Abstract
The size-segregated chemical composition of aerosol particles was investigated during 1 year at the puy de Dôme (1,465 m a.s.l.), France. These measurements aimed to a better understanding of the influence of the air mass origin on the size-segregated chemical composition of the aerosol at an altitude site. Mountain site measurements are important because they are representative of long range transport and useful for model validation. PM1 mass concentration exhibits a seasonal variability with a summer maximum. The composition of PM1 did not change significantly in terms of relative contribution of water soluble inorganic ions but is rather variable in term of total mass concentrations. For the PM10-1, a different seasonal behaviour was found with maxima concentrations in autumn-winter. Aerosols were classified into four different categories according to their air mass origin: marine, marine modified, continental and Mediterranean. The PM10 aerosol mass at 50 % relative humidity was close to 2.5 μg m−3 in the marine, 4.3 μg m−3 in the marine modified, 10.3 μg m−3 in the continental and 7.7 μg m−3 in the Mediterranean sectors. We noted that the influence of the air mass origin (on the chemical properties) could be seen especially on the PM10-1. A significant PM10-1 mode was found in marine, modified marine, and Mediterranean air masses, and PM1 dominated in the continental air masses samples. As a result, the aerosol chemical composition variability at the puy de Dôme is a function of both the season and air mass type and we provide a chemical composition of the aerosol as a function of each of these environmental factors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrews, E., Ogren, J.A., Bonasoni, P., Marinoni, A., Cuevas, E., Rodríguez, S., Sun, J.Y., Jaffe, D.A., Fisher, E.V., Baltensperger, U., Weingartner, E., Collaud Coen, M., Sharma, S., Macdonald, A.M., Leaitch, W.R., Lin, N.-H., Laj, P., Arsov, T., Kalapov, I., Jefferson, A., Sheridan, P.: Climatology of aerosol radiative properties in the free troposphere. Atmos Res 102, 365–393 (2011)
Anlauf, K., Li, S.-M., Leaitch, R., Brook, J., Hayden, K., Toom-Sauntry, D., Wiebe, A.: Ionic composition and size characteristics of particles in the Lower Fraser Valley: Pacific 2001 field study. Atmos Environ 40, 2662–2675 (2006)
Asmi, A., Wiedensohler, A., Laj, P., Fjaeraa, A.-M., Sellegri, K., Birmili, W., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Zdimal, V., Zikova, N., Putaud, J.-P., Marinoni, A., Tunved, P., Hansson, H.-C., Fiebig, M., Kivekäs, N., Lihavainen, H., Asmi, E., Ulevicius, V., Aalto, P.P., Swietlicki, E., Kristensson, A., Mihalopoulos, N., Kalivitis, N., Kalapov, I., Kiss, G., de Leeuw, G., Henzing, B., Harrison, R.M., Beddows, D., O’Dowd, C., Jennings, S.G., Flentje, H., Weinhold, K., Meinhardt, F., Ries, L., Kulmala, M.: Number size distributions and seasonality of submicron particles in Europe 2008–2009. Atmos Chem Phys 11, 5505–5538 (2011)
Baltensperger, U., Gäggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Emenegger, M., Nägeli, W.: Continuous background aerosol monitoring with the Epiphaniometer. Atmos Environ 25A, 629–634 (1991)
Bergametti, G., Dutot, A.-L., Buat-Ménard, P., Losno, R., Remoudaki, E.: Seasonal variability of the elemental composition of atmospheric aerosol particles over the northwestern Mediterranean. Tellus 41B, 353–361 (1989)
Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A.: New particle formation in the continental boundary layer: Meteorological and gas phase parameter influence. Geophys Res Lett 27, 3325–3328 (2000)
Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Hervo, M., Picard, D., Pichon, J.-M., Fréville, P., Laj, P.: Investigation of nucleation events vertical extent: a long term study at two different altitude sites. Atmos Chem Phys 11, 5625–5639 (2011)
