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Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidative evaluation of natural deep eutectic solvents

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Abstract

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are a new generation of green solvents. They are mixtures of two or three compounds such as choline chloride as a cationic salt and alcohols, acids, amides, amines or sugars as hydrogen-bond donors. Although the majority of NADES’ components are of natural origin and therefore NADES are often presumed to be non-toxic, the evaluation of their toxicity and biodegradability must accompany the research on their synthesis and application. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of ten synthesised NADES towards bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus), yeast (i.e., Candida albicans) and human cell lines (i.e., HeLa, MCF-7 and HEK293T). In addition, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method was used to determine the antioxidative activity of the tested NADES. Differences in toxicity response between microorganisms and cell lines were observed, and only NADES that contained organic acid showed toxicity towards the test systems. Furthermore, the NADES containing compounds that possess antioxidative activity also showed antioxidative activity. However, research whose primary purpose is the synthesis and application of NADES must be followed by an evaluation of their biological properties (e.g., antimicrobial activity, toxicity towards animal cells and antioxidative or other biological activity) to find the solvent with the best profile for wider industrial applications.

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Funding

The work was supported through the Croatian Science Foundation HRZZ (Grant No. 9550).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Cell Technology, Application and Biotransformations, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Kristina Radošević, Manuela Panić, Marina Cvjetko Bubalo, Višnja Gaurina Srček & Ivana Radojčić Redovniković

  2. Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Iva Čanak, Ksenija Markov & Jadranka Frece

Authors
  1. Kristina Radošević
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  2. Iva Čanak
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  3. Manuela Panić
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  4. Ksenija Markov
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  5. Marina Cvjetko Bubalo
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  6. Jadranka Frece
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  7. Višnja Gaurina Srček
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  8. Ivana Radojčić Redovniković
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Višnja Gaurina Srček.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Highlights

• Differences in natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) toxicity responses between bacteria and cell lines were observed.

• NADES containing organic acid possess toxicity.

• BMaPro had a beneficial effect on the proliferation of all tested cell lines.

• NADES could possess antioxidative activity.

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Radošević, K., Čanak, I., Panić, M. et al. Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidative evaluation of natural deep eutectic solvents. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 14188–14196 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1669-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1669-z

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