Abstract
Studies in mineral ecology exploit mineralogical databases to document diversity-distribution relationships of minerals—relationships that are integral to characterizing “Earth-like” planets. As carbon is the most crucial element to life on Earth, as well as one of the defining constituents of a planet’s near-surface mineralogy, we focus here on the diversity and distribution of carbon-bearing minerals. We applied a Large Number of Rare Events (LNRE) model to the 403 known minerals of carbon, using 82 922 mineral species/locality data tabulated in http://mindat.org (as of 1 January 2015). We find that all carbon-bearing minerals, as well as subsets containing C with O, H, Ca, or Na, conform to LNRE distributions.
Our model predicts that at least 548 C minerals exist on Earth today, indicating that at least 145 carbon-bearing mineral species have yet to be discovered. Furthermore, by analyzing subsets of the most common additional elements in carbon-bearing minerals (i.e., 378 C + O species; 282 C + H species; 133 C + Ca species; and 100 C + Na species), we predict that approximately 129 of these missing carbon minerals contain oxygen, 118 contain hydrogen, 52 contain calcium, and more than 60 contain sodium. The majority of these as yet undescribed minerals are predicted to be hydrous carbonates, many of which may have been overlooked because they are colorless, poorly crystalized, and/or water-soluble.
We tabulate 432 chemical formulas of plausible as yet undiscovered carbon minerals, some of which will be natural examples of known synthetic compounds, including carbides such as calcium carbide (CaC2), crystalline hydrocarbons such as pyrene (C16H10), and numerous oxalates, formates, anhydrous carbonates, and hydrous carbonates. Many other missing carbon minerals will be isomorphs of known carbon minerals, notably of the more than 100 different hydrous carbonate structures. Surveys of mineral localities with the greatest diversity of carbon minerals, coupled with information on varied C mineral occurrences, point to promising locations for the discovery of as yet undescribed minerals.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Jesse Ausubel, Edward Grew, Shaun Hardy, Margaret Hazen, John Hughes, Marcus Origlieri, Charles Prewitt, Craig Schiffries, Matthew Scott, and an anonymous reviewer for valuable comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the Deep Carbon Observatory and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, with additional contributions from the W.M. Keck Foundation, an anonymous private foundation, and the Carnegie Institution for Science.
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