Calvo, A.I., Pont, V., Liousse, C., Dupré, B., Mariscal, A., Zouiten, C., Gardrat, E., Castera, P., Lacaux, C.G., Castro, A., Fraile, R.: Chemical composition of urban aerosols in Toulouse, France during CAPITOUL experiment. Meteorol Atmos Phys 102, 307–323 (2008)
Cavalli, F., Facchini, M.C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Emblico, L., Fuzzi, S., Ceburnis, D., Yoon, Y.J., O’Dowd, C.D., Putaud, J.-P., Dell’Acqua, A.: Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the North Atlantic. J Geophys Res (2004). doi:10.1029/2004JD005137
Chang, M., Sioutas, C., Cassee, F.R., Fokkens, P.H.B.: Field evaluation of a mobile high-capacity particle size classifier (HCPSC) for separate collection of coarse, fine and ultrafine particles. J Aerosol Sci 32, 139–156 (2001)
Clarke, A.G., Karani, G.N.: Characterisation of the carbonate content of atmospheric aerosols. J Atmos Chem 14, 119–128 (1992)
Cozic, J., Verheggen, B., Weingartner, E., Crosier, J., Bower, K.N., Flynn, M., Coe, H., Henning, S., Steinbacher, M., Henne, S., Collaud Coen, M., Petzold, A., Baltensperger, U.: Chemical composition of free tropospheric aerosol for PM1 and coarse mode at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. Atmos Chem Phys 8, 407–423 (2008)
Cruz, C.N., Pandis, S.N.: Deliquescence and hygroscopic growth of mixed inorganic_organic atmospheric aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 34, 4313–4316 (2000)
Dougle, P.G., Ten Brink, H.M.: Evaporative losses of ammonium nitrate in nephelometry and impactor measurements. J Aerosol Sci 27(S1), 511–512 (1996)
Draxler, R.R., Rolph, G.D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html). NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD (2003)
Gajananda, K., Kuniyal, J.C., Momin, G.A., Rao, P.S.P., Safai, P.D., Tiwari, S., Ali, K.: Trend of atmospheric aerosols over the north western Himalayan region, India. Atmos Environ 39, 4817–4825 (2005)
Hämeri, K., Väkevä, M., Hansson, H.-C., Laaksonen, A.: Hygroscopic growth of the ultrafine ammonium sulphate aerosol measured using an ultrafine tandem differential mobility analyzer. J Geophys Res 105, 22231–22242 (2000)
Hanke, M., Umann, B., Uecker, J., Arnold, F., Bunz, H.: Atmospheric measurements of gas-phase NHO3 and SO2 using chemical ionization mass spectrometry during the MINATROC field campaign 2000 on Monte Cimone. Atmos Chem Phys 3, 417–436 (2003)
Hansson, H.-C., Rood, M.J., Koloutsou-Vakakis, S., Hämeri, K., Orsini, D., Wiedensohler, A.: NaCl aerosol particle hygroscopicity dependence on mixing with organic compounds. J Atmos Chem 31, 321–346 (1998)
Harrison, R.M., Kitto, A.-M.N.: Field intercomparison of filter pack and denuder sampling methods for reactive gaseous and particulate pollutants. Atmos Environ 24A, 2633–2640 (1990)
Harrison, R.M., Pio, C.A.: Size differentiated composition of inorganic atmospheric aerosols of both marine and polluted continental origin. Atmos Environ 17, 1733–1738 (1983)
Heintzenberg, J., Müller, K., Birmili, W., Spindler, G., Wiedensohler, A.: Mass-related aerosol properties over the Leipzig basin. J Geophys Res 103, 13125–13135 (1998)
Jaffe, D., Tamura, S., Harris, J.: Seasonal cycle and composition of background fine particles along the west coast of the US. Atmos Environ 39, 297–306 (2005)
Kasper, A., Puxbaum, H.: Seasonal variation of SO2, HNO3, NH3 and selected aerosol components at Sonnblick (3106 m a.s.l.). Atmos Environ 32, 3925–3939 (1998)
Kerminen, V.-M., Hillamo, R., Teinilä, K., Pakkanen, T., Allegrini, I., Sparani, R.: Ion balances of size-resolved tropospheric aerosol samples: implications for the acidity and atmopsheric processing of aerosols. Atmos Environ 35, 5255–5265 (2001)
