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Evidence for a role of bathymetry and emergence in speciation in the genus Glycera (Glyceridae, Polychaeta) from the deep Eastern Weddell Sea

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Abstract

Polychaetes in the Southern Ocean are often thought to have wide distribution ranges on a horizontal and vertical scale. Here, this theory is tested for specimens commonly identified as the widely distributed glycerid Glycera kerguelensis using two molecular markers, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 28S rDNA. Identical morphospecies of three “populations” from three different habitats and two depth zones (abyssal plain 5,300 m, continental slope 2,000 m, sea mountain plateau 2,000 m) are compared. High genetic distances suggest the existence of three clades representing distinct species, identifying the investigated specimens as a complex comprising cryptic species with vertically restricted distribution. Two clades were found in sympatry on the Atka Bay slope in 2,000 m depth, one of these also found in similar depth on the plateau of the sea mountain Maud Rise. The third clade was limited to the abyssal plains (5,300 m) indicating the strong role of depth in the distribution of clades, possibly in conjunction with prevailing current systems. Evolution of the different clades is suggested to have resulted from a single emergence event with the origin of clades lying in the abyss.

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Acknowledgments

I am greatly indebted to the scientists and laboratory technicians at the International Barcode of Life, University of Guelph, whose help ensured the achievement of the barcoding. Special thanks go to Christy Carr and Dirk Steinke for their close collaboration and constant effort. Also, I would like to thank the Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds, Rachel Grant, and Katrin Linse as representatives of CAML, as well as CeDAMar, for giving me the opportunity to take the samples and later barcode them in collaboration with iBOL. Many thanks go to Florian Leese, Christoph Mayer, and Chester Sands for their help with the sequence analyses and fruitful discussions. Sequencing was carried out at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario and supported by Genome Canada through the Ontario Genomics Institute. This study was further financed by help of CeDAMar (Census for the Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life), CAML (Census of Antarctic Marine Life), the Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds, and the German Science Foundation (SCHU 2443/2-1+2). This manuscript is contribution number 58 to the Census of Antarctic Marine Life and number 145 to ANDEEP.

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    Myriam Schüller

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300_2010_913_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

ESMTab 1 Pairwise genetic distances among COI sequences of G. cf kerguelensis (592bps)—right upper half: Kimura-2-Parameter model, in percent, left lower half: GTR+G in percent. Supplementary material 1 (PDF 26 kb)

300_2010_913_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

ESMTab 2 Changes in COI amino acid sequences between clades of G. cf kerguelensis (background: gray—polar, white—non-polar; fond: bold—acid, regular—neutral, abbreviations: *—functional changes, A—alanine, E—glutamic acid, I—isoleucine, L—leucine, M—methionine, S—serine, V—valine). Supplementary material 2 (PDF 14 kb)

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Schüller, M. Evidence for a role of bathymetry and emergence in speciation in the genus Glycera (Glyceridae, Polychaeta) from the deep Eastern Weddell Sea. Polar Biol 34, 549–564 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0913-x

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