Abstract
Efficient utilization of energy resources is essential for a developing country like India. The concept of smart grid (SG) can provide a highly reliable power system with optimized utilization of available resources. The present Indian power grid requires revolutionary changes to meet the growing demands and to make the grid smarter and reliable. One of the important requirements for SG is the instantaneous monitoring of the voltage, current and power flows at all buses in the grid. The traditional monitoring system cannot satisfy this requirement since they are based on nonlinear power flow equations. Synchro-phasor-measurement devices like phasor measurement units (PMUs) can measure the phasor values of voltages at installed buses. Consequently, the currents passing through all branches connected to that bus can be computed. Since the voltage phasor values at the neighboring buses of a bus containing the PMU can be estimated using Ohm’s law, it is redundant to install PMUs at all the buses in a power grid for its complete observability. This paper proposes the optimal geographical locations for the PMUs in southern region Indian power grid for the implementation of SG, using Integer Linear Programming. The proposed optimal geographical locations for PMU placement can be a stepping stone for the implementation of SG in India.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
India Smart Grid Task Force. An initiative of Ministry of Power, Government of India. 2012, http://www.cseb.gov.in/cspdcl/rapdrp/SCADA-DMS/RFP%20for%20SIA_05-12-2012.pdf
India Smart Grid Forum. An initiative of Ministry of Power, Government of India. 2012, http://173.201.177.176/isgf/
Tim T, Marina O. Network management for smart grids. ABB review. 2009-03, http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot271.nsf/veritydisplay/461c2ae39130ceafc125762d0047f01f/$file/45-49%203M901_ENG72dpi.pdf
Phadke A G, Thorp J S, Adamiak M G. A new measurement technique for tracking voltage phasors, local system frequency, and rate of change of frequency. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1983, PAS-102(5): 1025–1038
Reynaldo F N, Phadke A G. Phasor measurement unit placement techniques for complete and incomplete observability. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2005, 20(4): 2381–2388
Gou B. Generalized integer linear programming formulation for optimal PMU placement. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2008, 23(3): 1099–1104
Abur A, Magnago F H. Optimal meter placement for maintaining observability during single branch outages. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1999, 14(4): 1273–1278
Marın F J, Garcıa-Lagos F, Joya G, Sandoval F. Genetic algorithms for optimal placement of phasor measurement units in electric networks. Electronics Letters, 2003, 39(19): 1403–1405
Peng J N, Sun Y Z, Wang H F. Optimal PMU placement for full network observability using Tabu search algorithm. Electric Power Systems Research, 2006, 28(4): 223–231
Mohammadi-Ivatloo B. Optimal placement of PMUs for power system observability using topology based formulated algorithms. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2009, 9(13): 2463–2468
Schulze M A. Linear programming for optimization. 1998, http://www.markschulze.net/LinearProgramming.pdf
Xu B, Abur A. Observability analysis and measurement placement for systemswith PMUs. In: Proceedings of IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition. New York, USA, 2004. 943–946
Phadke A G, Thorp J S, Karimi K J. Real time voltage phasor measurements for static state estimation. IEEE Transactions on PAS, 1985, 104(11): 3098–3106
Phadke A G, Thorp J S, Nuqui R F, Zhou M. Recent developments in state estimation with phasor measurements. In: Proceedings of Power Systems Conference and Exposition (PSCE’09). Seattle, USA, 2009, 1–7
Xu B, Abur A. Optimal placement of Phasor Measurement Units for State Estimation. Final Project Report PSERC publications 05-58. 2005
Phadke A G. Synchronized phasor measurement in power systems. IEEE Computer Applications in Power, 1993, 6(2): 10–15
Klimstra J, Hotakainen M. Smart Power Generation. Helsinki: Avain Publishers, 2011
Baldwin T L, Mili L, Boisen M B, Adapa R. Power system observability with minimal phasor measurement placement. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1993, 8(2): 707–715
Sinha A, Neogi S, Lahiri R N, Chowdhury S, Chowdhury S P, Chakraborty N. Smart grid initiative for power distribution utility in India. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting. San Diego, USA, 2011: 1–8
Aryadevi Remanidevi D, Maneesha Vinodoni R. Wireless smart grid design for monitoring and optimizing electric transmission in India. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Fourth International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications. Venice, Italy, 2010, 637–640
Balijepalli V S K M, Khaparde S A, Gupta R P. Towards Indian smart grids. In: Proceedings of IEEE Region 10 Conference TENCON 2009. Singapore, 2009, 1–7
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gopakumar, P., Chandra, G.S., Reddy, M.J.B. et al. Optimal placement of PMUs for the smart grid implementation in Indian power grid—A case study. Front. Energy 7, 358–372 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0257-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0257-7