal changes of the volatile density in the coma and on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 469, S20–S28 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx866. arXiv:1704.03874

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Kuehrt, H.U. Keller, The formation of cometary surface crusts. Icarus 109, 121–132 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1994.1080

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I.L. Lai, W.H. Ip, J.C. Lee, Z.Y. Lin, J.B. Vincent, P. Hartogh, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, H. Rickman, H.U. Keller, Mapping of the source regions of the dust jets on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, in AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts P43A-2087 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • L.M. Lara, H. Böhnhardt, R. Gredel, P.J. Gutiérrez, J.L. Ortiz, R. Rodrigo, M.J. Vidal-Nuñez, Pre-impact monitoring of comet 9P/Tempel 1, the Deep Impact target. Astron. Astrophys. 465, 1151–1157 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.M. Lara et al., Large-scale dust jets in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by the OSIRIS instrument onboard Rosetta. Astron. Astrophys. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Larson, Z. Sekanina, D. Levy, S. Tapia, M. Senay, Comet p/Halley near nucleus phenomena in 1986. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 639 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.C. Levasseur-Regourd, J. Agarwal, H. Cottin, C. Engrand, G. Flynn, M. Fulle, T. Gombosi, Y. Langevin, J. Lasue, T. Mannel, S. Merouane, O. Poch, N. Thomas, A. Westphal, Cometary dust. Space Sci. Rev. 214, 64 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0496-3

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Z.Y. Lin et al., Morphology and dynamics of jets of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: early phase development. Astron. Astrophys. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Z.Y. Lin, I.L. Lai, C.C. Su, W.H. Ip, J.C. Lee, J.S. Wu, J.B. Vincent, F. La Forgia, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, H.U. Keller, J. Agarwal, M.F. A’Hearn, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, D. Bodewits, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutiérrez, C. Güttler, S.F. Hviid, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, G. Kovacs, J.R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. López-Moreno, S. Lowry, F. Marzari, H. Michalik, S. Mottola, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, M. Pajola, A. Rozek, N. Thomas, C. Tubiana, Observations and analysis of a curved jet in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron. Astrophys. 588, L3 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527784

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Mannel, M.S. Bentley, R. Schmied, H. Jeszenszky, A.C. Levasseur-Regourd, J. Romstedt, K. Torkar, Fractal cometary dust—a window into the early Solar system. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 462, S304–S311 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2898

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • U. Marboeuf, B. Schmitt, J.M. Petit, O. Mousis, N. Fray, A cometary nucleus model taking into account all phase changes of water ice: amorphous, crystalline, and clathrate. Astron. Astrophys. 542, A82 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118176

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Marschall, S. Mottola, C.C. Su, Y. Liao, M. Rubin, J.S. Wu, N. Thomas, K. Altwegg, H. Sierks, W.H. Ip, H.U. Keller, J. Knollenberg, E. Kührt, I.L. Lai, Y. Skorov, L. Jorda, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, J.B. Vincent (Osiris Team Rosina Team), Cliffs versus plains: can ROSINA/COPS and OSIRIS data of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in autumn 2014 constrain inhomogeneous outgassing? Astron. Astrophys. 605, A112 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730849

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Miles, Heat of solution: a new source of thermal energy in the subsurface of cometary nuclei and the gas-exsolution mechanism driving outbursts of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann and other comets. Icarus 272, 356–386 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.12.053

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Mottola, G. Arnold, H.G. Grothues, R. Jaumann, H. Michaelis, G. Neukum, J.P. Bibring, S.E. Schröder, M. Hamm, K.A. Otto, I. Pelivan, G. Proffe, F. Scholten, D. Tirsch, M. Kreslavsky, E. Remetean, F. Souvannavong, B. Dolives, The structure of the regolith on 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from ROLIS descent imaging. Science 349(2), aab0232 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Oklay, Large sub-surface volatile reservoirs of comet 67P, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, vol. 49 (2018), p. 1282