Khlystov, A., Kos, G.P.A., ten Brink, H.M., Kruisz, C., Berner, A.: Activation properties of ambient aerosol in The Netherlands. Atmos Environ 30, 3281–3290 (1997)
Khlystov, A.: Cloud forming properties of ambient aerosol in the Netherlands. PhD thesis, University of Wageningen (1998)
Kittelson, D.B., Watts, W.F., Johnson, J.P.: Nanoparticle emissions on Minnesota highways. Atmos Environ 38, 9–19 (2004)
Koçak, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Kubilay, N.: Chemical composition of the fine and coarse mode fraction of aerosols in the northeastern Mediterranean. Atmos Environ 41, 7351–7368 (2007)
Krämer, L., Pöschl, U., Niessner, R.: Microstructural rearrangement of sodium chloride condensation aerosol particles on interaction with water vapour. J Aerosol Sci 31(6), 673–685 (2000)
Krueger, B.J., Grassian, V.H., Cowin, J.P., Laskin, A.: Heterogeneous chemistry of individual mineral dust particles from different dust source regions: the importance of particle mineralogy. Atmos Environ 38, 6253–6261 (2004)
Laj, P., Klausen, J., Bilde, M., Plaß-Duelmer, C., Pappalardo, G., Clerbaux, C., Baltensperger, U., Hjorth, J., Simpson, D., Reimann, S., Coheur, P.-F., Richter, A., De Mazière, M., Rudich, Y., McFiggans, G., Torseth, K., Wiedensohler, A., Morin, S., Schulz, M., Allan, J.D., Attié, J.-L., Barnes, I., Birmili, W., Cammas, J.P., Dommen, J., Dorn, H.-P., Fowler, D., Fuzzi, S., Glasius, M., Granier, C., Hermann, M., Isaksen, I.S.A., Kinne, S., Koren, I., Madonna, F., Maione, M., Massling, A., Moehler, O., Mona, L., Monks, P.S., Müller, D., Müller, T., Orphal, J., Peuch, V.-H., Stratmann, F., Tanré, D., Tyndall, G., Abo Riziq, A., Van Roozendael, M., Villani, P., Wehner, B., Wex, H., Zardini, A.A.: Measuring atmospheric composition change. Atmos Environ 43, 5351–5414 (2009)
Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Chan, L.Y., Zielinska, B., Chow, J.C.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl compounds in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Atmos Environ 35, 5949–5960 (2001)
Legrand, M., Puxbaum, H.: Introduction of the CARBOSOL project: Present and Retrospective State of Organic versus Inorganic Aerosol over Europe. J Geophys Res (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JD008271
Lestari, P., Oskouie, A.K., Noll, K.E.: Size distribution and dry deposition of particulate mass, sulfate and nitrate in an urban area. Atmos Environ 37, 2507–2516 (2003)
Mamane, Y., Gottlieb, J.: Nitrate formation on sea-salt and mineral particles – a single particle approach. Atmos Environ 26A, 1763–1769 (1992)
Marenco, F., Bonasoni, P., Calzolari, F., Ceriani, M., Chiari, M., Cristofanelli, P., D’Alessandro, A., Fermo, P., Lucarelli, F., Mazzei, F., Nava, S., Piazzalunga, A., Prati, P., Valli, G., Vecchi, R.: Characterization of atmospheric aerosols at Monte Cimone, Italy, during summer 2004: Source apportionment and transport mechanisms. J Geophys Res (2006). doi:10.1029/2006JD007145
Marinoni, A., Laj, P., Sellegri, K., Mailhot, G.: Cloud chemistry at the Puy de Dôme: variability and relationships with environmental factors. Atmos Chem Phys 4(3), 715–728 (2004)
Martens, C.S., Wesolowski, J.J., Harriss, R.C., Kaifer, R.: Chlorine loss from Puerto Rican and San Francisco bay area marine aerosols. J Geophys Res 78, 8778–8791 (1973)
Martin, G.M., Johnson, D.W., Spice, A.: The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratiform clouds. J Atmos Sci 51, 1823–1842 (1994)
Matsuki, A., Iwasaka, Y., Shi, G., Zhang, D., Trochkine, D., Yamada, M., Kim, Y.-S., Chen, B., Nagatani, T., Miyazawa, T., Nagatani, M., and Nakata, H.: Morphological and chemical modification of mineral dust: observational insight into the heterogeneous uptake of acidic gases. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005GL024176
