Skip to main content
Log in

Nuclear waste solids

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Glass and polycrystalline materials for high-level radioactive waste immobilization are discussed. Borosilicate glass has been selected as the waste form for defence high-level radwaste in the US. Since release of the radionuclides to the biosphere is the major concern, this paper focuses on the potential interactions between the waste form and its surroundings. In addition to laboratory data, results from field testing are also presented in order to provide a comprehensive overview of glass leaching under near repository-like conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. G. K. Ortel andR. D. Walton, Jr, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 9, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramics Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Engineered Waste Package System Design Specification ONWI-423 (Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, 1983).

  3. M. J. Smith, Engineered Barrier Development for a Nuclear Waste Repository Located in Basalt: An Integration of Curret Knowledge, RHO-BWI-ST0-7 (Rockwell Hanford Operations, Richland, Washington, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Interim Reference Repository Conditions for a Nuclear Waste Repository in Basalt, Report No. NWTS-16 (Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation Columbus, Ohio, 1981).

  5. M. J. Plodinec, G. G. Wicks andN. E. Bibler, An Assessment of Savannah River Borosilicate Glass in the Repository Environment, DP-1629 (Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  6. J. E. Mendel,Nucl. Technol. 32 (1977) 72.

    Google Scholar 

  7. W. Lutze (ed), “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management V”, MRS Symposia Proceedings Vol. 11, (Elsevier, New York, 1982) p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  8. B. Grambow andW. Lutze, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management”, Vol. 2, edited by C. J. M. Northrup Jr (Plenum Press, New York, 1980) p. 109.

    Google Scholar 

  9. L. C. Watson, A. M. Aiken andA. R. Bancroft, Disposal of Radioactive Wastes, STI/PUB/18 (IAEA, Vienna, 1960) p. 379.

    Google Scholar 

  10. G. J. McCarty andM. T. Davidson,Ceram. Bull. 54 (1975) 782.

    Google Scholar 

  11. A. E. Ringwood, S. E. Kesson, N. G. Ware, W. Hibberson andA. Major,Nature 278 (1979) 219.

    Google Scholar 

  12. J. G. Moore, G. C. Rogers, S. Katz, M. T. Morgan andE. Newman, in “Waste Management '81”, Vol. I (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 1981) p. 267.

    Google Scholar 

  13. T. A. Bernadzikowski (ed), The Evaluation and Selection of Candidate High Level Waste Forms, USDOE/TIC-11611 (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  14. L. L. Hench, D. E. Clark andJ. Campbell,Nucl. Chem. Waste Managemt. 5 (1984) 149.

    Google Scholar 

  15. CEA Group Anon., Radioactive Glasses: Research and Testing, (Editions MSA, 20 rue Therese, 75001 Paris, 1982) p. 269.

  16. C. Sombret, R. Bonniard andA. Jovani, in Proceedings of the Conference on High Level Radioactive Solid Waste Forms, edited by L. A. Casey (US Nuclear Reg. Comm., Washington, DC, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  17. J. B. Dunson, A. M. Eisenberg, R. L. Schuyler, T. H. Gould, J. L. Butler andJ. B. Pickett, Assessment of Processes, Facilities and Costs for Alternative Solid Forms for Immobilization of SRP Defence Waste, DP-1625 (Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  18. G. G. Wicks,Nucl. Technol. 55 (1981) 601.

    Google Scholar 

  19. R. E. DeWames, L. F. Grantham, J. Guon andR. L. McKisson, in Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Ceramics in Nuclear Waste Management (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  20. C. M. Jantzen, D. F. Bickford andD. G. Karraker, in Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Ceramics in Nuclear Waste Management (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  21. A State-of-the-Art Review of Materials Properties of Nuclear Waste Forms PNL-3802 (Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 1981).

  22. M. J. Plodinec, P. D. Soper, N. E. Bibler andJ. L. Kessler, SRP Radioactive Glass Studies: SmallScale Process Development and Product Performance, DP-MS-82-26 (Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Materials Characterization Center Test Methods, preliminary version, PNL-3940 (Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington 1980).

