Abstract
In order to examine temporal variations of the surface oceanic and atmospheric fCO2 and the DIC concentration, we analyzed air and seawater samples collected during the period May 1992–June 1996 in the northwestern North Pacific, about 30 km off the coast of the main island of Japan. The atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased secularly at a rate of 1.9 ppmv yr−1, and it showed a clear seasonal cycle with a maximum in spring and a minimum late in summer, produced mainly by seasonally-dependent terrestrial biospheric activities. DIC also showed a prominent seasonal cycle in the surface ocean; the minimum and maximum values of the cycle appeared in early fall and in early spring, respectively, due primarily to the seasonally-dependent activities of marine biota and partly to the vertical mixing of seawater and the coastal upwelling. The oceanic fCO2 values were almost always lower than those of the atmospheric fCO2, suggesting that this area of the ocean acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2. Values varied seasonally, mainly reflecting seasonal changes of SST and DIC, with a secular increase at a rate of 3.7 μatm yr−1. The average values of the annual net CO2 flux between the ocean and the atmosphere calculated by using the different bulk equations ranged between −0.8 and −1.7 mol m−2yr−1, and its magnitude was enhanced and reduced late in spring and mid-summer, respectively, due mainly to the seasonally varying oceanic fCO2.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baes, C. F., Jr. (1983): The role of the oceans in the carbon cycle. p. 31–56. InCarbon Dioxide: Current Views and Developments in Energy/Climate Research, ed. by W. Bach, A. J. Crane, A. L. Berger and A. Longhetto, Reidel, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster.
Beardsmore, D. J. and G. I. Pearman (1987): Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the Australian region: Data from surface observations.Tellus,39B, 42–66.
Conway, T. J., P. P. Tans, L. S. Waterman, K. W. Thoning, R. D. Kitzis, K. A. Masarie and N. Zhang (1994): Evidence of interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Global Sampling Network.J. Geophys. Res.,99, 22831–22855.
Craig, H. (1954): Carbon-13 in plants and the relationships between carbon-13 and carbon-14 variations in nature.J. Geol.,62, 115.
Etcheto, J. and L. Merlivat (1988): Satellite determination of the carbon dioxide exchange coefficient at the ocean-atmosphere interface: A first step.J. Geophys. Res.,93, 15669–15678.
Etheridge, D. M., L. P. Steele, R. L. Langenfelds, R. J. Francey, J. M. Barnola and V. I. Morgan (1996): Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn.J. Geophys. Res.,101, 4115–4128.
Francey, R. J., P. P. Tans, C. E. Allison, I. G. Enting, J. W. White and M. Trolier (1995): Changes in oceanic and terrestrial carbon uptake since 1982.Nature,373, 326–330.
Fukushima Pref. Fish. Exp. St. (1992a-1996a):Prompt Report of Fisheries and Oceanographic Conditions (1992/1996). Fukushima Pref. Fish. Exp. St., Iwaki, Fukushima (in Japanese).
Fukushima Pref. Fish. Exp. St. (1992b-1996b):Oceanographic Report on Coastal Repeated Observational Line (1992–1996). Fukushima Pref. Fish. Exp. St., Iwaki, Fukushima (in Japanese).
Gordon, L. I. and L. B. Jones (1973): The effect of temperature on carbon dioxide partial pressures in seawater.Mar. Chem.,1, 317–322.
Hashida, G. (1994): A Study on the variations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the surface ocean. Doctoral Thesis, Tohoku University, 338 pp. (in Japanese).
Hasunuma, K. (1978):Bulletin of the Ocean Research Institute. University of Tokyo, 9, 47 pp.
IAEA (1995):Reference and Intercomparison Materials for Stable Isotopes of Light Elements. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 165 pp.
Inoue, H. and Y. Sugimura (1988): Distribution of the pCO2 in surface seawater of the western and central equatorial Pacific during the 1986/87 El Niño/Southern Oscillation event.Geophys. Res. Lett.,15, 1499–1502.
Inoue, Y. H., H. Matsueda, M. Ishii, K. Fushimi, M. Hirota, I. Asanuma and Y. Takasugi (1995): Long-term trend of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in surface waters of the western North Pacific. 1984–1993.Tellus,47B, 391–413.
Ishii, H., Y. Sekine and Y. Toba (1983): Hydrographic structure of the Kuroshio large meander-cold water mass region down to the deeper layers of the ocean.J. Oceanogr.,39, 240–250.
Ishizaka, J., H. Kiyosawa, K. Ishida, K. Ishikawa and M. Takahashi (1994): Meridional distribution and carbon biomass of autotrophic picoplankton in the Central North Pacific Ocean during late northern summer 1990.Deep-Sea Res.,41, 1745–1766.
JMA (1992):The Ten-Day Marine Report (1992). Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo.
JMA (1993-1996):Monthly Ocean Report (1993–1996). Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo.
Kawai, H. (1972): Hydrography of the Kuroshio extension. p. 235–352. InKuroshio—Its Physical Aspects, ed. by H. Stommel and K. Yoshida, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Keeling, C. D., R. B. Bacastow, A. F. Carter, S. C. Piper, T. P. Whorf, M. Heimann, W. G. Mook and H. Roeloffzen (1989): A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds 1. Analysis of observed data. AGU Monograph 55, Washington, American Geophysical Union, 165–236.
Keeling, C. D., T. P. Whorf, M. Wahlen and J. var der Plicht (1995): Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980.Nature,375, 666–670.
Kroopnick, P. (1974): The dissolved O2−CO2-13C system in the eastern equatorial Pacific.Deep-Sea Res.,21, 211–227.
Landrum, L., R. H. Gammon, R. A. Feely, P. P. Murphy, K. C. Kelly, C. E. Cosca and R. F. Weiss (1996): North Pacific Ocean CO2 disequilibrium for spring through summer, 1985–1989.J. Geophys. Res.,101, 28539–28555.
Liss, P. and L. Merlivat (1986): Air-sea gas exchange rates, introduction and synthesis. p. 113–127. InThe Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, NATO ASI Series. Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 185, ed. by P. Buat-Menard, D. Reidel Publ. Comp., Dordrecht, Holland.
Machida, T., T. Nakazawa, Y. Fujii, S. Aoki and O. Watanabe (1995): Increase in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 250 years.Geophys. Res. Lett.,22, 2921–2924.
Metzl, N., A. Poisson, F. Louanchi, C. Brunet, B. Schauer and B. Bres (1995): Spatio-temporal distributions of air-sea fluxes of CO2 in the Indian and Antarctic oceans: A first step.Tellus,47B, 56–69.
Mook, W. G., M. Kroopmans, A. F. Carter and C. D. Keeling (1983): Seasonal, latitudinal and secular variations in the abundance and isotopic ratios of carbon dioxide 1. Results from land stations.J. Geophys. Res.,88, 10915–10933.
Murphy, P. P., K. C. Kelly, R. A. Feely and R. H. Gammon (1994):Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in Surface Water and the Atmosphere: PMEL Cruise 1986–1989. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, 181 pp.
Nakazawa, T., K. Miyashita, S. Aoki and M. Tanaka (1991): Temporal and spatial variations of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric carbon dioxide.Tellus,43B, 106–117.
Nakazawa, T., S. Murayama, K. Miyashita, S. Aoki and M. Tanaka (1992): Longitudinally different variations of lower tropospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the North Pacific Ocean.Tellus,44B, 161–172.
Nakazawa, T., S. Morimoto, S. Aoki and M. Tanaka (1993a): Time and space variations of the carbon isotopic ratio of tropospheric carbon dioxide over Japan.Tellus,45B, 258–274.
Nakazawa, T., T. Machida, K. Esumi, M. Tanaka, Y. Fujii, S. Aoki and O. Watanabe (1993b): Measurements of CO2 and CH4 concentrations of air in polar ice cores.J. Glaciol.,39, 209–215.
Nakazawa, T., S. Morimoto, S. Aoki and M. Tanaka (1997a): Temporal and spatial variations of the carbon isotopic ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the western Pacific region.J. Geophys. Res.,102, 1271–1285.
Nakazawa, T., S. Murayama, M. Toi, M. Ishizawa, K. Otonashi, S. Aoki and S. Yamamoto (1997b): Temporal variations of the CO2 concentration and its carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in a temperate forest in the central part of the main island of Japan.Tellus,49B, 364–381.
Nakazawa, T., M. Ishizawa, K. Higuchi and N. B. A. Trivett (1997c): Two curve fitting methods applied to CO2 flask data.EnvironMetrics,8, 197–218.
Neftel, A., E. Moor, H. Öeschger and B. Stauffer (1985): Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in the past two centuries.Nature,315, 45–47.
Pearman, G. I. and D. J. Beardsmore (1984): Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the Australian region: Ten years of aircraft data.Tellus,36B, 1–24.
Pearman, G. I. and P. Hyson (1986): Global transport and interreservoir exchange of carbon dioxide with particular reference to stable isotopic distributions.J. Atmos. Chem.,4, 81–124.
Press, W. H., B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky and W. T. Vetterling (1986):Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 818 pp.
