Abstract
The hypothesis that strain hardening occurs during primary creep is confirmed for lead by measurement of an increase of 77 K yield stress with increase of creep time. However, in the framework of the author’s theory, softening also occurs by rearrangement of the dislocation structure into cells, so that the net contribution of hardening to the declining creep rate may be minor. The recovery rate has also been measured and is found to decrease strongly as creep time increases. The decrease is sufficient to account qualitatively for most of the decrease in creep rate according to the theory. The decreased recovery rate is not consistent, however, with the prediction of the internal stress theory.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Phillips:Phil. Mag., 1905, vol. 9, p. 513.
R. Gasca-Neri, C. N. Ahlquist, and W. D. Nix:Acta Met., 1970, vol. 18, p. 655.
A. A. Solomon and W. D. Nix:Acta Met., 1970, vol. 18, p. 663.
E. Orowan:J. West Scot. Iron Steel Inst., 1946-47, vol. 54, p. 45.
A. S. Nowick and E. S. Machlin:J. Appl. Phys., 1974, vol. 18, p. 79.
O. H. Wyatt:Proc. Phys. Soc. London B., 1953, vol. 66, p. 459.
T. H. Alden:Phil. Mag., 1972, vol. 25, p. 785.
T. H. Alden:Met. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, p. 1047.
T. H. Alden:Met. Trans. A, 1975, vol. 6A, p. 1597.
V. P. Gupta and P. R. Strutt:Can. J. Phys., 1967, vol. 45, p. 1213.
C.R. Barrett, W. D. Nix, and 0. D. Sherby:Tram. ASM, 1966, vol. 59, p. 3.
S. Daily and C. N. Ahlquist:Scr. Met., 1972, vol. 6, p. 95.
K. E. Amin, A. K. Mukherjee, and J. E. Dorn:J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1970, vol. 18, p. 413.
U. F. Kocks:Phil. Mag., 1966, vol. 13, p. 541.
S. L. Robinson, C. M. Young, and O. D. Sherby:J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1974, vol.9, p. 341.
E.W. Hart:Acta Met., 1970, vol. 18, p. 599.
R. Lagneborg:Metal Sci. J., 1970, vol. 4, p. 226.
W. J. Evans and B, Wilshire:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1968, vol. 242, p. 2514.
H. E. Evans and K. R. Williams:Phil. Mag., 1972, vol. 25, p. 1399.
A. H. Cottrell and V. Aytekin:J. Inst. Met., 1950, vol. 77, p. 389.
S. K. Mitra and D. McLean:Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 1966, vol. 295, p. 288.
F. H. Hammad and W. D. Nix:Trans. ASM, 1966, vol. 59, p. 94.
A. H. Clauer, B. A. Wilcox, and J. P. Hirth:Acta Met., 1970, vol. 18, p. 381.
A. Garner and T. H. Alden:Acta Met., in press.
M. A. Clark and T. H. Alden:Rate Processes in Plastic Deformation of Materials, J. C. M. Li and A. K. Mukherjee, eds., p. 656, Amer. Soc. Met., 1975.
C. R. Barrett, C. N. Ahlquist, and W. D. Nix:Metal Sci. J., 1970, vol. 4, p. 41.
T. H. Alden:Met. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, p. 1057.
J. L. Lytton, K. H. Westmacott, and L. C. Potter:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1965, vol. 233, p. 1757.
B. B. Rath, Y. Nakada, and Hsun Hu:U. S. Steel Corp., unpublished research.
J.T. Michalak and H.W. Paxton:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1961, vol. 221, p. 850.
J.D. Livingston:Acta Met., 1962, vol. 10, p. 229.
J. Friedel:Dislocations, Addision-Wesley, Reading, 1964.
D. McLean:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1968, vol. 242, p. 1193.
A. H. Cottrell and R. J. Stokes:Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 1955, vol. 233, p. 17.
W. Longo: Ph.D. Thesis, 1970, Univ. of Fla.
O. D. Sherby, A. Goldberg, and J. E. Dorn:Trans. ASM, 1954, vol. 46, p. 681.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alden, T.H. Strain hardening and recovery in lead during primary creep. Metall Trans A 8, 1857–1862 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646557
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646557