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Soil fungal communities vary with invasion by the exotic Spartina alternifolia Loisel. in coastal salt marshes of eastern China

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Abstract

Aims

Soil fungal communities play a critical role in ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. Although the effect of plant invasions on ecosystem C and N cycling is well established, its impact on soil fungal communities is not fully understood. The objective of this study was therefore to understand the variations in soil fungal communities as affected by plant invasion, and the mechanisms that drive these changes.

Methods

We examined the impacts of invasive Spartina alternifolia Loisel. (SA) on soil fungal abundance, diversity, community composition, trophic modes and functional groups in comparison with bare flat (BF) and native Suaeda salsa (Linn.) Pall. (SS), Scirpus mariqueter Tang et Wang (SM), and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (PA) communities in coastal salt marshes of eastern China, based on analyses of the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Illumina MiSeq DNA sequences of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.

Results

SA invasion increased the soil fungal abundance and diversity compared to BF, SS, SM, and PA soils. The increased soil fungal abundance and diversity were highly related to soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), litter C:N ratio, and root C:N ratio. Soil fungal community composition was shifted following SA invasion. Specifically, SA invasion significantly enhanced the relative abundance of Basidiomycota, and reduced the relative abundance of Ascomycota compared with BF, SS, SM, and PA soils. Additionally, SA invasion changed soil fungal trophic modes and functional groups. The relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi significantly increased, while the relative abundances of symbiotic and pathotrophic fungi decreased following SA invasion.

Conclusions

Our data revealed that SA invasion altered soil fungal abundance, diversity, community composition, trophic modes and functional groups, which were primarily driven by the quality and quantity of plant residues, soil nutrition substrates, as well as soil physicochemical properties. The changes in soil fungal communities, especially their trophic modes and functional groups following SA invasion would greatly affect soil C and N decomposition and accumulation with potential feedback on climate change.

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Abbreviations

ACE:

Abundance-based coverage estimator

AMF:

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

BF:

Bare flat

C:

Carbon

Chao1:

Chao’s species richness estimator

C:N ratio:

Carbon: Nitrogen ratio

ITS:

Internal transcribed spacer

N:

Nitrogen

OTUs:

Operational taxonomic units

PA:

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

PCoA:

Principal coordinates analysis

QIIME:

Quantitative insights into microbial ecology

qPCR:

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction

RDA:

Redundancy analysis

RDP:

Ribosomal database project

SA:

Spartina alternifolia Loisel.

Shannon:

Shannon’s diversity index

SM:

Scirpus mariqueter Tang et Wang

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

SOM:

Soil organic matter

SON:

Soil organic nitrogen

SS:

Suaeda salsa (Linn.) Pall.

WSOC:

Water-soluble organic carbon

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31600427), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. GK201803042), China Scholarship Council (grant no. 201806875004), Research Startup fund of Shaanxi Normal University (grant no.1000951110010899), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no. 2016 M590440). We thank the whole staff of the Jiangsu Yancheng Wetland National Nature Reserve for Rare Birds for supporting and helping in this research. We also appreciate two anonymous reviewers and editor for their insightful comments and valuable suggestions on this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang’an St., Chang’an Dist., Xi’an, 710119, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Wen Yang & Zhihong Zhu

  2. School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China

    Wen Yang, Nasreen Jeelani, Lu Xia & Shuqing An

  3. Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (Ecoss), Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA

    Wen Yang & Yiqi Luo

  4. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China

    Xiaoli Cheng

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  1. Wen Yang
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Yang, W., Jeelani, N., Xia, L. et al. Soil fungal communities vary with invasion by the exotic Spartina alternifolia Loisel. in coastal salt marshes of eastern China. Plant Soil 442, 215–232 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04184-w

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