Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Stereovision Deformation Measurement System for Transfer Length Estimates in Prestressed Concrete

  • Published:
Experimental Mechanics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This work proposes a novel, stereo-vision based test setup for the accurate measurement of relatively small surface strain fields that develop in prestressed concrete prismatic beams after strand release, with the goal of providing an effective and accurate alternative to existing measurement techniques. To this end, the enclosed paper discusses the proposed StereoDIC system configuration, introduces the technique for acquiring full-field shape, deformation and strain measurements using 3D Digital Image Correlation (StereoDIC), verifies the proposed technique through high fidelity laboratory and computer simulations and proposes a computational algorithm that automates the calculation of the transfer length using these measurements. Our studies show that the proposed approach is an effective and accurate non-contacting technique for determining the small surface strain fields in full-scale, prestressed concrete beam specimens, providing essential data to reliably estimate the transfer length in prestressed concrete beams. Though implementation of the procedure in industrial scale facilities is beyond the scope of this paper, discussion regarding this extension is provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. AREMA (2010) Manual for Railway Engineering, Prestressed Concrete. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

  2. Dainty JC (1975) Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena. Topics in Applied Physic. Springer-Verlag. doi: 10.1007/BFb0111434

  3. Zhao W, Beck BT, Peterman RJ, et al (2013) A Direct Comparison of the Traditional Method and a New Approach in Determining 220 Transfer Lengths in Prestressed Concrete Railroad Ties. In: 2013 Jt. Rail Conf. ASME

  4. Parks VJ (1980) The range of speckle metrology. Exp Mech 20:181–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02327597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhao W (2011) Development of a portable optical-strain sensor with applications to diagnostic testing of prestressed concrete. Ph.D. Dissertation Kansas State University, Lawrence, KS

  6. Schreier H, Orteu J-J, Sutton MA (2009) Image Correlation for Shape. Motion and Deformation Measurements. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78747-3

    Book  Google Scholar 

  7. Luo PF, Chao YJ, Sutton MA, Peters WH (1993) Accurate measurement of three-dimensional deformations in deformable and rigid bodies using computer vision. Exp Mech 33:123–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02322488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Luo PF, Chao YJ, Sutton MA (1994) Application of stereo vision to three-dimensional deformation analyses in fracture experiments. Opt Eng 33:981. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.160877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Helm JD, McNeill SR, Sutton MA (1996) Improved three-dimensional image correlation for surface displacement measurement. Opt Eng 35:1911. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.600624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Sutton MA, McNeill SR, Helm JD, Chao YJ (2000) Advances in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Computer Vision. In: Photomechanics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 323–372

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Sutton MA (2013) Computer Vision-Based, Noncontacting Deformation Measurements in Mechanics: A Generational Transformation. Appl Mech Rev 65:50000. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4024984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Rajan S, Sutton A. M, Li N, et al (2017) Experimental Determination of Transfer Length in Pre-stressed Concrete Using 3D–DIC. 107–113

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ke X-D, Schreier HW, Sutton MA, Wang YQ (2011) Error Assessment in Stereo-based Deformation Measurements. Exp Mech 51:423–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-010-9450-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang YQ, Sutton MA, Bruck HA, Schreier HW (2009) Quantitative Error Assessment in Pattern Matching: Effects of Intensity Pattern Noise, Interpolation, Strain and Image Contrast on Motion Measurements. Strain 45:160–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2008.00592.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sutton MA, Yan JH, Tiwari V, Schreier HW, Orteu JJ (2008) The effect of out-of-plane motion on 2D and 3D digital image correlation measurements. Opt Lasers Eng 46:746–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OPTLASENG.2008.05.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Rizos DC (2016) High-Strength Reduced-Modulus High Performance Concrete (HSRM-HPC) for Prestressed Concrete Tie Applications. In: 2016 Jt. Rail Conf. ASME, p V001T01A027

  17. Rizos DC (2016) HIGH STRENGTH REDUCED ELASTIC MODULUS CONCRETE. Patent Application #62/374,965

  18. Sutton MA, Matta F, Rizos D et al (2017) Recent Progress in Digital Image Correlation: Background and Developments since the 2013 W M Murray Lecture. Exp Mech 57:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-016-0233-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Correlated Solutions, Incorporated (2016) 121 Dutchman Blvd, Irmo, SC 29063. www.correlatedsolutions.com/vic-3d/

  20. Kaewunruen S, Remennikov AM (2009) Dynamic crack propagations in prestressed concrete sleepers in railway track systems subjected to severe impact loads. J Struc Eng 136:749–754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Rezaie F, Farnam SM (2015) Fracture mechanics analysis of pre-stressed concrete sleepers via investigating crack initiation length. Eng Fail Anal 58:267–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Zeitouni A (2017) Performance assessment of HSRM prestressed concrete railroad ties through FEM simulations, MSc Thesis, University of South Carolina

  23. Hillerborg A, Modeer M, Petersson PE (1976) Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements. Cement Concrete Res 6:773–782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee J, Fenves GL (1998) Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures. J Eng Mech 124:892–900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lubliner J, Oliver J, Oller S, Oñate E (1989) A plastic-damage model for concrete. Int J Solids Struct 25:299–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Abaqus (2016) ABAQUS Theory Manual (6.12), Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp

  27. Kmiecik P, Kaminski M (2011) Modelling of reinforced concrete structures and composite structures with concrete strength degradation taken into consideration. Arch Civ Mech Eng 11:623–636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Yu H, Jeong DY, Choros J, Sussmann T (2011) Finite element modeling of prestressed concrete crossties with ballast and subgrade support. In: Vol. 4 8th Int. Conf. Multibody Syst. Nonlinear Dyn. Control. Parts A B. ASME, pp 1077–1086

  29. Yu H, Jeong DY (2015) Finite Element Bond Models for Seven-Wire Prestressing Strands in Concrete Crossties. In: 2015 Jt. Rail Conf. ASME, p V001T01A030

  30. Wu W, Haraway TK, Batchu AS, Fomunung I, Owino J, Onyango M (2016) Finite element thermal crack analysis of prestressed double tee canopy beam. Simulia (Abaqus) 2016 Science in the Age of Experience, Boston, MA

  31. Russell B, Burns N (1993) Design guidelines for transfer, development and debonding of large diameter seven wire strands in pretensioned concrete girders. Research Report 1210-5F, Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX

  32. ACI Committee 318, American Concrete Institute Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318–14): an ACI standard : commentary on building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318R-14), an ACI report

  33. Zia P, Mostafa T (1977) Development length of prestressing strands. Prestressed Concrete Institute 22:54–65

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mitchell D, Cook W, Arshad A, Tham T (1993) Influence of high strength concrete on transfer and development length of pretensioning strand. PCI J 38:52–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Mahmoud ZI, Rizkalla SH, Zaghoul E-ER (1999) Transfer and Development Lengths of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Prestressing Reinforcement. ACI Struct J 96:594–602. 10.14359/696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Beck BT, Zhao W, Peterman RJ, Wu CH-J, Holste J, Bodapati NNB, Lee G (2014) Effect of surface-strain sampling interval on the reliability of pretensioned concrete railroad tie transfer length measurements. Proceedings, PCI Convention and National Bridge Conference

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work has been partially funded by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) under contract DTFR5314C00023. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this work are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the FRA. The support provided by Dr. Hubert W. Schreier and Correlated Solutions, Incorporated through their guidance and suggestions regarding optimal ways to minimize noise in the experimental StereoDIC measurements is deeply appreciated. In addition, laboratory support provided by Mr. Russell Inglett, Mr. Timothy Ross, Mr. Kevin Barberena and Ms. Sally Bartelmo is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

    S. Rajan, M. A. Sutton, D. C. Rizos, A. Zeitouni & J. M. Caicedo

  2. Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia

    A. R. Ortiz

Authors
  1. S. Rajan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. A. Sutton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. C. Rizos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. R. Ortiz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Zeitouni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. M. Caicedo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Rajan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rajan, S., Sutton, M.A., Rizos, D.C. et al. A Stereovision Deformation Measurement System for Transfer Length Estimates in Prestressed Concrete. Exp Mech 58, 1035–1048 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-017-0357-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-017-0357-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation