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Taxonomic study of the tetrahedral, pentagonal and hexagonal spongy spumellarian Radiolaria from the middle Carnian (Late Triassic) of the Köseyahya nappe (Elbistan, SE Turkey) and other Triassic localities

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Abstract

This article is a taxonomic study of all spongy radiolarian taxa with five to six coplanar and four tetrahedrally disposed spines or spongy arms occurring in the middle Carnian from the Köseyahya section, near the town of Elbistan, SE Turkey. This fauna is characteristic of the Tetraporobrachia haeckeli radiolarian Zone, and comes from an 8 m thick succession of clayey–cherty limestones occurring at the lower part of the section. In addition, a few species from the Middle and Upper Triassic from other areas have been also included in this study to improve some generic diagnoses and to better understand the diversity and evolutionary trends of some genera, subfamilies and families. The taxonomy at the generic and suprageneric levels is based primarily on the types of microsphere. This new approach allowed new taxonomic arrangements of genera and suprageneric units, and suggested new and unexpected phylogenetic relationships among these radiolarians and between them and younger radiolarians. The authors discuss and describe 42 species, of which 36 are new, and 12 genera of which three are new (Charlottalum, Pentaspongodisculus, and Trimiducaella). The genera Pseudohagiastrum Pessagno, Natraglia Pessagno, Cantalum Pessagno and others are reinterpreted. All the genera studied, except Charlottalum, are assigned to three subfamilies, of which two (Pseudohagiastrinae and Trimiducinae) are new, and to two families (Angulobracchiidae and Relindellidae). The genus Charlottalum is described to replace the genus Cantalum, which has been erroneously used until present for Late Triassic pantanelliids with four tetrahedrally disposed three-bladed spines.

Kurzfassung

Diese Arbeit ist eine taxonomische Studie aller spongiösen Radiolarienarten mit 5–6 co-planaren und 4 tetrahedrisch angeordneten Stacheln oder spongiösen Armen, die in der Mittelkarnischen Fauna der Köseyahya Sektion in der Nähe der Stadt Elbistan, im Südosten der Türkei vorkommen. Die Fauna ist charakteristisch für die Tetraporobrachia haeckeli Radiolarien-Zone und stammt aus einer 8 m mächtigen Abfolge mergelig-kieseliger Kalke, welche sich im unteren Teil der Sektion befindet. Zusätzlich werden einige Arten des mittleren und oberen Trias von anderen Orten in dieser Studie ebenfalls mit eingeschlossen, um einige Diagnosen zu verbessern und die Diversität und evolutionären Trends einiger Gattungen, Unterfamilien und Familien besser zu verstehen. Die Taxonomie auf dem Niveau der Gattungen und Obergattungen basiert in erster Linie auf den Mikrosphären-Typen. Dieser neue Ansatz erlaubt neue taxonomische Zusammenstellungen der generischen und supragenerischen Einheiten und schlägt neue und unerwartete phylogenetische Beziehungen zwischen diesen Radiolarien und zwischen diesen und jüngeren Radiolarien vor. Die Autoren diskutieren und beschreiben 42 Arten (davon 36 neue) und 12 Gattungen (davon 3 neue: Charlottalum, Pentaspongodisculus und Trimiducaella). Die Gattungen Pseudohagiastrum Pessagno, Natraglia Pessagno, Cantalum Pessagno und andere werden neu interpretiert. Alle studierten Gattungen, ausser Charlottalum, werden den 3 Unterfamilien (davon 2 neue: Pseudohagiastrinae und Trimiducinae) und 2 Familien (Angulobracchiidae and Relindellidae) zugeordnet. Die Gattung Charlottalum soll die Gattung Cantalum ersetzen, welche irrtümlicherweise bis jetzt für die Ober-Triadischen Pantanelliden mit 4 tetrahedrisch angeordneten tri-radiaten Stacheln verwendet wurde.

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Acknowledgments

All the photos used in this study have been taken with the CamScan electronic microscope of the Hochschule der Künste Bern (High School of Art of Bern), Switzerland. P. Dumitrica is very much obliged to Dr. Nadim C. Scherrer, for his kindness and permission to use this microscope any time he needed it. The authors also very much thank the two reviewers Spela Gorican, Ljubljana, and Marco Chiari, Firenze, for their very attentive reviewing of the manuscript, their remarks and suggestions that helped to improve the quality of the paper.

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  1. Institute of Earth Science, Université de Lausanne, Geopolis, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Paulian Dumitrica

  2. Dennigkofenweg 33, 3073, Muri bei Bern, Switzerland

    Paulian Dumitrica

  3. Department of Geological Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    Ugur Kagan Tekin

  4. Department of Geological Research, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Balgat, 06520, Ankara, Turkey

    Yavuz Bedi

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  1. Paulian Dumitrica
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Correspondence to Ugur Kagan Tekin.

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Dumitrica, P., Tekin, U.K. & Bedi, Y. Taxonomic study of the tetrahedral, pentagonal and hexagonal spongy spumellarian Radiolaria from the middle Carnian (Late Triassic) of the Köseyahya nappe (Elbistan, SE Turkey) and other Triassic localities. Paläontol Z 87, 311–343 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-012-0160-2

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