Mészáros, E., Barcza, T., Gelencsér, A., Hlavay, J., Kiss, Gy, Krivácsy, Z., Molnár, A., Polyák, K.: Size distributions of inorganic and organic species in the atmospheric aerosol in Hungary. J Aerosol Sci 28(7), 1163–1175 (1997)
Mikhailov, E., Vlasenko, S., Niessner, R., Oöschl, U.: Interaction of aerosol particles composed of protein and saltswith water vapor: hygroscopic growth and microstructural rearrangement. Atmos Chem Phys 4, 323–350 (2004)
Pakkanen, T.A., Kerminen, V.-M., Hillamo, R.E., Mäkinen, M., Mäkelä, T., Virkulla, A.: Distribution of nitrate over sea-salt and soil derived particles: implications from a field study. J Atmos Chem 24, 189–205 (1996)
Pérez, N., Pey, J., Castillo, S., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., Querol, X.: Interpretation of the variability of levels of regional background aerosols in the Western Mediterranean. Sci Total Environ 407, 527–540 (2008)
Pey, J., Pérez, N., Castillo, S., Viana, M., Moreno, T., Pandolfi, M., López-Sebastián, J.M., Alastuey, A., Querol, X.: Geochemistry of regional background aerosols in the Western Mediterranean. Atmos Res 94, 422–435 (2009)
Pey, J., Pérez, N., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Cusack, M., Reche, C.: Intense winter atmospheric pollution episodes affecting the Western Mediterranean. Sci Total Environ 408, 1951–1959 (2010)
Pio, C.A., Legrand, M., Oliveira, T., Afonso, J., Santos, C., Caseiro, A., Fialho, P., Barata, F., Puxbaum, H., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Gelencsér, A., Preunkert, S., Schock, M.: Climatology of aerosol composition (organic versus inorganic) at nonurban sites on a west–east transect across Europe. J Geophys Res (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JD008038
Plate, E., Schulz, M.: Coarse nitrate formation in a coastal area of the North Sea. J Aerosol Sci 28, 333–334 (1997)
Putaud, J.-P., Raes, F., Van Dingenen, R., Brüggemann, E., Facchini, M.C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hüglin, C., Laj, P., Lorbeer, G., Maenhaut, W., Mihalopoulos, N., Müller, K., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., Ten Brink, H., Tørseth, K., Wiedensohler, A.: A European Aerosol Phenomenology-2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe. Atmos Environ 38, 2579–2595 (2004)
Putaud, J.-P., Van Dingenen, R., Alastuey, A., Bauer, H., Birmili, W., Cyrys, J., Flentje, H., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hansson, H.C., Harrison, R.M., Herrmann, H., Hitzenberger, R., Hüglin, C., Jones, A.M., Kasper-Giebl, A., Kiss, G., Kousa, A., Kuhlbusch, T.A.J., Löschau, G., Maenhaut, W., Molnar, A., Moreno, T., Pekkanen, J., Perrino, C., Pitz, M., Puxbaum, H., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Salma, I., Schwarz, J., Smolik, J., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., Ten Brink, H., Tursic, J., Viana, M., Wiedensohler, A., Raes, F.: A European aerosol phenomenology - 3: Physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe. Atmos Environ 44, 1308–1320 (2010)
Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Puicercus, J.A., Mantilla, E., Miro, J.V., Lopez-Soler, A., Plana, F., Artiñano, B.: Seasonal evolution of suspended particles around a large coal-fired power station: particulate levels and sources. Atmos Environ 32, 1963–1978 (1998)
Raga, G.B., Jonas, P.R.: On the link between cloud-top radiative properties and sub-cloud aerosol concentrations. Quart J Roy Met Soc 119, 1419–1425 (1993)
