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Ferrous-activated peroxymonosulfate oxidation of antimicrobial agent sulfaquinoxaline and structurally related compounds in aqueous solution: kinetics, products, and transformation pathways

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Abstract

Sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) is a coccidiostatic drug widely used in poultry and swine production and has been frequently detected in various environmental compartments such as surface water, groundwater, soils, and sediments. In the present study, degradation of SQX by ferrous ion-activated peroxymonosulfate oxidation process (Fe(II)/PMS), a promising in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) technique, was systematically investigated. Experimental results showed that Fe(II)/PMS process appeared to be more efficient for SQX removal relative to Fe(II)/persulfate process (Fe(II)/PS). An optimal Fe(II):PMS molar ratio of 1:1 was found to be necessary for efficient removal of SQX. Increasing the solution pH hampered the degradation of SQX, and no enhancement in SQX degradation was observed when chelating agents S,S′-ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS) and citrate were present. The presence of Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), as a representative of aquatic natural organic matter (NOM), could inhibit the degradation of SQX. SQX was more susceptible to Fe(II)/PMS oxidation in comparison to its substructural analog 2-amino-quinoxaline (2-AQ) and other sulfonamides, i.e., sulfapyridine (SPD) and sulfadiazine (SDZ). Transformation products of SQX were enriched by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). On the basis of the TPs identified, detailed reaction pathways for SQX degradation including sulfonamide bond cleavage, SO2 extrusion, and aniline moiety oxidation were proposed. Our contribution may provide some useful information for better understanding the kinetics and mechanisms of SQX degradation by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs).

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province-China (Grant No. BK20160709), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21607077), the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (Grant No. KJQN201741), and the Priority Academic Program Development (PAPD) of Jiangsu Higher Education Institute. The content of the paper does not necessarily represent the views of the funding agencies. We gratefully acknowledge two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and constructive suggestions.

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  1. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China

    Yuefei Ji, Lu Wang, Mengdi Jiang, Yan Yang, Peizeng Yang & Junhe Lu

  2. University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France

    Corinne Ferronato & Jean-Marc Chovelon

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  1. Yuefei Ji
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  2. Lu Wang
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  3. Mengdi Jiang
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Correspondence to Junhe Lu.

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Ji, Y., Wang, L., Jiang, M. et al. Ferrous-activated peroxymonosulfate oxidation of antimicrobial agent sulfaquinoxaline and structurally related compounds in aqueous solution: kinetics, products, and transformation pathways. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 19535–19545 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9569-1

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