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Oklay, J.B. Vincent, S. Fornasier, M. Pajola, S. Besse, B.J.R. Davidsson, L.M. Lara, S. Mottola, G. Naletto, H. Sierks, A.M. Barucci, F. Scholten, F. Preusker, A. Pommerol, N. Masoumzadeh, M. Lazzarin, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, M.F. A’Hearn, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, D. Bodewits, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, M. Fulle, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutiérrez, C. Güttler, I. Hall, M. Hofmann, S.F. Hviid, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, H.U. Keller, J. Knollenberg, G. Kovacs, J.R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, Z.Y. Lin, J.J. Lopez Moreno, F. Marzari, F. Moreno, X. Shi, N. Thomas, I. Toth, C. Tubiana, Variegation of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in regions showing activity. Astron. Astrophys. 586, A80 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Ott, E. Drolshagen, D. Koschny, C. Güttler, C. Tubiana, E. Frattin, J. Agarwal, H. Sierks, I. Bertini, C. Barbieri, P.I. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, H. Rickman, M.F. A’Hearn, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, S. Boudreault, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, C. Feller, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, B. Geiger, A. Gicquel, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutiérrez, M. Hofmann, S.F. Hviid, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, H.U. Keller, J. Knollenberg, G. Kovacs, J.R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, Z.Y. Lin, J.J. López-Moreno, F. Marzari, S. Mottola, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, M. Pajola, X. Shi, N. Thomas, J.B. Vincent, B. Poppe, Dust mass distribution around comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko determined via parallax measurements using Rosetta’s OSIRIS cameras. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 469, S276–S284 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Pajola, S. Hoefner, J.B. Vincent, O. Nea, The pristine interior of comet 67P revealed by the combined Aswan outburst and cliff collapse. Nature 1, 0092 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Pätzold, T. Andert, M. Hahn, S.W. Asmar, J.P. Barriot, M.K. Bird, B. Häusler, K. Peter, S. Tellmann, E. Grün, P.R. Weissman, H. Sierks, L. Jorda, R. Gaskell, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, A homogeneous nucleus for comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from its gravity field. Nature 530, 63–65 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16535

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Protopapa, J.M. Sunshine, L.M. Feaga, M.S.P. Kelley, M.F. A’Hearn, T.L. Farnham, O. Groussin, S. Besse, F. Merlin, J.Y. Li, Water ice and dust in the innermost coma of comet 103P/Hartley 2. Icarus 238, 191–204 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.04.008. arXiv:1406.3382

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Rotundi, H. Sierks, V. Della Corte, M. Fulle, P.J. Gutierrez, L. Lara, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, H.U. Keller, J.J. López-Moreno, M. Accolla, J. Agarwal, M.F. A’Hearn, N. Altobelli, F. Angrilli, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, D. Bodewits, E. Bussoletti, L. Colangeli, M. Cosi, G. Cremonese, J.F. Crifo, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, F. Esposito, M. Ferrari, S. Fornasier, F. Giovane, B. Gustafson, S.F. Green, O. Groussin, E. Grün, C. Güttler, M.L. Herranz, S.F. Hviid, W. Ip, S. Ivanovski, J.M. Jerónimo, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, M. Lazzarin, M.R. Leese, A.C. López-Jiménez, F. Lucarelli, S.C. Lowry, F. Marzari, E.M. Epifani, J.A.M. McDonnell, V. Mennella, H. Michalik, A. Molina, R. Morales, F. Moreno, S. Mottola, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, J.L. Ortiz, E. Palomba, P. Palumbo, J.M. Perrin, J. Rodríguez, L. Sabau, C. Snodgrass, R. Sordini, N. Thomas, C. Tubiana, J.B. Vincent, P. Weissman, K.P. Wenzel, V. Zakharov, J.C. Zarnecki, Dust measurements in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko inbound to the Sun. Science 347, aaa3905 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa3905

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.Z. Sagdeev, G.A. Avanesov, B.S. Zhukov, I.V. Zenkin, Y.L. Ziman, V.I. Moroz, V.I. Tarnopol’Skij, Photometric characteristics of the nucleus and inner coma of comet Halley. Kosm. Issled. 25, 831–839 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N.H. Samarasinha, S.M. Larson, Image enhancement techniques for quantitative investigations of morphological features in cometary comae: a comparative study. Icarus 239, 168 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.G. Schleicher, Compositional and physical results for Rosetta’s new target comet 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenko from narrowband photometry and imaging. Icarus 181, 442–457 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2005.11.014

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Schulz, J.A. Stüwe, H. Boehnhardt, W. Gaessler, G.P. Tozzi, Characterization of STARDUST target comet 81P/Wild 2 from 1996 to 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 398, 345–352 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20021673

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Sekanina, D.E. Brownlee, T.E. Economou, A.J. Tuzzolino, S.F. Green, Modeling the nucleus and jets of comet 81P/Wild 2 based on the Stardust encounter data. Science 304, 1769–1774 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X. Shi, X. Hu, H. Sierks, C. Güttler, M. A’Hearn, J. Blum, M.R. El-Maarry, E. Kührt, S. Mottola, M. Pajola, N. Oklay, S. Fornasier, C. Tubiana, H.U. Keller, J.B. Vincent, D. Bodewits, S. Höfner, Z.Y. Lin, A. Gicquel, M. Hofmann, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, M. Fulle, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutiérrez, S.F. Hviid, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, G. Kovacs, J.R. Kramm, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. Lopez-Moreno, F. Marzari, G. Naletto, N. Thomas, Sunset jets observed on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko sustained by subsurface thermal lag. Astron. Astrophys. 586, A7 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • X. Shi, X. Hu, S. Mottola, H. Sierks, H.U. Keller, M. Rose, C. Güttler, M. Fulle, S. Fornasier, J. Agarwal, M. Pajola, C. Tubiana, D. Bodewits, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, S. Boudreault, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutiérrez, S.F. Hviid, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, G. Kovacs, J.R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. Lopez-Moreno, F. Marzari, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, I. Toth, J.B. Vincent, Coma morphology of comet 67P controlled by insolation over irregular nucleus. Nat. Astron. 2, 562–567 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0481-5

