Abstract
Urban particulate matter (PM), asphalt, and tire samples were investigated for their content of benzothiazole and benzothiazole derivates. The purpose of this study was to examine whether wear particles, i.e., tire tread wear or road surface wear, could contribute to atmospheric concentrations of benzothiazole derivatives. Airborne particulate matter (PM10) sampled at a busy street in Stockholm, Sweden, contained on average 17 pg/m3 benzothiazole and 64 pg/m3 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and the total suspended particulate-associated benzothiazole and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole concentrations were 199 and 591 pg/m3, respectively. This indicates that tire tread wear may be a major source of these benzothiazoles to urban air PM in Stockholm. Furthermore, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole was determined in urban air particulates for the first time in this study, and its presence in inhalable PM10 implies that the human exposure to this biocide is underestimated. This calls for a revision of the risk assessments of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole exposure to humans which currently is limited to occupational exposure.
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Acknowledgments
Christer Johansson at Department of Applied Environmental Science at Stockholm University is acknowledged for providing the PM10 filter samples. Jan Gustavsson and Mikael Eriksson at Camfil AB are acknowledged for providing the high-volume sampler for TSP sampling. Mats Gustafsson and Tomas Halldin at VTI are acknowledged for supplying tire samples and information regarding the tires included in this study. Billy Sjövall at SLB is acknowledged for helping with the sampling at Hornsgatan. This study has been financed by Stockholm University.
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Responsible editor: Constantini Samara
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Six tables with detailed information on the analyzed tires, detailed description of air particulate samples, MS/MS parameters, and detailed information on method validation and determined mass fractions of benzothiazoles in stored and re-analyzed tire particles. One figure showing LC-MS/MS chromatograms of a tire sample.
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Avagyan, R., Sadiktsis, I., Bergvall, C. et al. Tire tread wear particles in ambient air—a previously unknown source of human exposure to the biocide 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 11580–11586 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3131-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3131-1