Ricard, V., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Kerminen, V.M., Hillamo, R.E., Sillanpaa, S., Ruellan, S., Liousse, C., Cachier, H.: Two years of continuous aerosol measurements in northern Finland. J Geophys Res (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JD000952
Robbins, R.C., Cadle, R.D., Eckhardt, D.L.: The conversion of sodium chloride to hydrogen chloride in the atmosphere. J Meteorol 16, 53–56 (1959)
Rodriguez, S., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Plana, F.: Sources and processes affecting levels and composition of atmospheric aerosol in the western Mediterranean. J Geophys Res (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JD001488
Rodriguez, S., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Alarcón, M.M., Mantilla, E., Ruiz, C.R.: Comparative PM10-PM2.5 source contribution study at rural, urban and industrial sites Turing PM episodes in Eastern Spain. Sci Total Environ 328, 95–113 (2004)
Rolph, G.D.: Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem (READY) Website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html), NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD (2003)
Röösli, M., Theis, G., Künzli, N., Staehelin, J., Mathys, P., Oglesby, L., Camenzind, M., Braun-Fahrländer, Ch: Temporal and spatial variation of the chemical composition of PM10 at urban and rural sites in the Basel area, Switzerland. Atmos Environ 35, 3701–3713 (2001)
Saliba, N.A., Kouyoumdjian, H., Roumié, M.: Effect of local and long-range transport emissions on the elemental composition of PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 in Beirut. Atmos Environ 41, 6497–6509 (2007)
Salvador, P., Artiñano, B., Pio, C., Afonso, J., Legrand, M., Puxbaum, H., Hammer, S.: Evaluation of aerosol sources at European high altitude backgroung sites with trajectory statistical methods. Atmos Environ 44, 2316–2329 (2010)
Sellegri, K.: Etude du processus d’activation des particules d’aérosol en gouttelettes de nuage: implications en chimie multiphases. PhD thesis, University Joseph Fourrier, Grenoble, France (2002)
Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Peron, F., Dupuy, R., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Putaud, J.-P., Cachier, H., Ghermandi, G.: Mass balance of free tropospheric aerosol at the puy de Dôme (France) in winter. J Geophys Res (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JD002747
Song, C.H., Carmichael, G.R.: The aging process of naturally emitted aerosol (sea salt and mineral aerosol) during long range transport. Atmos Environ 33, 2203–2218 (1999)
Sørensen, L.L., Pryor, S.C., de Leeuw, G., Schulz, M.: Flux divergence of nitric acid in the marine atmospheric surface layer. J Geophys Res (2005). doi:10.1029/2004JD005403
Sullivan, R.C., Guazzotti, S.A., Sodeman, D.A., Prather, K.A.: Direct observations of the atmospheric processing of Asian mineral dust. Atmos Chem Phys 7, 1213–1236 (2007)
Ten Brink, H., Otjes, R., Jongejan, P., Kos, G.: Monitoring of the ratio of nitrate to sulphate in size-segregated submicron aerosol in the Netherlands. Atmos Res 92, 270–276 (2009)
Tolocka, M.P., Lake, D.A., Johnston, M.V., Wexler, A.S.: Ultrafine nitrate particle events in Baltimore observed by real-time single particle mass spectrometry. Atmos Environ 38, 3215–3223 (2004)
Tunved, P., Hansson, H.-C., Kerminen, V.-M., Ström, J., Dal Maso, M., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Aalto, P.P., Komppula, M., Kulmala, M.: High natural aerosol loading over Boreal Forests. Science 312(5771), 261–263 (2006)
Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., Putaud, J.-P., Baltensperger, U., Charron, A., Facchini, M.-C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hansson, H.-C., Harrison, R.M., Hüglin, C., Jones, A.M., Laj, P., Lorbeer, G., Maenhaut, W., Palmgren, F., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Schneider, J., Ten Brink, H., Tunved, P., Tørseth, K., Wehner, B., Weingartner, E., Wiedensohler, A., Wåhlin, P.: A European aerosol phenomenology – 1: physical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe. Atmos Environ 38, 2561–2577 (2004)