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Skorov, J. Blum, Dust release and tensile strength of the non-volatile layer of cometary nuclei. Icarus 221, 1 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.V. Skorov, L. Rezac, P. Hartogh, H.U. Keller, Is near-surface ice the driver of dust activity on 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron. Astrophys. 600, A142 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201630000

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.A. Soderblom, T.L. Becker, G. Bennett, D.C. Boice, D.T. Britt, R.H. Brown, B.J. Buratti, C. Isbell, B. Giese, T. Hare, M.D. Hicks, E. Howington-Kraus, R.L. Kirk, M. Lee, R.M. Nelson, J. Oberst, T.C. Owen, M.D. Rayman, B.R. Sandel, S.A. Stern, N. Thomas, R.V. Yelle, Observations of comet 19P/Borrelly by the miniature integrated camera and spectrometer aboard Deep Space 1. Science 296, 1087–1091 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1069527

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.K. Steckloff, K. Graves, M. Hirabayashi, H.J. Melosh, J.E. Richardson, Rotationally induced surface slope-instabilities and the activation of CO2 activity on comet 103P/Hartley 2. Icarus 272, 60–69 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.026. arXiv:1602.08518

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.J. Stooke, A. Abergel, Morphology of the nucleus of comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys. 248, 656–668 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Sunshine, M.F. A’Hearn, O. Groussin, J.Y. Li, M.J.S. Belton, W.A. Delamere, J. Kissel, K.P. Klaasen, L.A. McFadden, K.J. Meech, H.J. Melosh, P.H. Schultz, P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, D.K. Yeomans, I.C. Busko, M. Desnoyer, T.L. Farnham, L.M. Feaga, D.L. Hampton, D.J. Lindler, C.M. Lisse, D.D. Wellnitz, Exposed water ice deposits on the surface of comet 9P/Tempel 1. Science 311, 1453–1455 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1123632

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Sunshine, O. Groussin, P.H. Schultz, M.F. A’Hearn, L.M. Feaga, T.L. Farnham, K.P. Klaasen, The distribution of water ice in the interior of comet Tempel 1. Icarus 190, 284–294 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.024

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Sunshine, L.M. Feaga, O. Groussin, S. Protopapa, M.F. A’Hearn, T.L. Farnham, F. Merlin, J.Y. Li, S. Besse, Water ice on comet 103P/Hartley 2, in EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011, vol. 2011 (2011), p. 1345

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Thomas, L. Ratke, H. Kochan, Crushing strength of porous ice-mineral bodies-relevance for comets. Adv. Space Res. 14, 207–216 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(94)90271-2

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, M.J.S. Belton, A. Hidy, M.F. A’Hearn, T.L. Farnham, O. Groussin, J.Y. Li, L.A. McFadden, J. Sunshine, D. Wellnitz, C. Lisse, P. Schultz, K.J. Meech, W.A. Delamere, The shape, topography, and geology of Tempel 1 from Deep Impact observations. Icarus 187, 4–15 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Thomas et al., The nucleus of comet 9P/Tempel 1: shape and geology from two flybys. Icarus 222, 453–466 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Thomas, B. Davidsson, M.R. El-Maarry, S. Fornasier, L. Giacomini, A.G. Gracia-Berná, S.F. Hviid, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, H.U. Keller, J. Knollenberg, E. Kührt, F. La Forgia, I.L. Lai, Y. Liao, R. Marschall, M. Massironi, S. Mottola, M. Pajola, O. Poch, A. Pommerol, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, C.C. Su, J.S. Wu, J.B. Vincent, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, M.F. A’Hearn, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, S. Debei, M. de Cecco, M. Fulle, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutierrez, J.R. Kramm, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. Lopez Moreno, F. Marzari, H. Michalik, G. Naletto, J. Agarwal, C. Güttler, N. Oklay, C. Tubiana, Redistribution of particles across the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron. Astrophys. 583, A17 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Tubiana et al., 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: activity between March and June 2014 as observed from Rosetta/OSIRIS. Astron. Astrophys. 573, A62 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Vincent, Evolution of cometary surfaces, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, vol. 49 (2018), p. 1280

    Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Vincent, H. Böhnhardt, I. Bertini, L. Lara, M. Küppers, R. Rodrigo, Coma structures in comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3, components B and C, between January and May 2006. Earth Moon Planets 106, 27 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Vincent, H. Sierks, M. Rose, Y. Skorov, 3D modeling of cometary dust jets, from the nucleus surface to infinity, in EPSC, vol. 2012 (2012), p. 358

    Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Vincent, D. Bodewits, S. Besse, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, H.U. Keller, J. Agarwal, M.F. A’Hearn, A.T. Auger, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, C. Capanna, G. Cremonese, V. da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. de Cecco, M.R. El-Maarry, F. Ferri, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, R. Gaskell, L. Giacomini, O. Groussin, A. Guilbert-Lepoutre, P. Gutierrez-Marques, P.J. Gutiérrez, C. Güttler, N. Hoekzema, S. Höfner, S.F. Hviid, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, G. Kovacs, R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, F. La Forgia, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, V. Lee, C. Leyrat, Z.Y. Lin, J.J. Lopez Moreno, S. Lowry, S. Magrin, L. Maquet, S. Marchi, F. Marzari, M. Massironi, H. Michalik, R. Moissl, S. Mottola, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, M. Pajola, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, N. Thomas, I. Toth, C. Tubiana, Large heterogeneities in comet 67P as revealed by active pits from sinkhole collapse. Nature 523, 63–66 (2015a). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14564

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Vincent, N. Oklay, S. Marchi, S. Höfner, H. Sierks, Craters on comets. Planet. Space Sci. 107, 53–63 (2015b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.06.008

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Vincent, M.F. A’Hearn, Z.Y. Lin, M.R. El-Maarry, M. Pajola, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, H.U. Keller, J. Agarwal, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, S. Besse, D. Bodewits, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, A. Gicquel, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutiérrez, P. Gutiérrez-Marquez, C. Güttler, S. Höfner, M. Hofmann, S.F. Hviid, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, G. Kovacs, J.R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. Lopez Moreno, F. Marzari, M. Massironi, S. Mottola, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, X. Shi, N. Thomas, I. Toth, C. Tubiana, Summer fireworks on comet 67P. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 462, S184–S194 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2409. arXiv:1609.07743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Vincent, S.F. Hviid, S. Mottola, E. Kuehrt, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, H.U. Keller, N. Oklay, D. de Niem, B. Davidsson, M. Fulle, M. Pajola, M. Hofmann, X. Hu, H. Rickman, Z.Y. Lin, C. Feller, A. Gicquel, S. Boudreault, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, M.F. A’Hearn, M.A. Barucci, J.L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, S. Fornasier, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutiérrez, P. Gutiérrez-Marquez, C. Güttler, W.H. Ip, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, G. Kovacs, J.R. Kramm, M. Küppers, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J. Lopez Moreno, F. Marzari, G. Naletto, L. Penasa, X. Shi, N. Thomas, I. Toth, C. Tubiana, Constraints on cometary surface evolution derived from a statistical analysis of 67P’s topography. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 469, S329–S338 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1691. arXiv:1707.00734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Yoldi, A. Pommerol, B. Jost, O. Poch, J. Gouman, N. Thomas, VIS-NIR reflectance of water ice/regolith analogue mixtures and implications for the detectability of ice mixed within planetary regoliths. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 6205–6212 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064780

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 686709 (MiARD). This work was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number 16.0008-2. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official view of the Swiss Government. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Services.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Rutherfordstrasse, 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany

    Jean-Baptiste Vincent, Ekkehard Kührt, Nilda Oklay & Horst Uwe Keller

  2. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Tony Farnham

  3. Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany

    Yuri Skorov

  4. Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland

    Raphael Marschall

  5. Birkbeck College, University of London, WC1E 7HX, London, UK

    Mohamed Ramy El-Maarry

  6. Institut fur Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik, TU Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany

    Horst Uwe Keller

Authors
  1. Jean-Baptiste Vincent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tony Farnham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ekkehard Kührt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yuri Skorov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Raphael Marschall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nilda Oklay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Mohamed Ramy El-Maarry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Horst Uwe Keller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean-Baptiste Vincent.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Comets: Post 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Perspectives

Edited by Nicolas Thomas, Björn Davidsson, Laurent Jorda, Ekkehard Kührt, Raphael Marschall, Colin Snodgrass and Rafael Rodrigo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vincent, JB., Farnham, T., Kührt, E. et al. Local Manifestations of Cometary Activity. Space Sci Rev 215, 30 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0596-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0596-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation