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Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol alone and in combination using a battery of bioassays

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Abstract

Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos (CP) and its principal metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) alone and in combination have been evaluated using a test battery comprising aquatic organisms from different trophic levels: luminescent marine bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri, freshwater unicellular alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and cladoceran Daphnia magna. As expected, D. magna was the more sensitive organism to the compounds tested, being CP more toxic than its metabolite. On the contrary, TCP was found to be more toxic than its parental compound to A. fischeri and P. subcapitata. In all cases, the mixture of CP and its metabolite was more toxic than the compounds tested separately, multiplying between 5 and 200 times CP toxicity level and up to 15 times TCP toxicity level. These results indicate that the co-existence of parent chemical and its degradation product in the environment can result in a synergic interaction involving high risk to the aquatic ecosystems.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Ecotoxicology Laboratory at the Department of Biotechnology of the School of Agricultural Engineering and Natural Environment (ETSIAMN) of the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain), and Universidad de San Buenaventura Cartagena and Universidad de Cartagena (Colombia). A special thanks to my friend and great Microbiologist Howard Junca for his advice and recommendations, as well as to the laboratory assistants for their efforts and collaborations.

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  1. Grupo de Investigación Microbiología y Ambiente, GIMA, Programa de Bacteriología, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena, Colombia

    Gustavo Echeverri-Jaramillo

  2. Grupo de Investigaciones Agroquímicas, GIA, Programa de Química, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia

    Gustavo Echeverri-Jaramillo & Beatriz Jaramillo-Colorado

  3. Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain

    Consuelo Sabater-Marco & María Ángeles Castillo-López

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  1. Gustavo Echeverri-Jaramillo
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Correspondence to Beatriz Jaramillo-Colorado.

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Echeverri-Jaramillo, G., Jaramillo-Colorado, B., Sabater-Marco, C. et al. Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol alone and in combination using a battery of bioassays. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 32770–32778 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09392-x

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