Abstract
The First International Congress of Applied Chemistry was organised by the Association of Belgian Chemists in 1894, the eighth and last was held in Washington and New York in 1912. These congresses, unlike the early congresses on pure chemistry, were very successful and held with the highest patronage in the host countries. The ninth planned for St. Petersburg in 1915 was not held due to the intervention of the First World War. The initiative passed to IUPAC but due to political and financial restraints the International Congresses of Pure and Applied Chemistry did not commence till 1934.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sarton G (1952) A guide to the history of science: a first guide for the study of the history of science: with introductory essays on science and tradition. Chronica Botanica Co, Waltham, Mass, USA, pp 290–302
Ruske W (1967) 100 Jahre Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 120–121
Strube I, Stolz R, Remane H (1988) Geschichte der Chemie. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, p 111
Engler C (1892) Festgabe Zum Jubiläum der vierzigjährigen Regierung Seiner Königlichen Hoheit des Grossherzogs Friedrich von Baden. Karlsruhe
Stock A (1993) Der internationale Chemiker-Kongress Karlsruhe 3–5 September 1860 vor und hinter den Kulissen. Verlag Chemie, Berlin
Anschütz R (1929) August Kekulé. 2 vols. Verlag Chemie, Berlin.Vol 1, pp. 183–209 and 671–691. English translation of Wurtz, Karlsruhe Compte Rendue, by Greenberg J and Clark W in Nye MJ (1984) The Question of the Atom: from the Karlsruhe Congress to the First Solvay Conference, 1860–1911: a compilation of primary sources. Tomash Publishers, Los Angeles, 5–28 and 633–650 (original French text)
Meyer E (1911) Die Karlsruher Chemiker-Versammlung. J Prakt Chemie 83:182–189
deMilt C (1948) Carl Weltzien and the Congress at Karlsruhe. Chymia 1:153–169
deMilt C (1951) The Congress at Karlsruhe. J Chem Ed 28:421–425
Green JHS (1960) The Conference at Karlsruhe, 1860, and the development of chemical theory. Proc Chem Soc, pp 320–322
Ihde AJ (1961) The Karlsruhe Congress: a centennial retrospect. J Chem Ed 38:83–86
Hartley H (1966) Stanislao Cannizzaro, F.R.S. (1826–1910) and the first International Chemical Conference at Karlsruhe in 1860. Notes Rec R Soc Lond 21:56–63
Bensaude-Vincent B (1990) Karlsruhe, septembre 1860: l’atome en congrès. Rel Int 62:149–169
Laing M (1995) The Karlsruhe Congress, 1860. J Chem Ed 32:151–153
Baskerville C (1910) International Congresses. Science 33:652–659. (a) p. 632
Clarke FW, Munroe CE, Carrington Bolton H, Hart E, Atwater WO (1894) Letter to foreign chemical societies. Science 16:880–881
Deelstra H, Fuks R (1995) La Belgique organise en 1894 le premier congrès international de chimie appliquée. Chim Nouv 13:1443–1447
Knight D, Kragh H (eds) (1998) The Making of the Chemist: the Social History of Chemistry in Europe, 1789–1914. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; (a) Fell U. The Chemistry Profession in France, pp 35–36; (b) Cerruti L, Torracca E. Development of chemistry in Italy, 1840–1910, pp 155–157
Nielsen AK, Štrbáňová S (eds) (2008) Creating networks in chemistry: the founding and early history of chemical societies in Europe, RSC Publishing, Cambridge. In particular see Chapter 2, Van Tiggelen B, Deelstra H, Belgium: From Industry to Academia: the Belgian Chemical Society, pp 28–32
Deelstra H, Joos P (1999) La contribution des pharmaciens au développement de l’Association Belge des Chimistes (1887–1906). Chim Nouv 17:3003–3006
Deelstra H (2000) Contribution of the Belgian Society of Chemists towards food chemistry. Actualité Chim 11:45–46
Deelstra H, Fuks R (1998) La réorganisation fondamentale de l’ Association Belge des Chimistes. Chim Nouv 16:1971–1977
Deelstra H, Van Tiggelen B (2004) 1904: “L’ Association belge des chimistes” devient la “Société chimique de Belgique”. Chim Nouv 22:112–114