Quay, P. D., B. Tilbrook and C. S. Wong (1992): Oceanic uptake of fossil fuel CO2: Carbon-13 evidence.Science,256, 74–79.
Revelle, R. and H. E. Suess (1956): Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades.Tellus,9, 18–27.
Sacket, W. M., W. R. Eckelmann, M. C. Bender and A. W. H. Be (1965): Temperature dependence of carbon isotope composition in marine plankton and sediments.Science,148, 235.
Siegenthaler, U. and K. O. Munnich (1981):13C/12C fractionation during CO2 transfer from air to sea. p. 246–257. InSCOPE 16: Carbon Cycle Modeling, ed. by B. Bolin, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Sundquist, E. T., L. N. Plummer and T. M. L. Wigley (1979): Carbon dioxide in the ocean surface: the homogeneous buffer factor.Science,204, 1203–1205.
Suzuki, A. (1994): Seawater CO2 system and its transformation caused by photosynthesis and calcification in coral reefs.—theory and measurements of reef metabolisms.Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan,45, 573–623 (in Japanese).
Takahashi, T. (1989): Only half as much CO2 as expected from industrial emissions is accumulating in the atmosphere. Could the oceans be the storehouse for the missing gas?Oceanus,32, 22–29.
Takahashi, T., J. Olafsson, J. G. Goddard, D. W. Chipman and S. C. Sutherland (1993): Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative study.Global Biogeochem. Cycles,7, 843–878.
Tanaka, M., T. Nakazawa and S. Aoki (1983): High quality measurements of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn,61, 678–685.
Tanaka, M., T. Nakazawa, M. Shiobara, H. Ohshima, S. Aoki, M. Fukabori, S. Kawaguchi, T. Yamanouchi, Y. Makino and H. Murayama (1987a): Variations of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at Syowa Station (69°00′ S, 39°35′ E), Antarctica.Tellus,39B, 72–79.
Tanaka, M., T. Nakazawa and S. Aoki (1987b): Time and space variations of tropospheric carbon dioxide over Japan.Tellus,39B, 3–12.
Tans, P. P., T. J. Conway and T. Nakazawa (1989): Latitudinal distribution of the sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide derived from surface observations and atmospheric transport model.J. Geophys. Res.,94, 5151–5172.
Tans, P. P., I. Y. Fung and T. Takahashi (1990): Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget.Science,247, 1431–1438.
Trivett, N. B. A., K. Higuchi and S. Symington (1989): Trends and seasonal cycles of atmospheric CO2 over Alert, Sable Island, and Cape St. James, as analyzed by forward stepwise multiple regression technique. p. 27–42. InThe Statistical Treatment of CO 2 Data Records, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-173, ed. by W. P. Elliott, Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Wanninkhof, R. (1992): Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean.J. Geophys. Res.,97, 7373–7382.
Wanninkhof, R., R. A. Feely, H. Chen, C. Cosca and P. P. Murphy (1996): Surface water fCO2 in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the 1992–1993 El Niño.J. Geophys. Res.,101, 16333–16343.
Weiss, R. F. (1974): Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas.Mar. Chem.,2, 203–215.
Weiss, R. F., R. A. Jahnke and C. D. Keeling (1982): Seasonal effects of temperature and salinity on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater.Nature,300, 511–513.
Wong, C. S. and Y. H. Chan (1991): Temporal variations in the partial pressure and flux of CO2 at ocean station P in the subarctic northeast Pacific Ocean.Tellus,43B, 206–223.
Wong, C. S. and Y. H. Chan, J. S. Page, G. E. Smith and R. D. Bellegay (1993): Change in equatorial CO2 flux and new production estimated from CO2 and nutrient levels in Pacific surface waters during the 1986/87 El Niño.Tellus,45B, 64–79.
Wong, C. S., Y. H. Chan, J. S. Page, G. E. Smith, R. D. Bellegay and K. Iseki (1995a): Geographical, seasonal and interannual variations of air-sea CO2 exchange in the subtropical Pacific surface waters during 1983–1988. (I). Variabilities of oceanic fCO2.Tellus,47B, 414–430.
Wong, C. S., Y. H. Chan and J. S. Page (1995b): Geographical, seasonal and interannual variations of air-sea CO2 exchange in the subtropical Pacific surface waters during 1983–1988. (II). Air-sea CO2 fluxes with skin-temperature adjustments.Tellus,47B, 431–446.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Watai, T., Kikuchi, M. & Nakazawa, T. Temporal variations of surface oceanic and atmospheric CO2 fugacity and total dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern North Pacific. J Oceanogr 54, 323–336 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02742616
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02742616