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Sub-chronic exposure to fluoxetine in juvenile oysters (Crassostrea gigas): uptake and biological effects

  • Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment
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Abstract

The bioconcentration potential of fluoxetine (FLX) and its biological effects were investigated in juvenile Pacific oyster exposed for 28 days to environmentally relevant concentrations of FLX (1 ng L−1, 100 ng L−1 and up to 10 μg L−1). FLX bioaccumulated in oyster flesh resulting in 28-day bioconcentration factors greater than 2,000 and 10,000 by referring to wet and dry weights, respectively. Nevertheless, FLX did not induce oyster mortality, delayed gametogenesis, or lead to adverse histopathological alterations. At the two highest concentrations, despite non-optimal trophic conditions, FLX stimulated shell growth but only in a transient manner, suggesting a role of serotonin in the regulation of feeding and metabolism in bivalves. Those high concentrations seemed to drive bell-shaped responses of catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities throughout the exposure period, which may indicate the activation of antioxidant enzyme synthesis and then an enhanced catabolic rate or direct inhibition of those enzymes. However, no clear oxidative stress was detected because no strong differences in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) content (i.e. lipid peroxidation) were observed between oyster groups, suggesting that cellular defence mechanisms were effective. These results demonstrate the importance of considering additional biomarkers of oxidative stress to obtain a comprehensive overview of the FLX-induced changes in marine bivalves exposed under realistic conditions. Considering the battery of biomarkers used, FLX appears to induce little or no effects on oyster physiology even at a concentration of 10 μg L−1. These results do not confirm the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values reported by some authors in other mollusc species.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the staff of the laboratory UMR BOREA at the University of Caen and especially Béatrice Adeline. We are also grateful to our colleagues involved in the French program “Pharm@ecotox” and especially to Dr. Marie Pierre Halm-Lemeille who coordinates the program, for fruitful discussions. We thank Dr. Aude Jouaux, who quantified viral loads in oysters at the “Centre de Référence sur l’Huître” (CRH). We also thank the SATMAR team, who kindly provided us with juvenile oysters and the “Centre de Recherche en Environnement Côtier” (CREC) in Luc-sur-Mer, which provided technical facilities. This study was supported by the French National Research Agency (http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/en/). Finally, we would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments for improving the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Normandie Université, 14032, Caen, France

    Carole Di Poi, Lauris Evariste, Alexis Séguin, Antoine Mottier, Jean-Marc Lebel, Antoine Serpentini & Katherine Costil

  2. UMR Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA); MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207; IBFA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France

    Carole Di Poi, Lauris Evariste, Alexis Séguin, Antoine Mottier, Jean-Marc Lebel, Antoine Serpentini & Katherine Costil

  3. UMR 5805 CNRS Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l′Environnement (LPTC), Université Bordeaux 1, Bâtiment A12, 351 crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France

    Julie Pedelucq & Hélène Budzinski

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  1. Carole Di Poi
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Correspondence to Katherine Costil.

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Di Poi, C., Evariste, L., Séguin, A. et al. Sub-chronic exposure to fluoxetine in juvenile oysters (Crassostrea gigas): uptake and biological effects. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 5002–5018 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3702-1

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