Deelstra H, Van Tiggelen B (2003) Edouard Hanuise: Président-fondateur de l’Association des chimistes en Belgique. Chim Nouv 22:21–23
Anon (1891) Report of the meeting Vienne, 1 September 1890: l’Analyse des sucres en Austriche -Hongrie. Bull Assoc Belg Chim 5:53–58
Sachs F (1894) Congrès international de chimie appliquée, Bruxelles-Anvers, 4–11 août 1894. G. Duprez, Bruxelles
Sachs F (1891) Proposition d’organiser un congrès international des chimistes. Bull Assoc Belg Chim 5:230–233
Sachs F (1892) Sur la création d’un Congrès International des Chimistes. Address to the Congress of the Association of the Sugar Industry of France, Valenciennes on March 26th 1892. Bull Assoc Belg Chim 6:39–44
Anon (1892) Excerpt of minutes of the meeting of the management board of October 21, 1891. Bull Assoc Belg Chim 5:253–258, It is also important to note the remarks of Professor M. Delacre (1862–1938) at a meeting of the food chemists February 20, 1892, in the discussion of the invitation letter sent by the Association to chemical societies in all countries, “qu’il soit bien spécifié que c’est un congrès des chimistes et non pas un Congrès de Chimie, car certains members pourraient quelquefois penser qu’on y discutera des questions de chimie pure!”. This decision was taken after an intense discussion at a meeting of the board of management on October 21, 1891
Delacre M (1892) Désignation des sociéties belges et étrangers que l’on pourrait inviter à prendre part aux travaux du congrès. Bull Assoc Belg Chim 5:364, M. Delacre (1862–1938) was the only Belgian member at the Geneva conference, April 19–20, 1892, often called the International Commission for the Reform of Chemical Nomenclature. D. Van Bastelaer (1823–1907), a pharmacist, member of the Belgian Royal Academy of Medicine, was the chairman of the 6th International Conference on Pharmacy, held in Brussels August 31 to September 5, 1885. As noted earlier [20], the pharmacists played a key role in the first two decades of the Association of Belgian Chemists. This decision was taken after an intense discussion at a meeting of the board of management on October 21, 1891
Deelstra H, Péters M (2009) Les deux premiers Secrétaires Généraux de la Société Chimique de Belgique. Chim Nouv 27:11–15
Anon (1892) Programme du Congrès des Chimistes. Bull Assoc Belg Chim 6:84–88
Dupont F (ed) (1897) Deuxième Congrès international de chemie appliquée, Comptes Rendu, 5 vols. Au siège de l’Association des chimistes de sucrerie et de distillerie, Paris
Wiley HW (1896) Second International Congress of Applied Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 18:923–940
Berthelot M (1896) Discours: l’ouverture du 2ème Congrès International de Chimie Appliquée le lundi 27 juillet 1896, Paris. Rev Chim Anal 15:349–357
Strohmer F (ed) (1899) Bericht über den III. Internationalen Congress für angewandte Chemie Wien 1898, 3 vols. Verlag des Organisations comités, Wien
Munroe CE (1899) Third International Congress of Applied Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 21:73–102
Moissan H, Dupont F (eds) (1901) Compte rendu sommaire/ IVe Congrès International de Chimie Appliquée. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris
Moissan H, Dupont F (eds) (1902)Compte rendu in-extenso/ IVe Congrès International de Chimie Appliquée, 3 vols. Au siège de l’Association des chimistes de Sucrerie et de Distillerie, Paris
Wiley HW (1901) The Fourth International Congress of Applied Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 23:178–197
Witt O, Pulvermacher N (1904) 5. Internationaler Kongress für angewandte Chemie, Berlin 2–8 Juni 1903, Bericht, 4 vol. Deutscher Verlag, Berlin
Borns H (1903) The International Congress for applied chemistry. Nature 68:156–158 and 209–211
Ruske W (1967) 100 Jahre Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, p 115
Paternò E, Villavecchia V (eds) (1907) Atti del VI Congresso internazionale di chimica applicata, 7 vol. Tipografia nazionale di G. Bertero, Roma
Reid WF (1907) The Sixth International Congress at Rome. J Soc Chem Ind 26:75–78