  24. A. A. Hench andL. L. Hench,J. Nucl. Chem. Waste Managemt. 4(4) (1983) 231.

    Google Scholar 

  25. D. M. Strachan, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, V”, edited by W. Lutze (Elsevier, New York, 1982) p. 181.

    Google Scholar 

  26. T. L. Nogues, L. L. Hench andJ. Zarzycki, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management”, edited by W. Lutze (Elsevier, New York, 1982) p. 211.

    Google Scholar 

  27. G. G. Wicks et al., paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, Boston, Massachusetts, November 1984.

  28. D. D. Walker, J. R. Wiley, M. D. Dukes andJ. H. Leroy, SRL Report (Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29808, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  29. D. M. Strachan, in “Advances in Ceramics” Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramics Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  30. E. C. Ethridge, D. E. Clark andL. L. Hench,Phys. Chem. Glasses 10(2) (1979) 35.

    Google Scholar 

  31. G. L. McVay andC. O. Buckwalter, The Effect of Iron on Waste Glass Leaching, PNL-SA-10474 (Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  32. G. G. Wicks, B. M. Robnett andW. E. Rankin, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management”, Vol. V, edited by W. Lutze (Elsevier, New York, 1982) p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  33. P. G. Coles et al., paper presented at the ACS Symposium Series 100, Radioactive Waste in Geologic Storage (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  34. D. M. Strachan, B. O. Barnes andR. P. Turcotte, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management”, Vol. 3, edited by J. G. Moore (Plenum Press, New York, 1981) p. 347.

    Google Scholar 

  35. R. B. Adiga, E. P. Akomer andD. E. Clark, paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, Boston, Massachusetts, November, 1984, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management” Vol VIII, edited by C. M. Jantzen, I. A. Stone and R. C. Ewing (MRS, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1985) p. 45.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Wallace, private communication, 1984.

  37. R. B.Adiga, thesis submitted to the University of Florida (1984).

  38. G. L. McVay andC. O. Buckwalter, The Effect of Iron on Waste Glass Leaching, PNL-4A-10474 (Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  39. C. M. Jantzen, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross, (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 385.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Idem, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management”, edited by G. M. McVay (North-Holland, New York, 1984) p. 613.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Idem, paper presented at the American Ceramics Society Annual Meeting of Pittsburgh, May 1984.

  42. A. Manara, F. Lanza, G. Della Mea, C. Rossi andG. Salvagno, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, VII”, edited by G. M. McVay (North-Holland, New York, 1984) p. 735.

    Google Scholar 

  43. C. T. Lee andD. E. Clark, paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, Boston, Massachusetts, November 1984, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management” Vol VIII, edited by C. M. Jantzen, I. A. Stone and R. C. Ewing (MRS, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1985) p. 221.

    Google Scholar 

  44. J. E. Mendel, Final Report of the Defence High Level Waste Leaching Mechanisms Program, PNL-5157/UC-70 (Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  45. A. Paul,J. Mater. Sci. 12 (1977) 2246.

    Google Scholar 

  46. R. G. Newton andA. Paul,Glass Technol. 21(6) (1980) 307.

    Google Scholar 

  47. M. J. Plodinec, C. M. Jantzen andG. G. Wicks, in “Advances in Ceramics” Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 491.

    Google Scholar 

  48. L. L. Hench andA. R. Jurgensen, in preparation.

  49. B. Grambow, paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, Boston, Massachusetts, November 1984, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management” Vol VIII, edited by C. M. Jantzen, I. A. Stone and R. C., Ewing (MRS, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, (1985) p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  50. N. E. Bibler, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management”, Vol. 6, edited by Stephen V. Topp (Elsevier, New York, 1982) p. 681.

    Google Scholar 

  51. J. A. Kelly, Evaluation of Glass as a Matrix for Solidification of Savannah River Plant Waste, Radioactive Studies, DP-1397 (Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  52. D. D. Walker, M. D. Dukes, M. J. Plodinec andN. E. Bibler, paper presented at the 181st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, Georgia, March/April 1981.