Vecchi, R., Bernardoni, V., Fermo, P., Lucarelli, F., Mazzei, F., Nava, S., Prati, P., Piazzalunga, A., Valli, G.: 4-hours resolution data to study PM10 in a “hot spot” area in Europe. Environ Monit Assess 154, 283–300 (2009)
Venzac, H., Sellegri, K., Villani, P., Picard, D., Laj, P.: Seasonal variation of aerosol size distributions in the free troposphere and residual layer at the puy de Dôme station, France. Atmos Chem Phys 9(4), 1465–1478 (2009)
Viana, M., Querol, X., Ballester, F., Llop, S., Esplugues, A., Fernández Patier, R., García Dos Santos, S., Herce, M.D.: Characterising exposure to PM aerosols for an epidemiological study. Atmos Environ 42, 1552–1568 (2008)
Vignati, E., de Leeuw, G., Berkowicz, R.: Modeling coastal aerosol transport and effects of surf-produced aerosols on processes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. J Geophys Res 106, 20 225–20 238 (2001)
Wall, S.M., John, W., Ondo, J.L.: Measurement of aerosol size distributions for nitrate and major ionic species. Atmos Environ 22, 1649–1656 (1988)
Wang, H.-C., John, W.: Characteristics of the berner impactor for sampling inorganic ions. Aerosol Sci Tech 8, 157–172 (1988)
Weber, R., Orsini, D., Duan, Y., Baumann, K., Kiang, C.S., Chameides, W., Lee, Y.N., Brechtel, F., Klotz, P., Jongejan, P., Ten Brink, H.M., Slanina, J., Boring, C.B., Genfa, Z., Dasgupta, P., Hering, S., Stolzenburg, M., Dutcher, D.D., Edgerton, E., Hartsell, B., Solomon, P., Tanner, R.: Intercomparison of near real time monitors of PM2.5 nitrate and sulphate at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Atlanta Supersite. J Geophys Res (2003). doi:10.1029/2001JD001220
Weingartner, E., Burtscher, H., Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopic properties of carbon and diesel soot particles. Atmos Environ 31(15), 2311–2327 (1997)
Wilson, T.R.S.: Salinity and the major elements of sea-water. In: Riley, J.P., Skirrow, G. (eds.) Chemical oceanography. Academic Press, New York (1975)
Wobrock, W., Flossmann, A.I., Monier, M., Pichon, J.-M., Cortez, L., Fournol, J.-F., Schwarzenböck, A., Mertes, S., Heintzenberg, J., Laj, P., Orsi, G., Ricci, L., Fuzzi, S., Brink, H.T., Jongejan, P., Otjes, R.: The Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment (CIME) 1998: experiment overview and modelling of the microphysical processes during the seeding by isentropic gas expansion. Atmos Res 58(4), 231–265 (2001)
Yan, Z., Bate, S., Chandler, R.E., Isham, V., Wheater, H.: An analysis of daily maximum wind speed in Northwestern Europe using generalized linear models. J Climate 15, 2073–2088 (2002)
Zhang, X.Q., McMurry, P.H.: Theoretical analysis of evaporative losses from impactor and filter surfaces. Atmos Environ 21, 1717–1779 (1987)
Zhang, X.Q., McMurry, P.H.: Evaporation losses of fine particulate nitrates during sampling. Atmos Environ 26, 3305–3312 (1992)
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.html) used in this publication. This work has been funded and supported by the Agence gouvernementale De l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie (ADEME).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bourcier, L., Sellegri, K., Chausse, P. et al. Seasonal variation of water-soluble inorganic components in aerosol size-segregated at the puy de Dôme station (1,465 m a.s.l.), France. J Atmos Chem 69, 47–66 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-012-9229-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-012-9229-2