Lunge G (1906) Bericht der Internationalen Analysenkomission an den VI Internationalen congress für angewandte Chemie in Rom 1906. Compte-rendu de la Commission international d’analyses au VIme Congrès International de chimie appliquée tenu à Rome en 1906. Report of the International Commmittee on Analyses to the VIth International Congress of Applied Chemistry at Rome, 1906. Druck und verlag von Zürcher & Furrer, Zürich
Browne AW (1906) Report of the International Committee on Analysis to the Sixth Congress of Applied Chemistry at Rome, 1906. J Am Chem Soc 28:1035–1047
Ramsey W, Macnab W (1910) Seventh International congress of applied chemistry, London, May 27th to June 2nd 1909, 19 vol. Partridge & Cooper, London
Lindet ML (1909) Compte rendu de la Commission internationale d’analyses au VIIme Congrès international de chimie appliquée tenu à Londres en 1909. Bericht der Internationalen Analysen-Kommission an den Internationalen Kongress fur angewandte Chemie. Report of the International Committee on Analyses to the VIIth International Congress of Applied Chemistry. Imp, Berlin frères, Paris
Hodgetts EAB, Tullock TG (1909) The rise and progress of the British explosives industry. Whittaker, London
Anon (1909) The Seventh International Congress of Applied Chemistry. Chem Trade J and Chem Eng 44:549–574, 593–600, 617–619, 621–622 and 641
Baskerville C (1909) The Seventh International Congress of Applied Chemistry. Science 30:374–384
Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, Washington and New York, September 4 to 13, 1912. 29 vol. Rumford Press, (1912–1913)
Lindet L (1912) Compte rendu de la Commission Interationale d’analyses au VIIIme Congrès international de chimie de chimie appliquée tenu à New York en 1912. Bericht der Internationalen Analyses-Kommission an den VIII. Internationalen congress für angwandte Chemie in New York, 1912. Report of the International committee on analyses to the VIIIth International congress of applied chemistry at New York, 1912. Impr Berlin frères, Paris
Holde D (1914) Impressions of the eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry in New York and Certain Fields of Industry in the United States. J Ind Eng Chem 6:35–49
Hoffmann R (1914) Travels through the United States in Conjunction with the Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry at New York. by members of the Congress 22:49–69
Anon (1912) International Congresses of Applied Chemistry. J Ind Eng Chem 4:706–719
Hesse BC (1913) The Problem of International Congresses of Applied Chemistry. J Ind Eng Chem 5:321–328
Fennell R (1994) History of IUPAC 1919–1987. Blackwell Science, Oxford. (a) pp. 57–59
Wauters J (1901) Sur l’organisation des congrès de chimie appliquée. Bull Assoc Belg Chem 15:356–362
Wauters J (1903) Sur l’organisation des congrès de chimie appliquée. Bull Assoc Belg Chim 17:67–71
Wauters J (1904) Le congrès de chimie et de pharmacie de Liège en 1905. Bull Soc Chim Belg 18:139–145
Anon (1905) Congrès de Chimie et de Pharmacie de Liège 27 au 30 juillet 1905. Bull Soc Chim Belg 19:221–274
Anon (1927) International Congresses. Ind Eng Chem 19:1306–1307, Reprinted in full, Science (1927) 66: 624–626
Burns DT, Deelstra H (2008) Some aspects of the rise of analytical chemistry in Belgium. Anal Bioanal Chem 391:1113–1117
Acknowledgements
This research was carried out as part of the programme of the Study Group History of Analytical Chemistry in Europe of the Division of Analytical Chemistry (http://dac-euchems.org/) of the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences. It is a more detailed account of material presented at EUROANALYSIS XIV, Antwerp, 2007 [65].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Thorburn Burns, D., Deelstra, H. The origins and impact of the International Congresses of Applied Chemistry, 1894–1912. Microchim Acta 172, 277–283 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-010-0465-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-010-0465-3