  53. G. L. McVay andL. R. Pederson,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 64(3) (1981) 154.

    Google Scholar 

  54. D. E. Clark, C. J. Pantano andL. L. Hench, “Glass Corrosion” (Glass Industry, Books for Industry, New York, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  55. R. P. Turcotte, J. W. Wald, F. P. Roberts, J. M. Rusin andW. Lutze,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 65(12) (1982) 589.

    Google Scholar 

  56. W. J. Weber, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, VI”, edited by D. G. Brookins (Elsevier, New York, 1983) p. 407.

    Google Scholar 

  57. G. Malow, J. A. C. Marples andC. Sombret, in Proceedings of the First European Community Conference on Radioactive Waste Management Disposal, edited by P. Simon and S. Orlowski (Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur, Switzerland, 1980) p. 341.

    Google Scholar 

  58. R. P. Turcotte andJ. W. Wald, Devitrification Behavior in a Zinc Borosilicate Nuclear Waste Glass, PNL-2247 (Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  59. W. A. Ross, D. J. Bradley, L. R. Bunnell, W. J. Gray, Y. B. Katayama, G. B. Mellinger, J. E. Mendel, F. P. Roberts, R. P. Turcotte, J. W. Wald, W. E. Weber andJ. H. Westsik, Jr, Annual Report on the Characteriztion of High-Level Waste Glasses, PNL-2625 (Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  60. C. M. Jantzen, D. F. Bickford andD. G. Karraker, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus. Ohio, 1984) p. 30.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Ross, private communication (1975).

  62. David Martin, private communication (1983).

  63. Jarine, private communication (1981).

  64. B. Grambow, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, V”, edited by W. Lutze (Elsevier, New York, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  65. L. P. Hatch, edited byAmer. Scientist 41 (1953) 410.

  66. G. J. McCarthy,J. Mater. Sci. 8 (1973) 1358.

    Google Scholar 

  67. G. J. McCarthy andM. T. Davidson,Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 54 (1975) 782.

    Google Scholar 

  68. G. J. McCarthy,Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc. 23 (1976) 168.

    Google Scholar 

  69. R. Roy,Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 54 (1975) 459.

    Google Scholar 

  70. R. O. Schwoebel,ibid. 54 (1975) 459.

    Google Scholar 

  71. A. E. Ringwood, in “Safe Disposal of High-Level Nuclear Reactor Wastes: A New Strategy” (ANU Press, Canberra, Australia, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  72. A. E. Ringwood, S. E. Kesson, N. G. Ware, W. O. Hibberson andA. Major,Geochem. J. 13 (1979) 141.

    Google Scholar 

  73. S. E. Kesson andA. E. Ringwood,Mater. Res. Symp. Proc. 26 (1984) 507.

    Google Scholar 

  74. P. E. D. Morgan, D. R. Clarke, C. M. Jantzen andA. B. Harker,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 64 (1981) 249.

    Google Scholar 

  75. A. B. Harker, C. M. Jantzen, P. E. D. Morgan andD. R. Clarke, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management”, Vol. 3 (Plenum, New York, 1981) p. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  76. A. B. Harker, P. E. D. Morgan, D. R. Clarke andJ. Flintoff,Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 6 (1982) 567.

    Google Scholar 

  77. A. B. Harker, P. E. D. Morgan, J. Flintoff andD. R. Clarke, in Proceedings of the ANS Topical Meeting on the Treatment and Handling of Radioactive Wastes, Richland, Washington (1982) p. 335.

  78. P. E. D. Morgan, A. B. Harker, J. F. Flinoff, T. M. Shaw andD. R. Clarke, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 234.

    Google Scholar 

  79. F. J. Ryerson, K. Burr andR. Rozsa, Formulation of Synroc-D Additives for Savannah River Plant HighLevel Radioactive Waste, UCRL-53237 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  80. J. H. Campbell, F. J. Ryerson, R. B. Rozsa andC. L. Hoenig, Flexibility in Formulating and Processing Synroc-D: A Current Assessment, UCRL-87349 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  81. J. Campbell, C. Hoenig, F. Bazan, F. Ryerson, M. Guinan, R. Van Konynenburg andR. Roza, Properties of Synroc-D Nuclear Waste Form: A State-of-the-Art Review, UCRL-53240 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  82. R. J. Ryerson,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 67 (1984) 75.

    Google Scholar 

  83. A. B. Harker, Development of Polyphase Ceramics for the Immobilization of High-Level Defence Nuclear Waste, DOE Report DOE/ET/41900-18 on Contract DE-AC09-79ET41900 (Rockwell International Energy Systems Group, Canoga Park, California, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  84. K. D. Reeve, D. M. Levins, J. L. Woolfrey andE. J. Ramm, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 200.

    Google Scholar 

  85. R. A. Spuanzini andP. J. Hayward, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 273.

    Google Scholar 

  86. P. J. Hayward, E. R. Vance, C. D. Cann andS. L. Mitchell, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 282.

    Google Scholar 

  87. A. B. Harker, P. E. D. Morgan andJ. Flintoff,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 67(2) (1984) C-26.

    Google Scholar 

  88. A. B. Harker andJ. F. Flintoff,Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 26 (1984) 513.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Idem, “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 222.

    Google Scholar 

  90. P. E. D. Morgan, T. M. Shaw andE. A. Pugar, in “Waste Management '83”, Vol. 2, edited by R. G. Post (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 1983) p. 207.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Idem, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 209.

    Google Scholar 

  92. A. B. Harker, D. R. Clarke, C. M. Jantzen andP. E. D. Morgan, in “Surfaces and Interfaces in Ceramic and Ceramic-Metal Systems”, edited by J. Pask and A. Evans (Plenum, New York, 1981) p. 207.

    Google Scholar 

  93. D. R. Clarke,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 64(6) (1981) C-89.

    Google Scholar 

  94. C. M. Jantzen, D. R. Clarke, P. E. D. Morgan andA. B. Harker,ibid. 65(6) (1982) 292.

    Google Scholar 

  95. R. B. Rozsa andJ. H. Campbell, Disposal Costs for SRP High-Level Wastes in Borosilicate Glass and Crystalline Ceramic Waste Forms, UCRL-53315 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  96. R. R. DeWames, R. L. McKisson, J. Guon andL. F. Grantham, in “Waste Management '83”, Vol. 2, edited by R. G. Post (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  97. R. E. DeWames, L. F. Grantham, J. Guon andR. L. McKisson, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 652.

    Google Scholar 

  98. R. W. McKee, P. M. Daling andL. E. Wiles, in “Advance in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, 1984) p. 666.

  99. B. A. Staples, G. S. Pomiak andE. L. Wade, Properties of Radioactive Retrieved from the Second Calined Solids Storage Facility at ICPP, ICP-1189 (Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Idaho Falls, Idaho, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  100. J. A. Stone, J. A. Kelley andT. S. McMillan, Sampling and Analysis of SRP High-Level Waste Sludges, DP-1399 (Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  101. T. A. Bernadzikowski, J. S. Allender, J. A. Stone, D. E. Gordon, T. H. Gould Jr andC. F. Wesberry III,Ceram. Bull. 62 (1983) 1364.

    Google Scholar 

  102. P. E. D. Morgan andE. H. Cirlin,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 65 (1982) C-114.

    Google Scholar 

  103. P. E. D. Morgan andF. J. Ryerson,J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1 (1982) 351.

    Google Scholar 

  104. D. R. Clarke andJ. F. Flinoff,Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 15 (1983) 29.

    Google Scholar 

  105. A. B. Harker, W. B. White, C. G. Pantano andW. P. Freeborn, Leaching Mechanisms in Polyphase Ceramic High-Level Nuclear Waste Forms, PNL-5157 (Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  106. L. F. Grantham, R. L. McKisson, J. Guon, J. F. Flintoff andD. E. McKinzie, Process Description and Plant Design for Ceramic High-Level Waste Forms, DOE/ET/41900-16 (Rockwell International Energy Systems Group, Canoga Park, California, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  107. L. F. Grantham, R. L. McKisson, R. E. DeWames, J. Guon, J. F. Flintoff andD. E. McKenzie, in “Waste Management '83”, Vol. 2, edited by R. G. Post (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 1983) p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  108. F. J. Ackerman, J. Z. Grens, F. J. Ryerson, C. L. Hoenig, F. Bazan, P. E. Peters, R. Smith andJ. H. Campbell, Fluid-Bed Process for Synroc Production, UCRL-53405 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  109. J. H. Campbell, R. B. Rozsa andC. L. Hoenig, Immobilization of High-Level Defence Wastes in Synroc-D: Recent R & D Results on Process Scale-up, UCRL-86558 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  110. F. J. Ackerman, J. Z. Grens, F. J. Ryerson, C. L. Hoenig, F. Bazan andJ. H. Campbell, Synroc Production Using a Fluidized-Bed Calciner, UCRL-87742 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  111. A. B. Harker andJ. F. Flintoff,J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 68 (1985) 159.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Idem, Development of Reduced Volume Forms from Immobilizing ICCP Waste, SC5400-7FR (Rockwell International Science Center, Thousand Oaks, California, 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  113. L. L. Hench andL. Urwongse, “Evaluation of Five Glasses and a Glass-Ceramic for Solidification of Swedish Nuclear Waste”, SKBF/KBS Technical Report No. 80-22 (1980).

  114. A. Alkiewicz, J. E. Gale, R. Thorpe andB. Paulsson, Geology and Fracture System at Stripa, Lawrence Berkeley Lab Report 8907 and subsequent Stripa Series LBL 7049, etc. (1979).

  115. L. L. Hench, L. Werme andA. Lodding, in “Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management”, Vol. 5, edited by W. Lutze (Elsevier, New York, 1982) p. 153.

    Google Scholar 

  116. L. Werme, L. L. Hench andA. Lodding,ibid.in p. 135.

    Google Scholar 

  117. L. L. Hench, A. Lodding andL. Werme, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 310.

    Google Scholar 

  118. D. E. Clark, B. F. Zhu, R. S. Robinson andG. G. Wicks, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 8, edited by G. G. Wicks and W. A. Ross (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1984) p. 325.

    Google Scholar 

  119. L. L. Hench, D. B. Spilman andA. D. Buonaquisti,J. Nucl. Chem. Waste Managemt. 5 (1984) 75.

    Google Scholar 

  120. L. L. Hench, delivered at meeting on US-DOE Leaching Mechanisms Programme and its Relationship to Overall Defence High-Level Waste Management Effort, September, 1984, Germantown, Maryland.

  121. L. L. Hench, A. Lodding andL. Werme,J. Nucl. Mater. 125 (1984) 273.

    Google Scholar 

  122. A. Lodding, L. L. Hench andL. Werme,ibid. 125 (1984) 280.

    Google Scholar 

  123. L. L. Hench, L. Werme andA. Lodding,ibid. in press.

  124. B. F. Zhu, D. E. Clark, L. L. Hench andG. G. Wicks,J. Non-Cryst. Solids in press.

  125. D. E. Clark, B. F. Zhu andL. L. Hench,Rivista Staz. Sper. Vetto 5 (1984) 185.

    Google Scholar 

  126. L. L. Hench andM. R. Wilson,J. Nucl. Mater. in press.

  127. H. Cheung, L. L. Edwards andT. F. Harvey, Nuclear Waste-Form Risk Assessment for U.S. Defence Waste at Savannah River Plant, Annual Report FY 1982, AUCRL-53188-82 (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  128. L. L. Hench,J. Phys. Colloque C9 43 (1982) 625.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hench, L.L., Clark, D.E. & Harker, A.B. Nuclear waste solids. J Mater Sci 21, 1457–1478 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01114698

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01114698

Keywords

Navigation